Esterification of Ethanol and Maleic Acid in Packed Bed Reactor Catalyzed by Sulfonic Acid Functionalized Silica (SAFS)

Conference paper
First Online:

Abstract

This research work was carried out to develop optimum continuous process for the esterification of ethanol with maleic acid by using surface modified sulfonic acid functionalized silica catalyst in a packed bed glass reactor (3 cm ID and 46 cm height) at 80 °C. Optimization of weight of catalyst (gm) and feed flow rate (ml/min) was carried out by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)—Central Composite Design (CCD). The consistency of statistical model developed by CCD was verified using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimum condition for the conversion of maleic acid was 26.42 gm catalyst weight and 3.11 ml/min feed flow rate. The predicted conversion and actual conversion of maleic acid was found to be 47.83 and 46.89 % respectively under the 95 % confidence level of ±0.22. Comparing the conventional batch reactor with packed bed reactor at optimized condition implies that required amount of catalyst per gm of maleic acid is less in PBR. The results obtained shows that the RSM-CCD is adaptable for the maleic acid conversion of current esterification study.

Keywords

SAFS Esterification Maleic acid Central composite design 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Notes

Acknowledgments

Authors are thankful to TEQIP-II, funded by Ministry of HRD, Govt. of INDIA, New Delhi for the financial support.

References

  1. Adam, F., Batagarawa, M.S., Hello, K.M., Al-Juaid, S.S.: One-step synthesis of solid sulfonic acid catalyst and its application in the acetalization of glycerol: crystal structure of cis-5-hydroxy-2-phenyl-1-3-dioxane trimer. Chem. Pap. 66–1048 (2012)Google Scholar
  2. Atghia, S.V., Beigbaghlou, S.S.: Nanocrystalline titania-based sulfonic acid (TiO2-Pr-SO3H) as a new, highly efficient, and recyclable solid acid catalyst for preparation of quinoxaline derivatives. J. Nanostruct. Chem. 3(38), 1 (2013)Google Scholar
  3. Aziz, H.A., Kamaruddin, A.H., Bakar, M.Z.A.: Process optimization studies on solvent extraction with naphthalene-2-boronic acid ion-pairing with trioctylmethylammonium chloride in sugar purification using design of experiments. Separ. Purif. Technol. 60(2), 190 (2008)Google Scholar
  4. Baura, S., Dutta, N., Karmarkar, S., Chattopadhyay, P., Aidew, L., Buragohain, A.K., Karak, N.: Biocompatible high performance hyperbranched epoxy/clay nanocomposite as an implantable material. Biomed. Mater. 9, 1 (2014)Google Scholar
  5. Beg, Q., Sahai, V., Gupta, R.: Statistical media optimization and alkaline protease production from Bacillus mojavensis in bioreactor. Proc Biochem. 39, 203 (2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Chakrabati, A., Sharma, M.M.: Cationic ion exchange resins as catalyst. React. Polym. 20, 1 (1993)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Chang, B., Fu, J., Tian, Y., Dong, X.: Soft-template synthesis of sulfonated mesoporous carbon with high catalytic activity for biodiesel production. RSC Adv. 3, 187 (2013)Google Scholar
  8. Chang, S.-W., Shaw, F.-F., Yang, C.-K., Shieh, C.-J.: Optimal continuous biosynthesis of hexyl laurate by packed bed bioreactor. Proc Biochem. 24, 1362–1366 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Chopade, S.P., Sharma, M.M.: Reaction of ethanol and formaldehyde: use of versatile cation-exchange resin as catalyst in batch reactor and reactive distillation columns. React. Funct. Polym. 32, 53 (1997)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Çiftçi, O.N., FadIloglu, S., Gögüs, F.: Conversion of olive pomace oil to cocoa butter-like fat in a packed-bed enzyme reactor. Bioresour. Technol. 100(1), 324 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Hass, M.J., Michalski, P., Runyon, S., Nunez, A., Scott, K.M.: Production of FAME from acid oil, a by-product of vegetable oil refining. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 80(1), 97 (2003)Google Scholar
  12. Karimi, B., Khalkhali, M.: Solid silica-based sulfonic acid as an efficient and recoverable interphase catalyst for selective tetrahydropyranylation of alcohols and phenols. J. Molec. Cata A. Chem. 232, 113 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Kirumakki, S.R., Nagaraju, N., Komandur, V.R.: Esterification of alcohols with acetic acid over zeolites Hβ, HY and HZSM5. Appl. Catal. A 299, 185 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Kulkarni, M.G., Dalai, A.K.: Waste cooking oil an economical source for biodiesel: a review. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 45, 2901 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Ogliaruso, M.A., Wolfe, J.F.: Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids, Esters and Their Derivatives. Wiley, New York (1991)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Phan, A.N., Phan, T.M.: Biodiesel production from waste cooking oils. Fuel 87, 3490 (2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Shah, K.A., Parikh, J.K., Maheria, K.C.: Use of sulfonic acid-functionalized silica as catalyst for esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) in acid oil for biodiesel production: an optimization study. Res. Chem. Intermed. (2013). doi: 10.1007/s11164-013-1253-6
  18. Shylesh, S., Sharma, S., Mirajkar, S.P., Singh, A.P.: Silica functionalised sulphonic acid groups: synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity in acetalization and acetylation reactions. J. Molec. Cat A. Chem. 212, 219 (2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Sirsam, R.S., Usmani, G.A.: Preparation and Characterization of Sulfonic acid Functionalized Silica and its application for the Esterification of Ethanol and Maleic acid. J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. E. (2015). doi: 10.1007/s40034-015-0068-y Google Scholar
  20. Tepe, O., Dursun, A.Y.: Combined effects of external mass transfer and biodegradation rates on removal of phenol by immobilized Ralstonia eutropha in a packed bed reactor. J. Hazard. Mater. 151, 9 (2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Vijaykumar, B., Mahadevaiah, N., Nagendrappa, G., Jai Prakash, B.S.: Esterification of stearic acid with p-cresol over modified Indian bentonite clay catalyst. J. Porous Mater. 19, 201 (2012)Google Scholar
  22. Yadav, G.D., Thathagar, M.B.: Esterification of maleic acid with ethanol over cation-exchange resin catalyst. React. Funct. Polym. 52, 99 (2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Yuan, X., Liu, J., Zeng, G., Shi, J., Tong, J., Huang, G.: Optimization of conversion of waste rapeseed oil with high FFA to biodiesel using response surface methodology. Renew. Energy. 33, 1678 (2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Zaidi, A., Gainer, J.L., Carta, G.: Fatty acid esterification using nylon-immobilized lipase. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 48(6), 601 (1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Zhang, Y., Dube, M.A., McLean, D.D., Kates, M.: Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: 2 Economic assessment and sensitivity analysis. Bioresour. Technol. 90(3), 229 (2003)Google Scholar
  26. Ziarani, G.M., Badiei, A., Dashtianeh, Z., Gholamzadeh, P., Mohtasham, N.H.: Application of SiO2-Pr-SO3H as an efficient catalyst in the Ritter reaction. Res. Chem. Intermed. 39, 3157 (2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.University Institute of Chemical TechnologyNorth Maharashtra UniversityJalgaonIndia

Personalised recommendations