Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss Croatian sites that have yielded human skeletal remains from the Pleistocene. These include the well-known Neandertal localities Hušnjakovo (at Krapina) and Vindija cave, as well as the Late Upper Paleolithic hominin fossil site Šandalja II cave in Istria. The Krapina site played an important role in the historical development of paleoanthropology and is still the Neandertal site with the largest known minimum number of skeletal individuals to date. Finds from Vindija cave belong to one of the latest Neandertal groups in Europe and provide data for the study of both their behavioral, as well as biological characteristics (including genomics studies). The Šandalja II cave in Istria is the only site in Croatia with direct association of human skeletal finds and the late Paleolithic, an Epigravettian industry, providing us with data on the anatomy and behavior of the Late Paleolithic inhabitants of this region.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Abi-Rached, L., Jobin, M. J., Kulkarni, S., McWhinnie, A., Dalva, K., Gragert, L., et al. (2011). The shaping of modern human immune systems by multiregional admixture with archaic humans. Science, 334(6052), 89–94.
Ahern, J. C. M. (1998). Late Pleistocene frontals of the Hrvatsko Zagorje: An analysis of intrapopulational variation in South Central European Neandertals. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
Ahern, J. C. M., Janković, I., Voisin, J.-L., & Smith, F. H. (2013). Modern human origins in Central Europe. In F. H. Smith & J. C. M. Ahern (Eds.), The origins of modern humans: Biology reconsidered (pp. 151–221). Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell.
Ahern, J. C. M., Karavanić, I., Paunović, I., Janković, I., & Smith, F. H. (2004). New discoveries and interpretations of hominid fossils and artifacts from Vindija Cave, Croatia. Journal of Human Evolution, 46, 25–67.
Ahern, J. C. M., Lee, S.-H., & Hawks, J. (2002). The late Neandertal supraorbital fossils from Vindija Cave, Croatia: A biased sample? Journal of Human Evolution, 43, 419–432.
Ahern, J. C. M., & Smith, F. H. (1993). The transitional nature of the late Neanderthal mandibles from Vindija Cave, Croatia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 16, 47.
Bailey, S. A. (2006). Beyond shovel-shaped incisors: Neandertal dental morphology in a comparative context. Periodicum Biologorum, 108, 253–267.
Barić, L. (1978). Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger i otkriće krapinskog pračovjeka. In M. Malez (Ed.), Krapinski pračovjek i evolucija hominida (pp. 23–51). Zagreb: Jugoslavenska Akademija Znanosti i Umjetnosti.
Batović, Š. (1965). Prvi paleolitski nalazi u srednjoj Dalmaciji. Diadora, 3, 205–209.
Batović, Š. (1988). Paleolitički i mezolitički ostaci s Dugog otoka. Poročilo o raziskovanju paleolita, neolita in eneolita v Sloveniji, 16, 7–54.
Benazzi, S., Douka, K., Fornai, C., Bauer, C., Kullmer, O., Svoboda, J., et al. (2011). The early dispersal of modern humans in Europe and implications for Neanderthal behaviour. Nature, 479, 525–528.
Blaser, F., Kurtanjek, D., & Paunović, M. (2002). L’industrie du site néandertalien de la grotte de Vindija (Croatie): une révision des matières premières lithiques. L’Anthropologie, 106, 387–398.
Bowler, P. (1986). Theories of human evolution: A century of debate 1844–1944. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Brajković, D. (1998). Šandalja. Histria Archaeologica, 29, 5–25.
Bräuer, G. (1989). The evolution of modern humans: A comparison of the African and non-African evidence. In C. B. Stringer & P. Mellars (Eds.), The human revolution (pp. 121–154). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Bruner, K. M. (2009). Testing stratigraphic integrity of Upper and Middle Paleolithic deposits in Vindija Cave (Croatia): A chipped stone refitting analysis. Unpublished Master Theses, University of Kansas, Lawrence.
Cartmill, M., & Smith, F. H. (2009). The human lineage. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell.
Chapman, J., Shiel, R., & Batović, Š. (1996). The changing face of Dalmatia: Archaeological and ecological studies in a Mediterranean landscape. London: Leicester University press, The Socety of Antiquaries of London.
Chiarelli, B. (2004). Spongiform encelopathy, cannibalism and Neanderthal extinction. Human Evolution, 19, 81–92.
Dinçer, B. (2016). The Lower Paleolithic in Turkey: Anatolia and hominin dispersals out of Africa. In K. Harvati & M. Roksandic (Eds.), Paleoanthropology of the Balkans and Anatolia: Human evolution and its context (pp. 213–228). Dordrecht: Springer.
Dupont, E. (1866). Etude sur les fouilles scientifiques executees pendant l’hiver de 1865–1866 dans les cavernes des bords de la Lesse. Bulletin de l’Academie Royal de Belgique, 22, 44–45.
Fraipont, J., & Lohest, M. (1886). La race humaine de Néandertal ou de Cannstadt, en Belgique. Bulletins de l'Académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique, 12, 741–784.
Frayer, D. W. (2006). The Krapina Neandertals. A comprehensive, centennial, illustrated bibliography. Zagreb: Croatian Natural History Museum.
Frayer, D. W., Orschiedt, J., Cook, J., Russell, M. D., & Radovčić, J. (2006). Krapina 3: Cut marks and ritual behavior? Periodicum Biologorum, 108, 519–524.
Fu, Q., Hajdinjak, M., Moldovan, O. T., Constantin, S., Mallick, S., Skoglund, P., et al. (2015). An early modern human from Romania with a recent Neanderthal ancestor. Nature, 524(7564), 216–219.
Fu, Q., Li, H., Moorjani, P., Jay, F., Slepchenko, S., Bondarev, A., et al. (2014). Genetic sequence of a 45,000-year old modern human from western Siberia. Nature, 514, 445–450.
Gardner, J. C., & Smith, F. H. (2006). The paleopathology of the Krapina Neandertals. Periodicum Biologorum, 108, 471–484.
Gorjanović-Kramberger, D. (1901). Der paläolitische Mensch und seine Zeitgenossen aus der Diluvium von Krapina in Kroatien. Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 31, 164–197.
Gorjanović-Kramberger, D. (1902). Der paläeolitische Mensch und seine Zeitgnossen aus dem Diluvium von Krapina in Kroatien II. Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 32, 189–216.
Gorjanović-Kramberger, D. (1906). Der Diluvijale Mensch von Krapina in Kroatien. Ein Bertrag zur Paläoanthropologie. Kreidel: Wiesbaden.
Gorjanović-Kramberger, D. (1913). Život i kultura diluvijalnoga čovjeka iz Krapine u Hrvatskoj. Zagreb: JAZU.
Gorjanović-Kramberger, D. (1918). Pračovjek iz Krapine. Priroda, 7, 155–162.
Green, R. E., Krause, J., Briggs, A. W., Maričić, T., Stenzel, U., Kircher, M., et al. (2010). A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome. Science, 328, 710–722.
Hammer, M. F., Woerner, A. E., Mendez, F. L., Watkins, J. C., & Wall, J. D. (2011). Genetic evidence for archaic admixture in Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(37), 15123–15128.
Harvati, K. (2016). Paleoanthropology in Greece: Recent findings and interpretations. In K. Harvati & M. Roksandic (Eds.), Paleoanthropology of the Balkans and Anatolia: Human evolution and its context (pp. 3–14). Dordrecht: Springer.
Harvati, K., & Roksandic, M. (2016). The human fossil record from Romania: Early Upper Paleolithic Europeans and possible evidence for Neanderthal admixture. In K. Harvati & M. Roksandic (Eds.), Paleoanthropology of the Balkans and Anatolia: Human evolution and its context. Dordrecht: Springer.
Hawks, J., & Throckmorton, Z. (2013). The relevance of archaic genomes to modern humans origins. In F. H. Smith & C. M. Ahern (Eds.), The origins of modern humans: Biology reconsidered (pp. 339–354). New York: Wiley.
Hedges, R. E. M., Housley, R. A., Bronk-Ramsey, C., & Van Klinken, G. J. (1994). Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system. Archaeometry, 36, 337–374.
Herrera, J. K., Somarelli, J. A., Lowery, R. K., & Herrera, R. J. (2009). To what extent did Neanderthals and modern humans interact? Biological Reviews, 84, 245–257.
Higham, T., Jacobi, R., Julien, M., David, F., Basell, L., Wood, R., et al. (2010). Chronology of the Grotte du Renne (France) and implications for the context of ornaments and human remains within the Châtelperronian. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 107, 20234–20239.
Higham, T., Ramsey, C. B., Karavanić, I., Smith, F. H., & Trinkaus, E. (2006). Revised direct radiocarbon dating of the Vindija G1 Upper Paleolithic Neandertals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 103, 553–557.
Horvat, J., & Ravlić, J. (1956). Pisma Ljudevitu Gaju. Građa za povijest književnosti Hrvatske, knjiga 26. Zagreb: JAZU.
Howell, F. C. (1957). The evolutionary significance of variation and varieties of “Neanderthal” man. Quarterly Review of Biology, 32, 330–347.
Howell, F. (1984). Introduction. In F. Smith & F. Spencer (Eds.), Origins of modern humans: A world survey of the fossil evidence (pp. xiii–xxii). New York: Wiley.
Hublin, J.-J., Spoor, F., Braun, M., Zonneveld, F., & Condemi, S. (1996). A late Neanderthal associated with Upper Palaeolithic artefacts. Nature, 381, 224–226.
Hublin, J.-J., Talamo, S., Julien, M., David, F., Connet, N., Bodu, N. P., et al. (2012). Radiocarbon dates from the Grotte du Renne and Saint-Césaire support a Neandertal origin for the Châtelperronian. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 109, 18743–18748.
Huxley, T. H. (1862). On fossil remains of man. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Great Britain, 3, 420–422.
Huxley, T. H. (1863). Evidence as to man’s place in nature. London: Williams and Norgate.
Janković, I., Ahern, J. C. M., Karavanić, I., Stockton, T., & Smith, F. H. (2012). Epigravettian human remains and artifacts from Šandalja II, Istria, Croatia. PaleoAnthropology, 2012, 87–122.
Janković, I., Karavanić, I., Ahern, J. C. M., Brajković, D., Mauch Lenardić, J., & Smith, F. H. (2006). Vindija Cave and the modern human peopling of Europe. Collegium Antropologicum, 30, 457–466.
Janković, I., Karavanić, I., Ahern, J. C. M., Brajković, D., Mauch Lenardić, J., & Smith, F. H. (2011). Archaeological, paleontological and genomic perspectives on late European Neandertals at Vindija Cave, Croatia. In S. Condemi & G.-C. Weniger (Eds.), Continuity and discontinuity in the peopling of Europe. One hundred fifty years of Neanderthal study (pp. 299–313). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
Kallay, J. (1970a). Komparativne napomene o čeljustima krapinskih praljudi s obzirom na položaj među hominidima. In M. Malez (Ed.), Krapina 1899–1969 (pp. 153–161). Zagreb: JAZU.
Kallay, J. (1970b). Osobitosti zubi krapinskih neandertalaca. In M. Malez (Ed.), Krapina 1899–1969 (pp. 165–174). Zagreb: JAZU.
Kallay, J. (1978). Neke značajnosti zubi i njihova upotreba u krapinskog neandertalca. In M. Malez (Ed.), Krapinski pračovjek i evolucija hominida (pp. 145–154). Zagreb: JAZU.
Karavanić, I. (1995). Upper Paleolithic occupation levels and late-occuring Neandertal at Vindija Cave (Croatia) in the context of Central Europe and the Balkans. Journal of Anthropological Research, 51, 9–35.
Karavanić, I. (1999). Gornji paleolitik Šandalje II u okviru jadranske regije. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Zagreb.
Karavanić, I. (2000). Research on the Middle Paleolithic in Dalmatia, Croatia. Antiquity, 74, 777–778.
Karavanić, I. (2003). L’industrie aurignacienne de la grotte de Šandalja II (Istrie, Croatie) dans le contexte de la région de l’est de l’Adriatique. L’Anthropologie, 107, 577–602.
Karavanić, I., & Čondić, N. (2006). Probno sondiranje Velike pećine u Kličevici kod Benkovca. Obavijesti HAD-a, 38(2), 45–50.
Karavanić, I., & Janković, I. (2007). Srednji i rani gornji paleolitik u Hrvatskoj/The Middle and Early Upper Paleolithic in Croatia. Opuscula Archaeologica, 30, 21–54.
Karavanić, I., & Janković, I. (2010). Šandalja II i problem orinjasijenske industrije u istočnom Jadranskom području/Šandalja II and the Problem of Aurignacian Industry in the Eastern Adriatic. In D. Komšo (Ed.), 100 Godina Arheološkog Muzeja Istre u Puli. Nova Istraživanja u Hrvatskoj (pp. 35–59). Zagreb/Pula: Hrvatsko Arheološko Društvo/Arheološki Muzej Istre u Puli.
Karavanić, I., Miracle, P. T., Culiberg, M., Kurtanjek, D., Zupanič, J., Golubić, V., et al. (2008). The Middle Paleolithic from Mujina pećina, Dalmatia, Croatia. Journal of Field Archaeology, 33, 259–277.
Karavanić, I., & Smith, F. H. (1998). The Middle/Upper Paleolithic interface and the relationship of Neanderthals and early modern humans in the Hrvatsko Zagorje, Croatia. Journal of Human Evolution, 34, 223–248.
Karavanić, I., & Smith, F. H. (2011). Middle/Upper Paleolithic interface at Vindija Cave (Croatia) in the context of central Europe and the Adriatic. In A. P. Derevianko & M. V. Shunkov (Eds.), Characteristic features of the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition in Eurasia (pp. 124–134). Novosibirsk: Institute of Archaeology and Etnography SB RAS.
Karavanić, I., Šošić, R., Ahern, J. C. M., Čondić, N., Janković, I., Zubčić, K., et al. (2016). Recent research on the Middle/Upper Paleolithic interface in Croatia in the context of Central and SE Europe. In K. Harvati & M. Roksandic (Eds.), Paleoanthropology of the Balkans and Anatolia: Human evolution and its context (pp. 153–169). Dordrecht: Springer.
Karavanić, I., Vukosaljević, N., Šošić, R., Kurtanjek, D., & Zupanič, J. (2013). Litička i koštana industrija epigravetijenskih slojeva Šandalje II kod Pule. Vjesnik za arheologiju i povijest dalmatinsku, 106, 7–73.
Kesterke, M. J., & Ahern, J. C. M. (2007). Is the late mandibular sample from Vindija Cave (Croatia) biased? Collegium Antropologicum, 31, 365–373.
King, W. (1864). The reputed fossil Man of Neanderthal. Quaterly Journal of Science, 1, 88–97.
Krause, J., Orlando, L., Serre, D., Viola, B., Prüfer, K., Richards, M., et al. (2007). Neandertals in Central Asia and Siberia. Nature, 449, 902–904.
Krings, M., Capelli, C., Tschentscher, F., Geisert, H., Meyer, S., von Haeseler, A., et al. (2000). A view of Neandertal genetic diversity. Nature Genetics, 26, 144–146.
Leroi-Gourhan, A. (1958). Etude sur des restes humains provenant des grottes d’Arcy-sur-Cure. Annales de Paleontologie, 44, 87–147.
Lévêque, F., & Vandermeersch, B. (1980). Découverte de restes humains dans un niveau castelperronien à Saint-Cesaire (Charente Maritime). Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences Paris, D291, 187–189.
Lohse, K., & Frantz, A. F. (2014). Neandertal admixture in Eurasia confirmed by Maximum likelyhood analysis of three genomes. Genetics, 96(4), 1241–1245.
Malez, M. (1963). Istraživanje pleistocenske stratigrafije i faune u 1962. godini. Ljetopis jugoslavenske Akademije Znanosti i Umjetnosti, 690, 305–313.
Malez, M. (1965). Nalazišta fosilnih hominida u Hrvatskoj. Geoloski Vjesnik, 18, 309–324.
Malez, M. (1970). Paleolitska kultura Krapine u svjetlu novijih istraživanja. In M. Malez (Ed.), Krapina 1899–1969 (pp. 57–119). Zagreb: JAZU.
Malez, M. (1972). Ostaci fosilnog čovjeka iz gornjeg pleistocena Šandalje kod Pule (Istra). Paleontologia Jugoslavica, 12, 5–39.
Malez, M. (1974). Über die bedeutung der entdeckung von geröllgeräten in den villafranchiumschichten der Šandalja I in Istrien (Kroatien, Jugoslawien). Bulletin scientifique Cons. Academie Yougoslavie, 19, 79–80.
Malez, M. (1975). O značenju otkrića ostataka roda Homo u naslagama vilafranka Šandalje I kod Pule. Rad jugoslavenske Akademije Znanosti i Umjetnosti, 371, 181–201.
Malez, M. (1979). Nalazišta paleolitskog i mezolitskog doba u Hrvatskoj. In A. Benac (Ed.), Praistorija Jugoslavenskih Zemalja I (pp. 195–295). Sarajevo: Svjetlost.
Malez, M. (1980). Sites of fossil men in Yugoslavia. Collegium Antropologicum, 4, 13–29.
Malez, M. (1983). Razvoj kvartara, fosilnog čovjeka i njegovih materijalnih kultura na tlu Sjeverne Hrvatske. In Posebni otisak iz knjige «Varaždinski Zbornik». Varaždin: JAZU.
Malez, M. (1987). Pregled paleolitičkih i mezolitičkih kultura na području Istre. In Arheološka istraživanja u Istri i Hrvatskom primorju. Pula: Izdanja Hrvatskog Arheološkog Društva.
Malez, M., & Rukavina, D. (1979). Položaj naslaga spilje Vindije u sustavu članjenja kvartara šireg područja Alpa. Rad JAZU, 383, 187–218.
Malez, M., Smith, F. H., Radovčić, J., & Rukavina, D. (1980). Upper Pleistocene hominids from Vindija Cave, Croatia, Yugoslavia. Current Anthropology, 21, 365–367.
Malez, M., & Vogel, J. C. (1969). Rezultati određivanja apsolutne starosti pleistocenskih naslaga Šandalje II kod Pule u Istri. Geoloski Vjesnik, 22, 121–133.
Mann, A., & Trinkaus, E. (1974). Neandertal and Neandertal-like fossils from the Upper Pleistocene. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 17, 169–193.
Mendez, F. L., Watkins, J. C., & Hammer, M. F. (2012). A haplotype at STAT2 introgressed from Neanderthals and serves as a candidate of positive selection in Papua New Guinea. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 91, 265–274.
Mendez, L. F., Watkins, J. C., & Hammer, M. F. (2013). Neandertal origin of genetic variation at the cluster of OAS immunity genes. Molecular Biolology and Evolution, 30(4), 798–801.
Minugh-Purvis, N., Radovčić, J., & Smith, F. H. (2000). Krapina 1: A juvenile Neandertal from the Early Later Pleistocene of Croatia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 111, 393–424.
Miracle, P. T. (1995). Broad-spectrum adaptations re-examined: Hunter-gatherer responses to late glacial environmental changes in the eastern Adriatic. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan.
Montet-White, A. (1996). Le Paléolithique en ancienne Yougoslavie. Grenoble: Jérôme Million.
Oakley, K. P., & Hoskins, C. R. (1950). New evidence on the antiquity of Piltdown man. Nature, 165, 379–382.
Oakley, K. P., & Weiner, J. S. (1953). Chemical examination of the Piltdown implements. Nature, 172, 1110.
Paunović, M., Jambrešić, G., Brajković, D., Malez, V., & Mauch Lenardić, J. (2001). Last glacial settlement of Croatia: Catalogue of fossil sites dated to the OIS 2 and 3. Acta Geologica, 26, 27–70.
Prüfer, K., Racimo, F., Patterson, N., Jay, F., Sankararaman, S., Sawyer, S., et al. (2014). The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains. Nature, 505, 43–49.
Radovčić, J. (1988). Gorjanović-Kramberger i krapinski pračovjek. Zagreb: Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej i Školska Knjiga.
Reich, D., Green, R., Kircher, M., Krause, J., Patterson, N., Durand, E., et al. (2010). Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Nature, 468, 1053–1060.
Rink, J. W., Schwarcz, H., Smith, F. H., & Radovčić, J. (1995). ESR ages for Krapina Hominids. Nature, 378, 24.
Roksandic, M. (2016). The role of the Central Balkans in the peopling of Europe: Paleoanthropological evidence. In K. Harvati & M. Roksandic (Eds.), Paleoanthropology of the Balkans and Anatolia: Human evolution and its context (pp. 15–33). Dordrecht: Springer.
Russell, M. D. (1987a). Bone breakage in the Krapina hominid collection. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 72, 373–379.
Russell, M. D. (1987b). Mortuary practices at the Krapina Neandertal site. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 72, 381–397.
Sánchez-Quinto, F., Botigué, L. R., Civit, S., Arenas, C., Ávila-Arcos, M. C., Bustamante, C. D., et al. (2012). North African populations carry the signature of admixture with Neandertals. PLoS One, 7(10), e47765.
Sankararaman, S., Mallick, S., Dannemann, M., Prüfer, K., Kelso, J., Pääbo, S., et al. (2014). The genomic landscape of Neanderthal ancestry in present-day humans. Nature, 507(7492), 354–357.
Sankararaman, S., Patterson, N., Li, H., Pääbo, S., & Reich, D. (2012). The date of interbreeding between Neandertals and Modern Humans. PLoS Genetics, 8(10), e1002947.
Schaaffhausen, H. (1857). Vortrag vom 2. Juni zu den Men-schenknochen aus dem Neandertal. Verhandl. Naturhistorischer Verein der Rheinlande und Westfalens, 14, 50–52.
Schaaffhausen, H. (1858). Zur Kenntniß der altensten Rassenschadel. Mullers Archiv, 5, 453–478.
Schaaffhausen, H. (1880). Funde in der Schipkahohle in Mahren. Verhandlungen des naturhistorisches Vereins der preussiichen Rhenilande und Westfalens, 73, 260–264.
Schaaffhausen, H. (1888). Der Neanderthaler Fund. Bonn: Marcus.
Schwalbe, G. (1906). Studien zur Vorgeschichte des Menschen. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart’sche.
Seguin-Orlando, A., Korneliussen, T., Sikora, M., Malaspinas, A.-S., Manica, A., Moltke, I., et al. (2014). Genomic structure in Europeans dating back at least 36,200 years. Science, 346, 1113–1118.
Serre, D., Langaney, A., Chech, M., Teschler-Nicola, M., Paunović, M., Hofreiter, M., et al. (2004). No evidence of Neandertal mtDNA contribution to early Modern Humans. PLoS Biology, 2, 313–317.
Simek, J. F. (1991). Stone tool assemblages from Krapina (Croatia, Yugoslavia). In A. Montet-White & S. Holen (Eds.), Raw material economies among prehistoric hunter-gatherers (pp. 59–71). Lawrence: University of Kansas.
Simek, J. F., & Smith, F. H. (1997). Chronological changes in stone tool assemblages from Krapina (Croatia). Journal of Human Evolution, 32, 561–575.
Škerlj, B. (1958). Were Neanderthalers the only inhabitants of Krapina? Bulletin Scientifique Yougoslavie, 4, 44.
Smith, F. H. (1976a). A fossil hominid frontal from Velika pećina (Croatia) and a consideration of Upper Pleistocene Hominids from Yugoslavia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 44, 127–134.
Smith, F. H. (1976a). The Neandertal remains from Krapina: A descriptive and comparative study (Reports of Investigation No. 15). Knoxville: University of Tennessee.
Smith, F. H. (1982). Upper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central Europe: A review of the evidence and analysis of trends. Current Anthropology, 23, 667–703.
Smith, F. H. (1984). Fossil hominids from the Upper Pleistocene of Central Europe and the origin of modern Europeans. In F. H. Smith & F. Spencer (Eds.), The origins of modern humans: A world survey of the fossil evidence (pp. 137–209). New York: A. R. Liss.
Smith, F. H. & Smith, M. O. (1986), On the significance of anomalous nasal bones in the Neanderthal from Krapina. Anthropos, 23, 217–226.
Smith, F. H. (1992). The role of continuity in human evolution. In G. Bräuer & F. H. Smith (Eds.), Continuity or replacement? Controversies in Homo sapiens evolution (pp. 145–156). Rotterdam: Balkema.
Smith, F. H. (1994). Samples, species and speculations in the study of modern human origins. In M. H. Nitecki & D. V. Nitecki (Eds.), Origins of anatomically modern humans (pp. 227–249). New York: Plenum Press.
Smith, F. H., Boyd, D. C., & Malez, M. (1985). Additional Upper Pleistocene human remains from Vindija Cave, Croatia, Yugoslavia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 68, 375–383.
Smith, F. H., & Ranyard, G. C. (1980). Evolution of the supraorbital region in Upper Pleistocene fossil hominids from South-Central Europe. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 53, 589–610.
Smith, F. H., Trinkaus, E., Pettitt, P. B., Karavanić, I., & Paunović, M. (1999). Direct radiocarbon dates for Vindija G1 and Velika pećina Late Pleistocene hominid remains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 96, 12281–12286.
Sollas, W. (1907). On the cranial and facial characters of the Neanderthal race. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 199, 321–337.
Street, M., Terberger, T., & Orschiedt, J. (2006). A critical review of the German Paleolithic hominin record. Journal of Human Evolution, 51(6), 551–579.
Stringer, C., & Bräuer, G. (1994). Methods, misreadings, and bias. American Anthropologist, 96(2), 416–424.
Tomić-Karović, K. (1970). Krapinski neandertalac i kanibalizam. In M. Malez (Ed.), Krapina 1899–1969 (pp. 181–186). Zagreb: JAZU.
Trinkaus, E. (1985). Cannibalism and burial at Krapina. Journal of Human Evolution, 14, 203–216.
Trinkaus, E., Moldovan, O., Milota, S., Bîlgăr, A., Sarcina, L., Athreya, S., et al. (2003). An early modern human from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100, 11231–11236.
Trinkaus, E., & Shipman, P. (1993). The Neandertals: Changing the image of mankind. New York: A.A. Knopf.
Trinkaus, E., & Smith, F. H. (1995). Body size of the Vindija Neandertals. Journal of Human Evolution, 28, 201–208.
Ullrich, H. (1989). Neandertal remains from Krapina and Vindija—Mortuary practices, burials or cannibalism? Humanbiol Budapest, 19, 15–19.
Ullrich, H. (2006). Krapina—A mortuary practice site with cannibalistic rites. Periodicum Biologorum, 108, 503–517.
Virchow, V. (1872). Unterschung des Neanderthal-schädels. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 4, 157–165.
Vuković, S. (1935). Istraživanje prethistorijskog nalazišta u spilji Vindiji kod Voće. Varaždin: Spomenica varaždinskog muzeja.
Vuković, S. (1949). Prethistorijsko nalazište spilje Vindije. Historijski Zbornik, 2, 243–249.
Vuković, S. (1950). Paleolitska kamena industrija spilje Vindije. Historijski Zbornik, 3, 241–256.
Vuković, S. (1962/1963). Paleolitska kamena industrija nalazišta Punikve kod Ivanca. Godišnjak Gradskog muzeja Varaždin, 2-3, 23–30.
Wall, J. D., Yang, M. A., Jay, F., Kim, S. K., Durand, E. Y., Stevison, L. S., et al. (2013). Higher levels of Neanderthal ancestry in East Asians than in Europeans. Genetics, 194, 199–209.
White, T. D., & Toth, N. (1991). The question of ritual cannibalism at Grotta Guattar. Current Anthropology, 32, 118–124.
Wild, E. M., Paunović, M., Rabeder, G., Steffan, G., & Steier, P. (2001). Age determination of fossil bones from the Vindija Neanderthal site in Croatia. Radiocarbon, 43, 1021–1028.
Wolpoff, M. H. (1978). The dental remains from Krapina. In M. Malez (Ed.), Krapinski pračovjek i evolucija hominida (pp. 119–144). Zagreb: JAZU.
Wolpoff, M. H. (1979). The Krapina dental remains. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 50, 64–114.
Wolpoff, M. H. (1999). Paleoanthropology (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Wolpoff, M. H., Smith, F. H., Malez, M., Radovčić, J., & Rukavina, D. (1981). Upper Pleistocene human remains from Vindija cave, Croatia, Yugoslavia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 54, 499–545.
Yotova, V., Lefebvre, J.-F., Moreau, C., Gbeha, E., Hovhannesyan, K., Bourgeois, S., et al. (2011). An X-linked haplotype of Neandertal origin is present among all non-African populations. Molecular Biolology and Evolution, 28(7), 1957–1962.
Zilhão, J. (2009). Szeletian, not Aurignacian: A review of the chronology and cultural associations of the Vindija G1 Neandertals. In M. Camps & P. Chauhan (Eds.), Sourcebook of Paleolithic transitions (pp. 407–426). New York: Springer.
Acknowledgements
Authors would like to thank the organizers of the International symposium “Human evolution in the Southern Balkans” held in Tübingen, Germany, in December of 2012, for inviting us to participate. The organizational skills of Katerina Harvati and Vangelis Tourloukis, along with the many student volunteers in their team made our stay a most pleasant experience. We also thank Katerina Harvati and Mirjana Roksandic for editing this volume. Our results are based on research that was partially supported by the Ministry of Science, Education and Sports of the Republic of Croatia, the U.S. Fulbright Foundation, the University of Wyoming, and Illinois State University. We also thank our colleague David Strait and the anonymous reviewers for their comments. All mistakes are, of course, our responsibility.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Janković, I., Ahern, J.C.M., Karavanić, I., Smith, F.H. (2016). The Importance of Croatian Pleistocene Hominin Finds in the Study of Human Evolution. In: Harvati, K., Roksandic, M. (eds) Paleoanthropology of the Balkans and Anatolia. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0874-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0874-4_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-024-0873-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-024-0874-4
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)