Schools for Health and Sustainability pp 131-153 | Cite as
Becoming a Health Promoting School: Using a ‘Change Agent’ to Influence School Structure, Ethos and Ensure Sustainability
Abstract
Schools have long been sites for health promotion. Commencing with classroom lessons, schools have witnessed many projects and programs including the health promoting school model. Many authors indicate that this model is the most successful in achieving long term changes within a school, other authors report that implementation and sustainability are difficult to achieve. This chapter will examine the journey of a primary school as it works to implement the health promoting school model. The authors will demonstrate that, although the health promotion model is useful in introducing and guiding health promotion activities, without extra assistance, such as a dedicated health promotion officer, or ‘change agent’ who can motivate committed champions, changes to the ethos and the culture of the school will be difficult. Every school is unique; there is no ‘one size fits all’ model. Therefore, professionals working with schools need to meet the school at its point of need, rather than following a standard format. The process and journey are just as important as the successes. Influencing the organisation of the school is essential if the changes are to be sustained. Organisational change theories are used to support the practical examples.
Keywords
Health promoting schools Organisational change Critical friend Diffusion of innovationsReferences
- Ainscroft, M., & West, M. (2006). Improving urban schools, leadership and collaboration. Buckingham: Open University Press.Google Scholar
- Allensworth, D., & Kolbe, L. (1987). The comprehensive school health program: Exploring an expanded concept. Journal of School Health, 57(10), 409–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- American School Health Association. (2012). American School Health Association. http://www.ashaweb.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3279. Accessed 20 May 2012.
- Armstrong, E. (2011). Principals and health sector perspectives on establishing health promoting schools in Victoria. Melbourne: La Trobe University.Google Scholar
- Australian Psychological Society. (2014). KidsMatter Australian Primary Schools Mental Health Intitative. http://www.psychology.org.au/publications/inpsych/kidsmatte
- Baker, B. J., Curtis, D. B., & Benson, W. (1991). Collaborative opportunities to build better schools: A study on the impact of educational reform on the schools. Normal: Illinois Association for Supervision and Curriculum DevelopmentGoogle Scholar
- Baum, F. (2002). The new public health. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Bond, L., Glover, S., Godfrey, C., Butler, H., & Patton, G. (2001). Building capacity for system-level change in schools: Lessons from the Gatehouse Project. Health Education and Behavior, 28, 368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Boot, N., van Assema, P., Hesdahl, B., & de Vries, N. (2010). Professional assistance in implementing school health policies. Health Education, 110(4), 294–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Brisbane North Public Health Unit. (2001). Healthy promoting school toolbox: A toolbox for creating healthy places to learn, work and play. Brisbane: Central Public Health Unit Network Queensland Health.Google Scholar
- Butler, H., Krelle, A., Seal, I., Trafford, L., Drew, S., Hargraves, J., et al. (2001). The critical friend. Facilitating change and well-being in school communities. Camberwell: ACER Press.Google Scholar
- Chrusciel, D. (2008). What motivates the significant/strategic change champion(s)? Journal of Organizational Change Management, 21(2), 148–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Clift, S., & Jensen, B. B. (2005). The health promoting school: International advances in theory, evaluation and practice. Copenhagen: Danish University of Education Press.Google Scholar
- Costa, A., & Kallick, B. (1993). Through the lens of a critical friend. Educational Leadership, 51(2), 49–51.Google Scholar
- Denman, S. (1999). Health promoting schools in England – A way forward in development. Journal of Public Health, 21(2), 215–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Department Education and Early Childhood Development. (2006). School confectionary guidelines. http://www.education.vic.gov.au/management/schooloperations/healthycanteen/confect.htm#2. Accessed 5 Apr 2012.
- Department Education and Early Childhood Development. (2009). Improving school sport and physical education in your school. Melbourne: Department education and early childhood development.Google Scholar
- Easthope, C., & Easthope, G. (2000). Intensification, extension and complexity of teachers workload. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 21(1), 43–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Eddy, C. (2006). You’ve got a friend. Teacher, 174, 12–15.Google Scholar
- Faubert, C. (2009). Tensions and dilemmas experienced by a change agent in a community-university physical activity initiative. Critical Public Health, 19(1), 71–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fullan, M. (2006). The future of educational change: System thinkers in action. Journal of Educational Change, 7(3), 113–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gibbs, J. (2001). Tribes learning communities- KidsMatter- Australian Primary Schools Mental Health Initiative. http://www.kidsmatter.edu.au/primary/programs-guide/tribes-tlc/. Accessed 31 Mar 2012.
- Gibbs, P., & Panayiotis, A. (2008). Understanding friendship between critical friends. Improving Schools, 11, 213–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hawe, P. (1994). Capturing the meaning of ‘community’ in intervention evaluation: Some contributions from community psychology. Health Promotion International, 9(3), 199–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hawe, P., Noortb, M., King, L., & Jordensa, C. (1997). Multiplying health gains: The critical role of capacity-building within health promotion programs. Health Policy, 39(1), 29–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hawe, P., Bond, L., & Butler, H. (2009a). Knowledge-for-Action theories can inform evaluation practice. What can complexity theory add? New Directions in Program Evaluation, 124, 89–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hawe, P., Shiell, A., & Riley, T. (2009b). Theorising interventions as events in systems. American Journal of Community Psychology, 43(3–4), 267–276. doi: 10.1007/s10464-009-9229-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Inchley, J., Muldon, J., & Currie, C. (2006). Becoming a health promoting school: Evaluating the process of effective implementation in Scotland. Health Promotion International, 22(1), 65–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- International Union for Health Promotion and Education. (2009). Achieving health promoting schools: Guidelines for promoting health in schools. Version 2 of the document formerly know as ‘Protocols and Guidelines for Health Promoting Schools’. www.iuhpe.org/images/PUBLICATIONS/THEMATIC/HPS/Hpsguidelines_ENG.pdf
- James, R., Howat, P., Shilton, T., Hutchins, C., Burke, L., & Woodman, R. (2007). Core health promotion competencies for Australia 2007. Western Australian Centre for Health Promotion Research, the centre for behavioural research in cancer control, Curtin University and the national heart foundation.Google Scholar
- Johnson, C., Lewis, E., McDonald, G., Sampimon, E., Liu, F. Y., & McDonald, K. (2009). Outer east community food access research project. www.oehcsa.org.au/library-resources/occess-nutritions-food/outer-east-community-occess-research-project
- Keshavarz, N., Nutbeam, D., Rowling, L., & Kavarpour, F. (2010). Schools as social complex adaptive systems: A new way to understand the challenges of introducing the health promoting schools concept. Social Science and Medicine, 70, 1467–1474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kyriacou, C. (1987). Teacher stress and burnout: An international review. Educational Research, 29(2), 146–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Laughlin, M. (1990). The Rand change agent study revisited: Macro perspectives and micro results. Educational Researcher, 19, 11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Leeder, S. (1997). Health-promoting environments: The role of public policy. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 21(4), 413–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lewin, K. (1997a). Field theory and learning. (Originally published in 1942) In K. Lewin (Ed.), Resolving social conflicts and field theory in social science (pp. 212–230). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
- Lewin, K. (1997b). Defining the “Field at a Given Time”. (Originally published in 1943) In K. Lewin (Ed.), Resolving social conflicts and field theory in social science (pp. 200–211). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
- Lewin, K. (1997c). Frontiers in group dynamics. (Originally published in 1947.) In K. Lewin (Ed.), Resolving social conflicts and field theory in social science (pp. 301–336). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
- Lister-Sharp, D., Chapman, S., Stewart-Brown, S., & Sowden, A. (1999). Health promoting schools and health promotion in schools: Two systematic reviews. Health Technology Assessments., 3, 1–207.Google Scholar
- Lynagh, M., Schofield, M., & Sanson-Fisher, R. (1997). School health promotion programs over the past decade: A review of the smoking, alcohol and solar protection literature. Health Promotion International, 12(1), 43–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- MacBeath, J. (1999). Schools must speak for themselves: The case for school self-evaluation. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
- MacBeath, J., & Jardine, S. (1998). I didn’t know he was ill- the role and value of the critical friend. Improving Schools, 1(1), 41–47.Google Scholar
- Maroondah City Council. (2009). Bayswater Nth community renewal. http://svc041.wic012v.server-web.com/BayswaterNorthCommunityRenewal.aspx. Accessed 11 Feb 2012.
- Martinsons, M. G. (1993). Cultivating the champions for strategic information systems. Journal of Systems Management, 44(8), 31.Google Scholar
- NSW Health. (2001). A framework for building capacity to improve health. Sydney: Health Department.Google Scholar
- Nutbeam, D., Macaskill, P., Smith, C., Simpson, J., & Catford, J. (1993). Evaluation of two school smoking education programmes under normal classroom conditions. British Medical Journal, 306, 102–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- O’Connor, D. L., & Ertmer, P. A. (2006). Todays coaches prepare tomorrow's mentors: sustaining results of professional development. Academy of Educational Leadership, 10(2), 97–112.Google Scholar
- Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
- Rowe, F., Stewart, D., & Patterson, C. (2007). Promoting school connectedness through whole school approaches. Health Education, 107(6), 524–542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rowling, L., & Samadal, O. (2011). Filling the black box of implementation for health-promoting schools. Health Education, 111(5), 347–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Schein, E. H. (2004). Organizational culture and leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
- Senior, E. (2012). Becoming a health promoting school: Key components of planning. Global Health Promotion, 19, 23–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Shaw, G. (2007). Restorative practices in Australian schools: Changing relationships, changing culture. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 25(1), 127–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Slee, P. T., Lawson, M. J., Russell, A., Askell-Williams, H., Dix, K. L., Owens, L., et al. (2009). KidsMatter primary evaluation final report. Bedford Park: Centre for Analysis of Educational Futures. Flinders University of South Australia.Google Scholar
- St Leger, L. (1998). Australian teachers’ understanding of the health promoting schools concept and the implications for the development of school health. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 20(2), 223–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- St Leger, L. (2005). Protocols and guidelines for health promoting schools. Promotion and Education, 12(3–4), 145–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- St Leger, L., & Young, I. M. (2009). Creating the document ‘Promoting health in schools; from evidence to action’. Global Health Promotion, 16, 69–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- St Leger, L., Kolbe, L., Lee, A., McCall, D., & Young, I. (2007). School health promotion – Achievements, challenges and priorities. In D. J. C. McQueen (Ed.), Global perspectives on health promotion effectiveness. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
- State Government Victoria. (2012). Kids-Go for your life. Information for professionals. http://www.goforyourlife.vic.gov.au/hav/articles.nsf/pracpages/Kids_Go_for_your_life?open. Accessed 31 Mar 2012.
- Stewart-Brown, S. (2006). What is the evidence on school health in improving health or reventing disease and specifically, what is the effectiveness of the health promoting schools approach? Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe.Google Scholar
- Swaffield, S. (2007). Light touch critical friendship. Improving Schools, 10(205). doi: 10.1177/1365480207077845.
- Swaffield, S., & MacBeath, J. (2005). School self-evaluation and the role of a critical friend. Cambridge Journal of Education, 35(2), 239–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Veselak, K. (2001). Historical steps in the development of the modern school health program. Journal of School Health, 71(8), 369–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Williams, P., Weston, R., McWhirter, J., James, E., Moore, D., Coulter, B., et al. (1996). Health promoting schools: Lessons from working intersectorally with primary schools in Australia. Health Education Journal, 55(3), 300–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Victorian WorkCover Authority. (2012). WorkHealth check research. http://www.vwa.vic.gov.au/safety-and-prevention/health-and-wellbeing/research/charts. Accessed Apr 2012.
- World Health Organisation. (1986). Ottawa charter for health promotion. Paper presented at the first international conference on health promotion, Ottowa, Canada, 31 January 2012.Google Scholar
- Young, I. (2005). Health promotion in schools: A historical perspective. IUHPE-Promotion and Education, 12(3–4), 112–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar