Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology pp 437–453Cite as

Termites as Pests of Buildings

  • Chapter

Abstract

Of the more than 2,300 termite species in the world, 183 species are known to damage buildings and 83 species cause significant damage. Subterranean termites, including mound building and arboreal species, account for 147 (80%) of the economically important species. The genus Coptotermes contains the largest number of pest species (28), whereas the genus Cryptotermes, especially Cr. brevis, is the most widely introduced. The world-wide economic impact figure of termites is uncertain, but the control cost for termite pests in the United States was estimated at $1.5 billion annually in 1994. Because of differences in their life histories, control measures differ between subterranean and drywood species. Insecticide barriers are used for exclusion of soil-borne subterranean termites, whereas slow-acting baits are used for population control of subterranean termite colonies in and near structures. Whole-structure treatments (fumigation and heat), compartmental treatments (heat or cold), and local treatments (wood surface treatments or insecticide injection) are the primary tools for drywood termite control.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Aber, A. and Fontes, L.R. (1993) Reticulitermes lucifugus (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae), a pest of wooden structures, is introduced into the South American continent. Sociobiology 21, 335–339. 449

    Google Scholar 

  2. Anonymous (1992) News Release. California Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Pesticide Regulation, 12 April 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Anonymous (1993) News Release. California Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Pesticide Regulation News Release, 12 January 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Anonymous (1996) Spinosad technical guide. DowElanco (Dow AgroSciences), Indianapolis, Indiana.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Anonymous (1997) Power Plant insecticide specimen label. Blizzard System, Inc., Redondo Beach, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Anonymous (1998) Bio-Blast specimen label. EcoScience Corp. East Brunswick, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Anonymous (1999) Administration extends deadline on methyl bromide ban to 2005. Methyl bromide alternatives, United States Department of Agriculture 5, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Araujo, R.L. and Fontes, L.R. (1979) Notes on the Neotropical genus Tauritermes, with a new species from Brasil (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae). Review of Brazilian Entomology 23, 29–34.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Atkinson, T.H., Rust, M.K. and Smith, J.L. (1993) The Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), established in California Pan-Pacific Entomologist 69, 111–113.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Atkinson, T.H., Smith, M.S. and William, R.E. (1998) Control of structural infestations of Heterotermes aureus in Arizona with the Sentricon system. Down to Earth 53, 18–26.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Beard, R.L. (1974) Termite biology and bait-block method of control. Connecticut Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin 748.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Benson, E.P., Mauldin, J.K. and Bordes, E.S. (1997) Evaluation of subterranean termite baiting strategies at urban sites with minimal soil access. Down to Earth

    Google Scholar 

  13. -25.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Bess, H.A. and Ota, A.K. (1960) Fumigation of buildings to control the dry-wood termite, Cryptotermes brevis. Journal of Economic Entomology

    Google Scholar 

  15. -510.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Chambers, D.M. and Benson E.P. (1995) Evaluation of hexaflumuron for protection of structures from termites in New Orleans. Down to Earth 50, 27–31.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Cotton, R.T. (1932) The relation of respiratory metabolism of insects to their susceptibility to fumigants. Journal of Economic Entomology 25, 10881103.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Creffield, J.W., French, J.R.J. and Chew, N. (1997) A laboratory assessment on the effectiveness of the Electro-Gun® in eradicating adults of the indigenous Australian drywood termite, Cryptotermes primus (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae). CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products Client Report. No. 163. 6 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Danthanarayana, W. and Vitarana, S.I. (1987) Control of the live-wood termite Glyptotermes dilatatus using

    Google Scholar 

  20. Heterorhabditis sp. (Nemat.). Agriculture Ecosystem Environment 19 333–342.

    Google Scholar 

  21. DeMark, J.J. et al. (1995)Evaluation of hexaflumuron for termite control in the southeast U.S. Down to Earth 50, 20–26.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Doppelreiter, V.H. and Korioth, M. (1981) Entwicklungshemmung durch Diflubenzuron bei den Bodentermiten Heterotermes indicola and Reticulitermes flavipes. Zeitschrift für angewandte Entomologie 91, 131–137.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Dettner, K. et al (1992) Insecticidal fumigants from defensive glands of insects: A fumigant test with adults of Drosophila melanogaster Journal of Applied Entomology 113, 128–137.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Ebeling, W. (1978) Urban Entomology. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Ebeling, W. (1983) The Extermax System for Control of the Western Drywood Termite, Incisitermes minor. Etex Ltd. Las Vegas, Nevada.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Ebeling W. and Pence, R.J. (1957) Relation of particle size on the penetration of subterranean termites through barriers of sand or cinders. Journal of Economic Entomology 50, 690–692.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Ebeling, W. and Wagner, R.E. (1959) Rapid desiccation of drywood termites with inert sorptive dusts and other substances. Journal of Economic Entomology 52, 190–212.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Edwards, R. and Mill, A.E. (1986) Termites in Buildings. Their Biology and Control. Rentokil Limited. East Grinstead.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Emshwiller, J.R. (1989) Firm freezes termites, but it’s cold comfort to some. Wall Street Journal 20 April, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Esenther, G.R. and Beal, R.H. (1974) Attractant-mirex bait suppresses activity of Reticulitermes spp. Journal of Economic Entomology 67, 85–88.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Esenther, G.R. and Beal, R.H. (1978) Insecticidal baits on field plot perimeters suppress Reticulitermes. Journal of Economic Entomology 71, 604–607.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Esenther, G.R. and Gray, D.E. (1968) Subterranean termite studies in southern Ontario. Canadian Entomologist 100, 827–834.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Faragalla, A.A., Badawi, A.I. and Dabbour, A.I. (1985) Field evaluation of the effects of the juvenile hormone analogous (JHA’s) and diflubenzuron (Dimilin) on termites of the genus Microcerotermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) in the central region of Saudi Arabia. Sociobiology 11, 29–37.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Forbes, C.F. and Ebeling, W. (1986) Update: liquid nitrogen controls drywood termites. IPM Practitioner 8, 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Forbes, C.F. and Ebeling, W. (1987) Update: use of heat for the elimination of structural pests. IPM Practitioner 9, 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Forschler, B.T. (1996) Baiting Reticulitermes ( Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) field colonies with Abamect in and

    Google Scholar 

  37. zinc borate-treated cellulose in Georgia. Sociobiology 28 459–84.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Forschler, B.T. and Ryder, J.C. (1996) Subterranean termite, Reticulitermes spp. (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), colony response to baiting with hexaflumuron using a prototype commercial termite baiting system. Journal of Entomological Sciences 31, 143–151.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Fujii, J.K. (1975) Effects of an entomogenous nematode, Neoaplectana carpocapsae Weiser, on the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, with ecological and biological studies on C. formosanus. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, U.S.A..

    Google Scholar 

  40. Gay, F.J. (1967) A world review of introduced species of termites. CSIRO Bulletin No. 286, pp. 1–88, Melbourne.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Gay, F.J. and Watson, J.A.L. (1982) The genus Cryptotermes in Australia (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae). Australian Journal of Zoology suppl. ser 88, 1–64.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Grace, J.K. (1990) Mark-recapture studies with Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Socioobiology 16, 297–303.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Grace, J.K. (1990) Oral toxicity of barium metaborate to the eastern subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Entomological Sciences 25, 112–116.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Grace, J.K. and Yamamoto, R.T. (1994) Simulation of remedial borate treatments intended to reduce attack on Douglas-fir lumber by the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 87, 1547–1554.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Grace, J.K., Abdallay, A. and Farr, K.R. (1989) Eastern subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) foraging territories and populations in Toronto. Canadian Entomologist 121, 551–556.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Grace, J.K. et al (1991) First infestation by Incisitermes minor of a Canadian building (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae). Sociobiology 18, 299–304.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Grace, J.K. et al (1996) Termite-resistant construction: use of a stainless steel mesh to exclude Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology 28, 365–372.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Grace, J.K. et al (1996) Baiting studies and considerations with Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Hawaii. Sociobiology 28, 511–520.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Granovsky, T.A. (1983) Economic impact of termites. Pest Control 51, 14, 16, 19.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Haagsma, K. and Bean J. (1998) Evaluation of hexaflumuron-based bait to control subterranean termites in southern California (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology 31, 363–369.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Hajjar, N.P. and Casida, J.E. (1978) Insecticidal benzylphenyl ureas: structure activity relationships as chitin synthesis inhibitors. Science 200, 1499–1500.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Hänel, H. (1983) Preliminary field tests on the use of Metarhizium anisopliae for the control of Nasutitermes

    Google Scholar 

  53. exitiosus (Hill) (Isoptera: Termitidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 73 305–313.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Harris, V.W. (1971) Termites. Their Recognition and Control, 2nd edn. Longman Group Ltd. London.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Haverty, M.I. (1977) The proportion of soldiers in termite colonies: a list and a bibliography (Isoptera). Sociobiology 2, 199–216.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Henderson, G. and Forshler, B.T. (1996) Termite bait screening using naturally-infested trees. In: Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Insect Pests in Urban Environment (K.B Wildey, Ed.), pp. 449–458, Edinburgh, 7–10 July 1996,.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Hrdy, I (1973) Effect of juvenoids on termites and honeybees. Proceedings of 7th International Congress ofIUSSI,pp.158–161, London 1973,

    Google Scholar 

  58. Hrdy, I. and Krecek, J. (1972) Development of superfluous soldiers induced by juvenile hormone analogues in the termite, Reticulitermes lucifugus santonensis. Insectes Sociaux 19, 105–109.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Hrdy, I., Krecek, J. and Zuskova, Z. (1979) Juvenile hormone analogues: effects on the soldier caste differentiation in termites (Isoptera). Vestnik Ceskoslovenske Spolecnosti Zoologicke 43, 260–269.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Hunt, R.W. (1949) The common dry-wood termite as a pest. Journal of Economic Entomology 42, 959–962.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Hunt, R.W. (1959) Wood preservatives as deterrents to drywood termites in the Southwest. Journal of Economic Entomology 52, 1211–1212.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Jones, S.C. (1989) Field evaluation of fenoxycarb as a bait toxicant for subterranean termite control. Sociobiology 15, 33–41.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Jones, S.C. (1990) Delineation of Heterotermes aureus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) foraging territories in a Sonoran desert grassland. Environmental Entomology 19, 1047–1054.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Jones, S.C. (1991) Field evaluation of boron as a bait toxicant for control of Heterotermes aureus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology 19, 187–209.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Kard, B. (1999) Termiticides — the Gulfport report. Pest Control 67, 42–46.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Krishna, K. (1961) Generic revision and phylogenetic study of the family Kalotermitidae (Isoptera). Bulletin of American Museum ofNatural History 122, 303–408.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Lai, P.Y. (1977) Biology and ecology of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus, and its susceptibility to the entomogenous fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarrhizium anisopliae. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, U.S.A..

    Google Scholar 

  68. Lai, P.Y., Tamashiro, M. and Fujii, J.K. (1982) Pathogenicity of six strains of entomogenous fungi to Coptotermes formosanus. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 39, 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Lebrun, D. (1967) La determination des castes du termite a coujaune (Calotermes flavicollis Fabr.). Bulletin Biologique de France et de Belgique. 101, 139–217.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Lenz, M. (1976) The dependence of hormone effects in termite caste determination on external factors. In Phase and Caste Determination in Insects. Endocrine 78. Aspects (M. Löscher, Ed.),. pp. 73–89,Pergamon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Lenz, M. and Runko, S. (1994) Protection of buildings, 79. other structures and materials in ground contact from attack by subterranean termites (Isoptera) with a physical barrier - a fine mesh of high grade stainless steel. Sociobiology 24 1–16. 80

    Google Scholar 

  72. Lenz, M. et al. (1996) How predictive are laboratory experiments for assessing the effects of chitin synthesis inhibitor (CSI) on field colonies of termites? - A 81. comparison of laboratory and field data from Australian mound-building species of termite. International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Stockholm, Sweden. Document No. IRG/WP 9610143. 82.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Lenz, M. et al. (1998) A novel chemical barrier system, Kordon TMB, for protection of buildings against subterranean termites using a synthetic matrix 83. as carrier for chemical. International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Stockholm, Sweden. Document No. IRG/WP 98–10264. 84.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Lewis, V.R. Fouche, C.F. and Lemaster, RL. (1997) Evaluation of dog assisted searches and electronic odor devices for detecting the Western subterranean termites. Forest Products Journal 47 79–84. 85

    Google Scholar 

  75. Lewis, V.R. and Haverty, M.I. (1996) Evaluation of six techniques for control of the western drywood termite (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) in structures. Journal of 86 Economic Entomology 89 922–934.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Lewis, V.R. et al. (1996) Field comparison of sand or insecticide barriers for control of Reticulitermes spp. 87 (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) infestation in homes in northern California. Sociobiology 28 327–335.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Lohou, C. et al. (1997). Protection des arbres d’alignement contre les termites souterrains 88 L’experience menée à Paris. Phytoma 492 42–44.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Lüscher, M. (1958) Ueber die Entstehung der Soldaten bei Termiten. Revue Suisse Zoologique. 65, 372–376.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Löscher, M. (1969) Die Bedeutung des Juvenilhormons 89 fur die Differenzierung der Soldaten dei der Termite Kalotermes flavicollis. Proceedings of 6th. Congress of IUSSI,pp. 165–170, Bern

    Google Scholar 

  80. Lüscher, M. and Springhetti, A. (1960) 90 Untersuchungen über die Bedeutung der Corpora Allata fir die Differenzierung der Kasten bei der Termite Kalotermes flavicollis. Journal of Insect Physiolology 5 190–212. 91

    Google Scholar 

  81. Mauldin, J.K. and Beal, R.H. (1989) Entomogenous nematodes for control of subterranean termites, Reticulitermes spp. (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 82, 1638–1642. 92

    Google Scholar 

  82. Milner, R.J., Staples, J.A. and Lutton, G.G. (1998) The selection of an isolate of the hypomycete fungus

    Google Scholar 

  83. Sbragia, R. (1992) Research directions–impact of the public and politics. Proeedings of the. National Conference on Urban Entomology. pp. 17–37. College Park, Maryland.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Scheffrahn, R.H. (1991) Allelochemical resistance of wood to termites. Sociobiology 19, 257–281.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Scheffrahn, R.H.,and N.-Y. Su. (1992) Comparative toxicity of methyl bromide against ten Nearctic termite species (Isoptera: Termopsidae, Kalotermitidae, Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 85, 845–847.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Scheffrahn, R.H. and Su, N.-Y. (1995) A new subterranean termite introduced to Florida: Heterotermes Froggatt (Rhinotermitidae: Heterotermitinae) established in Miami Florida Entomologist 78, 623–627.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Scheffrahn, RH., Mangold, J. R. and Su, N.-Y. (1988) A survey of structure-infesting termites of peninsular Florida. Florida Entomologist 71, 615–630.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Scheffrahn, R.H. et al. (1993) Evaluation of a novel, hand-held acoustic emissions detector to monitor termites (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae, Rhinotermitidae) in wood. Journal of Economic Entomology 86, 17201729.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Scheffrahn, R.H. et al. (1994) Termites (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae, Rhinotermitidae, Termitidae) of the West Indies. Sociobiology 24, 213–238.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Scheffrahn, R.H., Wheeler, G.S. and Su, N.-Y. (1994) Synergism of methyl bromide and sulfuryl fluoride toxicity against termites (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae, Rhinotermitidae) by admixture with carbon dioxide. Journal of Economic Entomology 88, 649–653.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Scheffrahn, R.H., Su, N.-Y. and Busey, P. (1997) Laboratory and field evaluations of selected chemical treatments for control of drywood termites (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 90, 492–502.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Scheffrahn, R.H., Wheeler, G.S. and Su, N.-Y. (1997) Heat tolerance of structure-infesting drywood termites (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) of Florida. Sociobiology 29, 237–245.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Scheffrahn, R.H. et al. (1998) Prevention of colony foundation by the drywood termite, Cryptotermes brevis, and remedial control of drywood termites (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) with selected chemical treatments. Journal of Economic Entomology 91, 13871396.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Scheffrahn, R.H. et al (1999) First record of Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) and natural woodland infestations of C. brevis (Walker) on Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Proceedings of Hawaiian Entomological Society (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  95. Smith, R. (1930) Experiments with Paris green in the control of termites. Monthly Bulletin of Department of Agriulture, California 19, 557–560.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Smith, J.L. and Rust, M.K. (1990) Tunneling response and mortality of the western subterranean termite, Reticulitermes hesperus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) to soil treated with insecticides. Journal of Economic Entomology 83, 1395–1401.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Snyder, T.E. (1950) Control of nonsubterranean termites. USDA Farmer’s Bulletin No. 2018, 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Sornnuwat, Y. et al. (1996) Foraging populations of Coptotermes gestroi (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in an urban area. Journal of Economic Entomology 89, 14851490.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Staples, J. and Milner, R. (1996). Metarhizium anisopliae as a mycotermiticide–laboratory behavioral assay. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International. Conerence. on Insect Pests in the Urban Environment. (K.B. Wildey, Ed.), p. 493, Edinburgh, 7–10, July 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Stewart, D. (1957) Sulfuryl fluoride–a new fumigant for control of the drywood termite, Kalotermes minor Hagen. Journal of Economic Entomology 50, 7–11.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Su, N.-Y. (1994) Field evaluation of hexaflumuron bait for population suppression of subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 87, 389–397.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Su, N.-Y. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1988) Foraging population and territory of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in an urban environment. Sociobiology 14, 353–359.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Su, N.-Y. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1988) Toxicity and feeding deterrency of a dihaloalkyl arylsulfone biocide, A-9248 against the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 81, 850–854.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Su, N.-Y. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1988) Toxicity and lethal time of N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide against two subterranean termite species (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Florida Entomologist 71, 73–78.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Su, N.-Y. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1990) Economically important termites in the United States and their control. Sociobiology 17, 77–94.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Su, N.-Y. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1990) Potential of insect growth regulators as termiticides: a review. Sociobiology 17, 313–328.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Su, N.-Y. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1991) Laboratory evaluation of two slow-acting toxicants against Formosan and eastern subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 84, 170–175.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Su, N.-Y. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1992) Penetration of sized-particle barriers by field populations of subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 85, 2275–2278.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Su, N.-Y. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1993) Laboratory evaluation of two chitin synthesis inhibitors, hexaflumuron and diflubenzuron, as bait toxicants against the Formosan subterranean termite and eastern subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 86, 1453–1457.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Su, N.-Y. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1996) A review of the evaluation criteria for bait-toxicant efficacy against field colonies of subterranean termites (Isoptera). Sociobiology 28, 521–530.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Su, N.-Y. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1996) Comparative effects of two chitin synthesis inhibitors, hexaflumuron and lufenuron, in a bait matrix against subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 89, 1156–1160.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Su, N.-Y. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1998) A review of subterranean termite control practices and prospects for integrated pest management programs Integrated Pest Management Reviews 3, 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Su, N.-Y.et al.(1982) Effect of behavior on the evaluation of insecticides for prevention of or remedial control of the Formosan subterranean termite. Journal of Economic Entomology 75, 188–193.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Su, N.-Y., Tamashiro, M. and Yates, J.R. (1982) Trials on the field control of the Formosan subterranean termite with Amdro bait. The International Research Group on Wood Preservation Document No. IRG/WP/1163.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Su, N.-Y., Scheffrahn, R.H. and Ban, P.M. (1991) Uniform size particle barrier: a physical exclusion device against subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 84, 912–916.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Su, N.-Y., Ban, P.M. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1991) Evaluation of twelve dye markers for population studies of the eastern and Formosan subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology 19, 349–362.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Su, N.-Y., Ban, P.M. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1991) Population suppression of field colonies of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) by dihaloalkyl arylsulfone (A-9248) baits. Journal of Economic Entomology 84, 1524–1531.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Su, N.-Y., Ban, P.M. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1993) Foraging populations and territories of the eastern subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in southeastern Florida. Environmental Entomology 22, 1113–1117.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Su, N.-Y., Scheffrahn, R.H. and Ban, P.M. (1995) Effects of sulfluramid-treated bait blocks on field colonies of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 88, 1343–1348.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Su, N.-Y. et al(1995) Monitoring/baiting station to detect and eliminate foraging populations of subterranean termites (Isoptera. Rhinotermitidae) near structures. Journal of Economic Entomology 88, 932936.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Su, N.-Y., Ban, P.M. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1997) Remedial baiting with hexaflumuron in above-ground stations to control structure-infesting populations of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 90, 809–817.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Su, N.-Y., Scheffrahn, R.H. and Weissling, T. (1997) A new introduction of a subterranean termite, Coptotermes havilandi Holmgren (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Miami, Florida. Florida Entomologist 80, 408–411.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Su, N.-Y., Thomas, J.D. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1998). Elimination of subterranean termite populations from the Statue of Liberty National Monument using a bait matrix containing an insect growth regulator, hexaflumuron. Journal of the American Institute of Conservation 37, 282–292.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Tamashiro, M., Yates, J.R. and Ebesu, R.H. (1987) The Formosan subterranean termite in Hawaii: problem and control. In: Biology and Control of the Formosan Subterranean Termite ( M. Tamashiro, M. and N.-Y. Su, Eds.), pp. 16–20, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Tsunoda, K. Mtsuoka, H. and Yoshimura, T. (1997) Colony elimination of Reticulitermes speratus by bait application and the effect on foraging territory. Journal of Economic Entomology 91, 1383–1386.

    Google Scholar 

  126. U.S. Department of Agriculture (1951) Decay and termite damage in houses. Farmer’s Bulletin No. 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Van Zwaluwenberg, R.H. (1916) Report of entomologist. Annual Report Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station 1915, 42–45.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Wheeler, G.S. et al. (1996) Comparative respiration and methane production rates in Nearctic termites. Journal of Insect Physiology 42, 799–806.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Woodrow, R.J. and Grace, J.K. (1998) Thermal tolerances of four termite species (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae, Kalotermitidae). Sociobiology 32, 1725.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Woodrow, R.J. and Grace, J.K. (1998) Field studies on the use of high temperatures to control Cryptotermes brevis (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae). Sociobiology 32, 27–49.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Yamano, K. (1998) On the American common dry-wood termite, Incisitermes minor. Shiroahi 113, 18–25.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Yamauchi, K. et al. (1997). Field evaluation of Sentricon system confirmation of colony elimination. Siroari 110, 2–7.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ft. Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 3205 College Ave. Ft., Lauderdale, FL, 33314, USA

    Nan-Yao Su & Rudolf H. Scheffrahn

Authors
  1. Nan-Yao Su
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rudolf H. Scheffrahn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, 520-2113, Kamitanakami-Hirano, Otsu, Japan

    Takuya Abe  & Masahiko Higashi  & 

  2. School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary & Westfield College, University of London, E1 4NS, London, UK

    David Edward Bignell

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Su, NY., Scheffrahn, R.H. (2000). Termites as Pests of Buildings. In: Abe, T., Bignell, D.E., Higashi, M. (eds) Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3223-9_20

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3223-9_20

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5476-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-3223-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation