Abstract
Of the more than 2,300 termite species in the world, 183 species are known to damage buildings and 83 species cause significant damage. Subterranean termites, including mound building and arboreal species, account for 147 (80%) of the economically important species. The genus Coptotermes contains the largest number of pest species (28), whereas the genus Cryptotermes, especially Cr. brevis, is the most widely introduced. The world-wide economic impact figure of termites is uncertain, but the control cost for termite pests in the United States was estimated at $1.5 billion annually in 1994. Because of differences in their life histories, control measures differ between subterranean and drywood species. Insecticide barriers are used for exclusion of soil-borne subterranean termites, whereas slow-acting baits are used for population control of subterranean termite colonies in and near structures. Whole-structure treatments (fumigation and heat), compartmental treatments (heat or cold), and local treatments (wood surface treatments or insecticide injection) are the primary tools for drywood termite control.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aber, A. and Fontes, L.R. (1993) Reticulitermes lucifugus (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae), a pest of wooden structures, is introduced into the South American continent. Sociobiology 21, 335–339. 449
Anonymous (1992) News Release. California Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Pesticide Regulation, 12 April 1992.
Anonymous (1993) News Release. California Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Pesticide Regulation News Release, 12 January 1993.
Anonymous (1996) Spinosad technical guide. DowElanco (Dow AgroSciences), Indianapolis, Indiana.
Anonymous (1997) Power Plant insecticide specimen label. Blizzard System, Inc., Redondo Beach, CA.
Anonymous (1998) Bio-Blast specimen label. EcoScience Corp. East Brunswick, NJ.
Anonymous (1999) Administration extends deadline on methyl bromide ban to 2005. Methyl bromide alternatives, United States Department of Agriculture 5, 1.
Araujo, R.L. and Fontes, L.R. (1979) Notes on the Neotropical genus Tauritermes, with a new species from Brasil (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae). Review of Brazilian Entomology 23, 29–34.
Atkinson, T.H., Rust, M.K. and Smith, J.L. (1993) The Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), established in California Pan-Pacific Entomologist 69, 111–113.
Atkinson, T.H., Smith, M.S. and William, R.E. (1998) Control of structural infestations of Heterotermes aureus in Arizona with the Sentricon system. Down to Earth 53, 18–26.
Beard, R.L. (1974) Termite biology and bait-block method of control. Connecticut Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin 748.
Benson, E.P., Mauldin, J.K. and Bordes, E.S. (1997) Evaluation of subterranean termite baiting strategies at urban sites with minimal soil access. Down to Earth
-25.
Bess, H.A. and Ota, A.K. (1960) Fumigation of buildings to control the dry-wood termite, Cryptotermes brevis. Journal of Economic Entomology
-510.
Chambers, D.M. and Benson E.P. (1995) Evaluation of hexaflumuron for protection of structures from termites in New Orleans. Down to Earth 50, 27–31.
Cotton, R.T. (1932) The relation of respiratory metabolism of insects to their susceptibility to fumigants. Journal of Economic Entomology 25, 10881103.
Creffield, J.W., French, J.R.J. and Chew, N. (1997) A laboratory assessment on the effectiveness of the Electro-Gun® in eradicating adults of the indigenous Australian drywood termite, Cryptotermes primus (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae). CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products Client Report. No. 163. 6 pp.
Danthanarayana, W. and Vitarana, S.I. (1987) Control of the live-wood termite Glyptotermes dilatatus using
Heterorhabditis sp. (Nemat.). Agriculture Ecosystem Environment 19 333–342.
DeMark, J.J. et al. (1995)Evaluation of hexaflumuron for termite control in the southeast U.S. Down to Earth 50, 20–26.
Doppelreiter, V.H. and Korioth, M. (1981) Entwicklungshemmung durch Diflubenzuron bei den Bodentermiten Heterotermes indicola and Reticulitermes flavipes. Zeitschrift für angewandte Entomologie 91, 131–137.
Dettner, K. et al (1992) Insecticidal fumigants from defensive glands of insects: A fumigant test with adults of Drosophila melanogaster Journal of Applied Entomology 113, 128–137.
Ebeling, W. (1978) Urban Entomology. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.
Ebeling, W. (1983) The Extermax System for Control of the Western Drywood Termite, Incisitermes minor. Etex Ltd. Las Vegas, Nevada.
Ebeling W. and Pence, R.J. (1957) Relation of particle size on the penetration of subterranean termites through barriers of sand or cinders. Journal of Economic Entomology 50, 690–692.
Ebeling, W. and Wagner, R.E. (1959) Rapid desiccation of drywood termites with inert sorptive dusts and other substances. Journal of Economic Entomology 52, 190–212.
Edwards, R. and Mill, A.E. (1986) Termites in Buildings. Their Biology and Control. Rentokil Limited. East Grinstead.
Emshwiller, J.R. (1989) Firm freezes termites, but it’s cold comfort to some. Wall Street Journal 20 April, 1989.
Esenther, G.R. and Beal, R.H. (1974) Attractant-mirex bait suppresses activity of Reticulitermes spp. Journal of Economic Entomology 67, 85–88.
Esenther, G.R. and Beal, R.H. (1978) Insecticidal baits on field plot perimeters suppress Reticulitermes. Journal of Economic Entomology 71, 604–607.
Esenther, G.R. and Gray, D.E. (1968) Subterranean termite studies in southern Ontario. Canadian Entomologist 100, 827–834.
Faragalla, A.A., Badawi, A.I. and Dabbour, A.I. (1985) Field evaluation of the effects of the juvenile hormone analogous (JHA’s) and diflubenzuron (Dimilin) on termites of the genus Microcerotermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) in the central region of Saudi Arabia. Sociobiology 11, 29–37.
Forbes, C.F. and Ebeling, W. (1986) Update: liquid nitrogen controls drywood termites. IPM Practitioner 8, 1–4.
Forbes, C.F. and Ebeling, W. (1987) Update: use of heat for the elimination of structural pests. IPM Practitioner 9, 1–6.
Forschler, B.T. (1996) Baiting Reticulitermes ( Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) field colonies with Abamect in and
zinc borate-treated cellulose in Georgia. Sociobiology 28 459–84.
Forschler, B.T. and Ryder, J.C. (1996) Subterranean termite, Reticulitermes spp. (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), colony response to baiting with hexaflumuron using a prototype commercial termite baiting system. Journal of Entomological Sciences 31, 143–151.
Fujii, J.K. (1975) Effects of an entomogenous nematode, Neoaplectana carpocapsae Weiser, on the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, with ecological and biological studies on C. formosanus. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, U.S.A..
Gay, F.J. (1967) A world review of introduced species of termites. CSIRO Bulletin No. 286, pp. 1–88, Melbourne.
Gay, F.J. and Watson, J.A.L. (1982) The genus Cryptotermes in Australia (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae). Australian Journal of Zoology suppl. ser 88, 1–64.
Grace, J.K. (1990) Mark-recapture studies with Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Socioobiology 16, 297–303.
Grace, J.K. (1990) Oral toxicity of barium metaborate to the eastern subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Entomological Sciences 25, 112–116.
Grace, J.K. and Yamamoto, R.T. (1994) Simulation of remedial borate treatments intended to reduce attack on Douglas-fir lumber by the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 87, 1547–1554.
Grace, J.K., Abdallay, A. and Farr, K.R. (1989) Eastern subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) foraging territories and populations in Toronto. Canadian Entomologist 121, 551–556.
Grace, J.K. et al (1991) First infestation by Incisitermes minor of a Canadian building (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae). Sociobiology 18, 299–304.
Grace, J.K. et al (1996) Termite-resistant construction: use of a stainless steel mesh to exclude Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology 28, 365–372.
Grace, J.K. et al (1996) Baiting studies and considerations with Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Hawaii. Sociobiology 28, 511–520.
Granovsky, T.A. (1983) Economic impact of termites. Pest Control 51, 14, 16, 19.
Haagsma, K. and Bean J. (1998) Evaluation of hexaflumuron-based bait to control subterranean termites in southern California (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology 31, 363–369.
Hajjar, N.P. and Casida, J.E. (1978) Insecticidal benzylphenyl ureas: structure activity relationships as chitin synthesis inhibitors. Science 200, 1499–1500.
Hänel, H. (1983) Preliminary field tests on the use of Metarhizium anisopliae for the control of Nasutitermes
exitiosus (Hill) (Isoptera: Termitidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 73 305–313.
Harris, V.W. (1971) Termites. Their Recognition and Control, 2nd edn. Longman Group Ltd. London.
Haverty, M.I. (1977) The proportion of soldiers in termite colonies: a list and a bibliography (Isoptera). Sociobiology 2, 199–216.
Henderson, G. and Forshler, B.T. (1996) Termite bait screening using naturally-infested trees. In: Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Insect Pests in Urban Environment (K.B Wildey, Ed.), pp. 449–458, Edinburgh, 7–10 July 1996,.
Hrdy, I (1973) Effect of juvenoids on termites and honeybees. Proceedings of 7th International Congress ofIUSSI,pp.158–161, London 1973,
Hrdy, I. and Krecek, J. (1972) Development of superfluous soldiers induced by juvenile hormone analogues in the termite, Reticulitermes lucifugus santonensis. Insectes Sociaux 19, 105–109.
Hrdy, I., Krecek, J. and Zuskova, Z. (1979) Juvenile hormone analogues: effects on the soldier caste differentiation in termites (Isoptera). Vestnik Ceskoslovenske Spolecnosti Zoologicke 43, 260–269.
Hunt, R.W. (1949) The common dry-wood termite as a pest. Journal of Economic Entomology 42, 959–962.
Hunt, R.W. (1959) Wood preservatives as deterrents to drywood termites in the Southwest. Journal of Economic Entomology 52, 1211–1212.
Jones, S.C. (1989) Field evaluation of fenoxycarb as a bait toxicant for subterranean termite control. Sociobiology 15, 33–41.
Jones, S.C. (1990) Delineation of Heterotermes aureus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) foraging territories in a Sonoran desert grassland. Environmental Entomology 19, 1047–1054.
Jones, S.C. (1991) Field evaluation of boron as a bait toxicant for control of Heterotermes aureus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology 19, 187–209.
Kard, B. (1999) Termiticides — the Gulfport report. Pest Control 67, 42–46.
Krishna, K. (1961) Generic revision and phylogenetic study of the family Kalotermitidae (Isoptera). Bulletin of American Museum ofNatural History 122, 303–408.
Lai, P.Y. (1977) Biology and ecology of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus, and its susceptibility to the entomogenous fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarrhizium anisopliae. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, U.S.A..
Lai, P.Y., Tamashiro, M. and Fujii, J.K. (1982) Pathogenicity of six strains of entomogenous fungi to Coptotermes formosanus. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 39, 1–5.
Lebrun, D. (1967) La determination des castes du termite a coujaune (Calotermes flavicollis Fabr.). Bulletin Biologique de France et de Belgique. 101, 139–217.
Lenz, M. (1976) The dependence of hormone effects in termite caste determination on external factors. In Phase and Caste Determination in Insects. Endocrine 78. Aspects (M. Löscher, Ed.),. pp. 73–89,Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Lenz, M. and Runko, S. (1994) Protection of buildings, 79. other structures and materials in ground contact from attack by subterranean termites (Isoptera) with a physical barrier - a fine mesh of high grade stainless steel. Sociobiology 24 1–16. 80
Lenz, M. et al. (1996) How predictive are laboratory experiments for assessing the effects of chitin synthesis inhibitor (CSI) on field colonies of termites? - A 81. comparison of laboratory and field data from Australian mound-building species of termite. International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Stockholm, Sweden. Document No. IRG/WP 9610143. 82.
Lenz, M. et al. (1998) A novel chemical barrier system, Kordon TMB, for protection of buildings against subterranean termites using a synthetic matrix 83. as carrier for chemical. International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Stockholm, Sweden. Document No. IRG/WP 98–10264. 84.
Lewis, V.R. Fouche, C.F. and Lemaster, RL. (1997) Evaluation of dog assisted searches and electronic odor devices for detecting the Western subterranean termites. Forest Products Journal 47 79–84. 85
Lewis, V.R. and Haverty, M.I. (1996) Evaluation of six techniques for control of the western drywood termite (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) in structures. Journal of 86 Economic Entomology 89 922–934.
Lewis, V.R. et al. (1996) Field comparison of sand or insecticide barriers for control of Reticulitermes spp. 87 (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) infestation in homes in northern California. Sociobiology 28 327–335.
Lohou, C. et al. (1997). Protection des arbres d’alignement contre les termites souterrains 88 L’experience menée à Paris. Phytoma 492 42–44.
Lüscher, M. (1958) Ueber die Entstehung der Soldaten bei Termiten. Revue Suisse Zoologique. 65, 372–376.
Löscher, M. (1969) Die Bedeutung des Juvenilhormons 89 fur die Differenzierung der Soldaten dei der Termite Kalotermes flavicollis. Proceedings of 6th. Congress of IUSSI,pp. 165–170, Bern
Lüscher, M. and Springhetti, A. (1960) 90 Untersuchungen über die Bedeutung der Corpora Allata fir die Differenzierung der Kasten bei der Termite Kalotermes flavicollis. Journal of Insect Physiolology 5 190–212. 91
Mauldin, J.K. and Beal, R.H. (1989) Entomogenous nematodes for control of subterranean termites, Reticulitermes spp. (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 82, 1638–1642. 92
Milner, R.J., Staples, J.A. and Lutton, G.G. (1998) The selection of an isolate of the hypomycete fungus
Sbragia, R. (1992) Research directions–impact of the public and politics. Proeedings of the. National Conference on Urban Entomology. pp. 17–37. College Park, Maryland.
Scheffrahn, R.H. (1991) Allelochemical resistance of wood to termites. Sociobiology 19, 257–281.
Scheffrahn, R.H.,and N.-Y. Su. (1992) Comparative toxicity of methyl bromide against ten Nearctic termite species (Isoptera: Termopsidae, Kalotermitidae, Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 85, 845–847.
Scheffrahn, R.H. and Su, N.-Y. (1995) A new subterranean termite introduced to Florida: Heterotermes Froggatt (Rhinotermitidae: Heterotermitinae) established in Miami Florida Entomologist 78, 623–627.
Scheffrahn, RH., Mangold, J. R. and Su, N.-Y. (1988) A survey of structure-infesting termites of peninsular Florida. Florida Entomologist 71, 615–630.
Scheffrahn, R.H. et al. (1993) Evaluation of a novel, hand-held acoustic emissions detector to monitor termites (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae, Rhinotermitidae) in wood. Journal of Economic Entomology 86, 17201729.
Scheffrahn, R.H. et al. (1994) Termites (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae, Rhinotermitidae, Termitidae) of the West Indies. Sociobiology 24, 213–238.
Scheffrahn, R.H., Wheeler, G.S. and Su, N.-Y. (1994) Synergism of methyl bromide and sulfuryl fluoride toxicity against termites (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae, Rhinotermitidae) by admixture with carbon dioxide. Journal of Economic Entomology 88, 649–653.
Scheffrahn, R.H., Su, N.-Y. and Busey, P. (1997) Laboratory and field evaluations of selected chemical treatments for control of drywood termites (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 90, 492–502.
Scheffrahn, R.H., Wheeler, G.S. and Su, N.-Y. (1997) Heat tolerance of structure-infesting drywood termites (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) of Florida. Sociobiology 29, 237–245.
Scheffrahn, R.H. et al. (1998) Prevention of colony foundation by the drywood termite, Cryptotermes brevis, and remedial control of drywood termites (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) with selected chemical treatments. Journal of Economic Entomology 91, 13871396.
Scheffrahn, R.H. et al (1999) First record of Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) and natural woodland infestations of C. brevis (Walker) on Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Proceedings of Hawaiian Entomological Society (in press).
Smith, R. (1930) Experiments with Paris green in the control of termites. Monthly Bulletin of Department of Agriulture, California 19, 557–560.
Smith, J.L. and Rust, M.K. (1990) Tunneling response and mortality of the western subterranean termite, Reticulitermes hesperus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) to soil treated with insecticides. Journal of Economic Entomology 83, 1395–1401.
Snyder, T.E. (1950) Control of nonsubterranean termites. USDA Farmer’s Bulletin No. 2018, 1–16.
Sornnuwat, Y. et al. (1996) Foraging populations of Coptotermes gestroi (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in an urban area. Journal of Economic Entomology 89, 14851490.
Staples, J. and Milner, R. (1996). Metarhizium anisopliae as a mycotermiticide–laboratory behavioral assay. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International. Conerence. on Insect Pests in the Urban Environment. (K.B. Wildey, Ed.), p. 493, Edinburgh, 7–10, July 1996.
Stewart, D. (1957) Sulfuryl fluoride–a new fumigant for control of the drywood termite, Kalotermes minor Hagen. Journal of Economic Entomology 50, 7–11.
Su, N.-Y. (1994) Field evaluation of hexaflumuron bait for population suppression of subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 87, 389–397.
Su, N.-Y. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1988) Foraging population and territory of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in an urban environment. Sociobiology 14, 353–359.
Su, N.-Y. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1988) Toxicity and feeding deterrency of a dihaloalkyl arylsulfone biocide, A-9248 against the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 81, 850–854.
Su, N.-Y. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1988) Toxicity and lethal time of N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide against two subterranean termite species (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Florida Entomologist 71, 73–78.
Su, N.-Y. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1990) Economically important termites in the United States and their control. Sociobiology 17, 77–94.
Su, N.-Y. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1990) Potential of insect growth regulators as termiticides: a review. Sociobiology 17, 313–328.
Su, N.-Y. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1991) Laboratory evaluation of two slow-acting toxicants against Formosan and eastern subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 84, 170–175.
Su, N.-Y. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1992) Penetration of sized-particle barriers by field populations of subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 85, 2275–2278.
Su, N.-Y. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1993) Laboratory evaluation of two chitin synthesis inhibitors, hexaflumuron and diflubenzuron, as bait toxicants against the Formosan subterranean termite and eastern subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 86, 1453–1457.
Su, N.-Y. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1996) A review of the evaluation criteria for bait-toxicant efficacy against field colonies of subterranean termites (Isoptera). Sociobiology 28, 521–530.
Su, N.-Y. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1996) Comparative effects of two chitin synthesis inhibitors, hexaflumuron and lufenuron, in a bait matrix against subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 89, 1156–1160.
Su, N.-Y. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1998) A review of subterranean termite control practices and prospects for integrated pest management programs Integrated Pest Management Reviews 3, 1–13.
Su, N.-Y.et al.(1982) Effect of behavior on the evaluation of insecticides for prevention of or remedial control of the Formosan subterranean termite. Journal of Economic Entomology 75, 188–193.
Su, N.-Y., Tamashiro, M. and Yates, J.R. (1982) Trials on the field control of the Formosan subterranean termite with Amdro bait. The International Research Group on Wood Preservation Document No. IRG/WP/1163.
Su, N.-Y., Scheffrahn, R.H. and Ban, P.M. (1991) Uniform size particle barrier: a physical exclusion device against subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 84, 912–916.
Su, N.-Y., Ban, P.M. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1991) Evaluation of twelve dye markers for population studies of the eastern and Formosan subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology 19, 349–362.
Su, N.-Y., Ban, P.M. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1991) Population suppression of field colonies of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) by dihaloalkyl arylsulfone (A-9248) baits. Journal of Economic Entomology 84, 1524–1531.
Su, N.-Y., Ban, P.M. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1993) Foraging populations and territories of the eastern subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in southeastern Florida. Environmental Entomology 22, 1113–1117.
Su, N.-Y., Scheffrahn, R.H. and Ban, P.M. (1995) Effects of sulfluramid-treated bait blocks on field colonies of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 88, 1343–1348.
Su, N.-Y. et al(1995) Monitoring/baiting station to detect and eliminate foraging populations of subterranean termites (Isoptera. Rhinotermitidae) near structures. Journal of Economic Entomology 88, 932936.
Su, N.-Y., Ban, P.M. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1997) Remedial baiting with hexaflumuron in above-ground stations to control structure-infesting populations of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 90, 809–817.
Su, N.-Y., Scheffrahn, R.H. and Weissling, T. (1997) A new introduction of a subterranean termite, Coptotermes havilandi Holmgren (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Miami, Florida. Florida Entomologist 80, 408–411.
Su, N.-Y., Thomas, J.D. and Scheffrahn, R.H. (1998). Elimination of subterranean termite populations from the Statue of Liberty National Monument using a bait matrix containing an insect growth regulator, hexaflumuron. Journal of the American Institute of Conservation 37, 282–292.
Tamashiro, M., Yates, J.R. and Ebesu, R.H. (1987) The Formosan subterranean termite in Hawaii: problem and control. In: Biology and Control of the Formosan Subterranean Termite ( M. Tamashiro, M. and N.-Y. Su, Eds.), pp. 16–20, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Tsunoda, K. Mtsuoka, H. and Yoshimura, T. (1997) Colony elimination of Reticulitermes speratus by bait application and the effect on foraging territory. Journal of Economic Entomology 91, 1383–1386.
U.S. Department of Agriculture (1951) Decay and termite damage in houses. Farmer’s Bulletin No. 1993.
Van Zwaluwenberg, R.H. (1916) Report of entomologist. Annual Report Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station 1915, 42–45.
Wheeler, G.S. et al. (1996) Comparative respiration and methane production rates in Nearctic termites. Journal of Insect Physiology 42, 799–806.
Woodrow, R.J. and Grace, J.K. (1998) Thermal tolerances of four termite species (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae, Kalotermitidae). Sociobiology 32, 1725.
Woodrow, R.J. and Grace, J.K. (1998) Field studies on the use of high temperatures to control Cryptotermes brevis (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae). Sociobiology 32, 27–49.
Yamano, K. (1998) On the American common dry-wood termite, Incisitermes minor. Shiroahi 113, 18–25.
Yamauchi, K. et al. (1997). Field evaluation of Sentricon system confirmation of colony elimination. Siroari 110, 2–7.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Su, NY., Scheffrahn, R.H. (2000). Termites as Pests of Buildings. In: Abe, T., Bignell, D.E., Higashi, M. (eds) Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3223-9_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3223-9_20
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5476-0
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-3223-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive