Perspectives for Research in Wet Chemistry and Unintentional Cloud Modification from the Discipline of Purposeful Cloud Modification

  • Roger F. Reinking
Chapter

Abstract

Fundamental goals and scientific problems facing researchers in purposeful cloud modification and applicable to air quality pertaining to unintentional cloud modification are defined. These encompass experimental design and verification, transport and dispersion, aerosol and hydrometeor evolution and removal, and the interactive nature of chemical, microphysical, dynamical and other cloud processes on micro- to mesoscales. Some recent advances in purposeful weather modification are reviewed and parallels are drawn to wet chemistry and unintentional cloud modification. Gains to be made in further cross-fertilization of the disciplines are suggested.

Keywords

Cloud System Cloud Condensation Nucleus Microwave Radiometer Cloud Seeding Cloud Physic 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Arritt, R., R. McNider and R. Pielke, 1987: Numerical model evolution of the extension of the critical dividing streamline hypothesis to mesoscale two-dimensional terrain. Atmos. Environ. (in press).Google Scholar
  2. Changnon, S., F. Huff, P. Schickedanz and J. Vogel, 1977: Summary of METROMEX, Vol. 1: Weather Anomalies and Immacts. Illinois State Water Survey, Bulletin 62, State of Illinois, Dept. of Registration and Education. 260 pp.Google Scholar
  3. Cooper, W. and C. Saunders, 1980: Winter storms over the San Juan Mountains. Part II: Microphysical processes. J. Appl. Meteorol. 19 927–941.Google Scholar
  4. DeMott, P., W. Finnegan and L. Grant, 1983: An application of chemical kinetic theory and methodology to characterize the ice nucleating properties of aerosols used for weather modification. J. Clim Appl. Meteorol. 22, 1190–1203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Doswell, C.A. III, R. Maddox, and C. Chappell, 1986: Fundamental considerations in forecasting for field experiments. Preprints, 11th Conf. Weather Forecastin and Anal., Kansas City, MO, Amer. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, 353–358.Google Scholar
  6. Flueck, J., 1986: Principles and prescriptions for improved experimentation in precipitation augmentation research, in Precipitation Enhancement-A Scientific Challenge R. Braham, Jr. ed.. American Meteorological Society, Meteorological Monograph, 21, No. 43, 155–169.Google Scholar
  7. Franknell, J. and A. Robins, 1982: Concentration fluctuations and fluxes in plumes from point sources in a turbulent boundary layer. J. Fluid Mech., 117, 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Fritsch, J., 1986: Modification of mesoscale convective weather systems. In Braham, R., et al., Precipitation enhancement-a scientific challenge. Meteor. Monographs, 21, No. 43. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, 77–84.Google Scholar
  9. Isaac, G., J. Strapp, H. Wiebe, W. Leaitch, J. Kerr, K. Anlauf, P. Summers and J. MacPherson, 1983: The role of cloud dynamics in redistributing pollutants and the implications for scavenging studies. In Pruppacher, H., R. Semonin, and W. Slinn, 1983: Precipitation scavengin, dry de osition, and resuspersion. Vol. 1, Precipitation Scavenging. Elsevier, New York, 1–15.Google Scholar
  10. Knollenberg, R., 1981: Techniques for probing cloud structure. In Hobbs, P. and A. Deepak, Clouds, their formation, optical properties and effects. Academic Press, New York, pp. 15–89.Google Scholar
  11. List, R., J. Hallett, J. Warner and R. Reinking, 1986: The future of laboratory research and facilities for cloud physics and cloud chemistry. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 67, 1389–1397.Google Scholar
  12. Long, A., 1986: Investigations of wintér mountain storms in Utah. Final Report of the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources, to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 350 pp.Google Scholar
  13. Long, A., K. Sassen, J. Snider and N. Fukuta, 1986: Remote sensing investigation of the mesoscale kinematics and the microphysics of a winter mountain storm. Preprints, 23rd Conf. Radar Google Scholar
  14. Meteorol. and Conf. Cloud Physics. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, J237–J240.Google Scholar
  15. Lord, S., H. Willoughby and J. Piotrowicz, 1984: Role of parameterized ice phase microphysics in an axisymmetric non-hydrostatic tropical cyclone model. J. Atmos. Sci. 41, 2836–2848.Google Scholar
  16. Marwitz, J. 1980: Winter storms over the San Juan Mountains. Part I: Dynamical processes. J. Appl. Meteorol. 19 913–926.Google Scholar
  17. McNider, R. and R. Arritts, 1984: Transferability of critical dividing streamline models to larger scale terrain. 4th Joint Conference on Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, pp. J25 - J27.Google Scholar
  18. Orville, H., 1986: A review of dynamic-remote seeding of summer cumuli, in Precipitation Enhancement-A Scientific Challenge R. Braham, Jr. (ed.). Amer. Meteorol. Soc., Meteorological Monograph, 21, No. 43, 43–60.Google Scholar
  19. Orville, H., W. Cotton, L. Davis, D. Johnson, and R. Rauber, 1986: A program for federal/state/local cooperative weather modification research: Design considerations, Part I: Hypothesis description and assessment. Final report to NOAA/WMP. Colorado State University, Ft. Collins. 40 pp.Google Scholar
  20. Parrish, T., 1982: Barrier winds along the Sierra Nevada Mountains. J. Appl. Meteorol. 21, 925–930.Google Scholar
  21. Pruppacher, H., R. Semonin, and W. Slinn, 1983: Precipitation scavenging, dry deposition, and resuspersion. Vol. 1, Precipitation Scavenging. Elsevier, New York. 729 pp.Google Scholar
  22. Pueschel, R., C. Van Valin and F. Parungo, 1974: Effects of air pollutants on cloud nucleation. Geophys. Res. Letters, 1, 5154.Google Scholar
  23. Reynolds, D., 1986: A randomized exploratory seeding experiment on widespread shallow orographic clouds: Forecasting suitable cloud conditions. Preprints, Tenth Conf. Wea. Modif. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, 7–12.Google Scholar
  24. Sassen, K., R. Rauber and J. Snider, 1986: Multiple remote sensor observations of supercooled liquid water in a winter storm in Beaver, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol. 25, 825–834.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Slinn, W. and J. Hales, 1970: Phoretic processes in scavenging, in Precipitation Scavenging (1970) R. Englemann and W. Slinn (eds.). U.S. AEC, available from NTIS. 411–422.Google Scholar
  26. Snider, J., T. Uttal and R. Kropfli, 1986: Remote sensor observations of winter orographic storms in southwest Utah. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL WPL-139. Available from National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA, 22161, 99 pp.Google Scholar
  27. Stith, J., D. Griffith, R. Rose, J. Flueck, J. Miller and P. Smith, 1986: Aircraft observations of transport and diffusion in cumulus clouds. J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol. 25 1959–1970.Google Scholar
  28. Stith, J. and R. Berner, 1987: Applications of fast response continuous SF6 analyzers to in situ cloud studies. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., (accepted). Uttal, T., J. Snider and R. Kropfli, 1986:. Determination of vapor flux using Ka-band Doppler radar and dual-channel microwave radiometer. Preprints, Tenth Conference Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modification. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, 229–233.Google Scholar
  29. Warburton, J. and T. DeFelice, 1986: Oxygen isotopic composition of central Sierra Nevada precipitation, I. Identification of ice-phase water captive regions in winter storms. Atmospheric Research 20, 11–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. Warburton, J., R. Elliott, W. Finnegan, B. Lamb, R. McNider, J. Telford and L. Grant (ed.), 1986: A program of federal/state/local cooperative weather modification research: Design considerations. Part II: Transport and dispersion of seeding materials. Final report to NOAA; Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, 80 pp.Google Scholar
  31. Warburton, J., M. Owens, A. Anderson and R. Stone, 1979: Temporal and spatial distributions of seeding material in a ground-based seeded target area. Preprints, Seventh Conference Inadvertent and Planned Weather Modification. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, 43–46.Google Scholar
  32. Warburton, J., L. Young, M. Owens and R. Stone, 1985: The capture of ice nucleating and non ice-nucleating aerosols by ice phase precipitation. J. Rech. Atmos. 19 249–255.Google Scholar
  33. Woodley, W., J. Jordan, A. Barnston, J. Simpson, R. Biondini and J. Flueck, 1982: Rainfall results from the Florida Area Cumulus Experiment, 1970–1976. J. Appl. Meteorol. 21, 139–164.Google Scholar
  34. Zeigler, C., P. Ray, and N. Knight, 1983: Hail growth in an Oklahoma multicell storm. J. Atmos. Sci. 40, 1768–1791.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 1987

Authors and Affiliations

  • Roger F. Reinking
    • 1
  1. 1.Environmental Research LaboratoriesNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationBoulderUSA

Personalised recommendations