Large Scale Modulation: View from the Earth

  • Anatoly Belov
Conference paper
Part of the Space Sciences Series of ISSI book series (SSSI, volume 10)

Abstract

The current knowledge and ideas, obtained from groundlevel observations and concerning the solar modulation of cosmic rays, are reviewed. The following topics are discussed: observations of the cosmic ray modulation at the Earth and main characteristics of the accumulated experimental data; manifestations of the solar magnetic cycle in cosmic rays; the effect of hysteresis and its relation to the size of the heliosphere; the rigidity spectrum of long-term cosmic ray variations; the influence of the sporadic effects on long-term modulation; long-term variations of cosmic ray anisotropy and gradients; the place of groundlevel observations in current studies of cosmic ray modulation and their future prospects. Particular consideration is given to the correlation of long-term cosmic ray variations with different solar-heliospheric parameters, and to empirical models of cosmic ray modulation.

Keywords

Solar Activity Interplanetary Magnetic Field Sunspot Number Neutron Monitor Solar Wind Speed 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Ahluwalia, H. S.: 1977, ‘Long Term Changes in the Parameters of Cosmic Ray Daily Harmonics’, Proc. 15th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 11, 298–303.Google Scholar
  2. Ahluwalia, H. S.: 1990, ‘Solar Activity Cycles and Natural States of The Heliosphere’, Proc. 21st Mt. Cosmic Ray Conf. 6, 5–8.Google Scholar
  3. Ahluwalia, H. S.: 1992, ‘Cosmic Ray Modulation Near the Onset and Maximum Phases of The Solar Activity Cycle’, Planetary Space Sci. 40, 1227–1234.ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Bazilevskaya, G. A., Svirzhevsky, N. S., Stozhkov, Yu. I., Gorchakov, E. V., Okhlopkov, V. P., and Okhlopkova, L. S.: 1990, ‘Modulation Features of Galactic Cosmic Rays in 1982’, Proc. 21st Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 6, 29–32.Google Scholar
  5. Bazilevskaya, G. A. and Svirzhevskaya, A. E.: 1998, ‘On the Stratospheric Measurements of the Cosmic Rays’, Space Sci. Rev. 85, 431–521.ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Belov, A.V.: 1987, ‘The First Harmonic of Cosmic Ray Anisotropy in the Convection-Diffusion Model’, Proc. 17th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 4, 119–122.Google Scholar
  7. Belov, A. V., Gushchina, R. T., and Sirotina, I. V.: 1995, ‘Long Term Cosmic Ray Variations and Their Relation with Solar Activity Parameters’, Proc. 24th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 4, 542–545.Google Scholar
  8. Belov, A. V., Gushchina, R. T., and Yanke, V. G.: 1997, ‘Long-term Cosmic Ray Variations: Spectrum and Relation with Solar Activity’, Proc. 25th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 2, 61–64.Google Scholar
  9. Belov, A. V., Veselovsky, I. S., Dmitriev, A. V., Gushchina, R. T., Panasenko, O. A., Suvorova, A. V., and Yanke, V. G.: 1999a, ‘Relation of the Long Time Galactic Cosmic Ray Variations with the Magnetic Field on the Sun and in the Solar Wind’, Izvestia RAN, Ser. Phys. 62, 1606 (in Russian).Google Scholar
  10. Belov, A. V., Gushchina, R. T., and Yanke, V. G.: 1999b, ‘On Connection of Cosmic Ray Long Term Variations with Solar-Heliospheric Parameters’, Proc. 26th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 7, 175–178.Google Scholar
  11. Belov, A. V., Eroshenko, E. A., Oleneva, V. A., and Yanke, V. G.: 1999e, ‘Anomalous Behavior of Cosmic Ray Anisotropy in the Last Minimum of the Solar Activity’, Proc. 26th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 7, 268–271.Google Scholar
  12. Belov, A. V., Eroshenko, E. A., Heber, B., Yanke, V. G., Ferrando, P., Raviart, A., Bothmer, V., Dröge, W., Kunow, H., Müller-Mellin, R., Röhrs, K., Wibberenz, G., and Paizis, C.: 1999d, ‘Latitudinal and Radial Variation of 2 GeV/n Protons and Alpha-Particles in the Northern Heliosphere Ulysses COSPIN/KET and Neutron Monitor Network Observations’, Adv Space Res. 23, 443–447.ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Bieber, J. W. and Chen, J.: 1991, ‘Cosmic-Ray Diurnal Anisotropy, 1936–1988: Implications for Drift and Modulation Theories’, Astrophys. J. 372, 301–313.ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Bieber, J. W. and Evenson, R: 1997, ‘The Magnetic Cycle in Cosmic Ray Anisotropies’, Proc. 25th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 2, 81–84.Google Scholar
  15. Burlaga, L. F., McDonald, F. B., and Ness, R.: 1993, ‘Cosmic Ray Modulation and the Distant Heliomagnetic Field: Voyager 1 and 2 Observations from 1986 to 1989’, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 1–11.ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Burlaga, L. F. and Ness, N. F.: 1998, ‘Voyager Observations of the Magnetic Field in the Distant Heliosphere’, Space Sci. Rev. 83, 105–121.ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Cane, H. V.: 1993, ‘Cosmic Ray Decreases and Magnetic Clouds’, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 3509. Cane, H. V.: 2000, ‘Coronal Mass Ejections and Forbush Decreases’, Space Sci. Rev., this volume.Google Scholar
  18. Cane, H. V., Wibberenz, G., Richardson, I. G., and von Rosenvinge, T. T.: 1999a, ‘Cosmic Ray Modulation and the Solar Magnetic Field’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 565–568.ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Cane, H. V., Wibberenz, G., and Richardson, I. G.: 1999b, in S. R. Habbal, R. Esser, J. V. Hollweg, and P. A. Isenberg (eds.), ‘Solar Magnetic Field Variations and Cosmic Ray Modulation’, Solar Wind Nine, AIP Conf. Proc. 471, pp. 99–106.Google Scholar
  20. Charakhchyan, A. N., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Stozhkov, Yu. I., and Charakhchyan, T. N.: 1980, ‘Cosmic Rays in the Stratosphere and in the Near-Earth Space during 19th and 20th Cycles of the Solar Activity’, Trudy FLAN 88, 3–50 (in Russian).Google Scholar
  21. Chirkov, N. R: 1985, ‘11- and 22-year Variations of the Cosmic Ray Density and of the Solar Wind Speed’, Proc. 19th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 4, 489–492.Google Scholar
  22. Crooker, N. U. and Cliver, E. W.: 1994, ‘A Postmodern View of M-regions’, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 23,383–23,390.Google Scholar
  23. Dorman, L. I.: 1974, ‘Cosmic Rays. Variations and Space Explorations’, North-Holland Publishing Company.Google Scholar
  24. Dorman, L. I. and Gushchina, R. T.:, 1978, ‘Relation of the 11-year and Annual Cosmic Ray Variations to the Heliolatitude Index of Activity According to the Spots and the Green Coronal Line’, Proc. 15th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 3,263–267.Google Scholar
  25. Dorman, I. V. and Dorman, L. I.:, 1967, ‘Solar Wind Properties Obtained from the 11-Year Cosmic Ray Cycle’, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 1,513.Google Scholar
  26. Dorman, L. I., Villoresi, G., Dorman, I. V., lucci, N., and Parisi, M.: 1997a, ‘High Rigidity Hysteresis Phenomenon and Dimension of Modulation Region in the Heliosphere in Dependence of Particle Rigidity’, Proc. 25th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 2, 69–72.Google Scholar
  27. Dorman, L. I., Villoresi, G., Dorman, I. V., lucci, N., and Parisi, M.: 1997b, ‘Low Rigidity Hysteresis Phenomenon and Dimension of Modulation Region in the Heliosphere in Dependence of Particle Rigidity’, Proc. 25th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 2, 73–76.Google Scholar
  28. Dröge, W.: 2000, ‘Particle Scattering by Magnetic Fields’, Space Sci. Rev., this volume. Duldig, M: 2000, ‘Muon Observation’, Space Sci. Rev., this volume.Google Scholar
  29. Elliot, H.: 1952, in J. G. Wilson and S. A. Wouthyusen (eds.), ‘The Variations of Cosmic Ray Intensity’, Progress in Cosmic Ray Physics,North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, pp. 453514.Google Scholar
  30. Fisk, L. A., Forman, M. A., and Axford, W. I.: 1971, ‘Solar Modulation of Galactic Cosmic Rays 3. Implications of the Compton-Getting Coefficient’, J. Geophys. Res. 78, 995–1006.ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Fisk, L. A. et al.: 1998, ‘Global Processes that Determine Cosmic Ray Modulation’, Space Sci. Rev. 83, 179–214.Google Scholar
  32. Forbush, S. E.: 1969, ‘Variation with a Period of Two Solar Cycles in the Cosmic Ray Diurnal Anisotropy and the Superposed Variations Correlated with Magnetic Activity’, J. Geophys. Res. 74, 3451–3468.ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Fox, R, McIntosh, P., and Wilson, P. R.: 1998, ‘Coronal Holes and the Polar Field Reversals’, Solar Phys. 177, 375–393.ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. Fujii, Z. and McDonald, F. B.: 1997, ‘Studies of the Radial Intensity Gradients of Galactic Cosmic Rays (1972–1995)’, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 24, 201.Google Scholar
  35. Gleeson, L. J. and Axford, W. I.: 1967, ‘Cosmic Rays in the Interplanetary Medium’, Astrophys. J. 149, L115 - L118.ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Hatton, C. J. and Carmichael, H.: 1964, ‘Experimental Investigation of the NM-64 Neutron Monitor’, Canadian J. Phys. 42, 2443–2472.ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Heber, B. et al.: 1997, ‘Latitudinal and Radial Variation of 2 GeV Protons Derived by Ulysses COSPIN/KET and Neutron Monitor Network Observations’, Proc. 25th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 2, 85–88.Google Scholar
  38. Hedgecock, P. C.: 1975, ‘Measurements of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field in Relation to the Modulation of Cosmic Rays’, Solar Phys. 42, 497–527.ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. Hoeksema, J. T.: 1999, http://quake.stanford.edu/wso (courtesy of J. T. Hoeksema)
  40. Hoeksema, J. T. and Sherrer, P. H.: 1986, Report UAG-94, WDC-A for Solar Terrestrial Physics.Google Scholar
  41. Hundhausen, A. J.: 1993, ‘Sizes and Locations of Coronal Mass Ejections - SMM Observations from 1980 and 1984–1989’, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 13,177–13,200.Google Scholar
  42. IMP-8 Data: 1997, ftp://odysseus.uchicago.edu/WWW/Simpson/Imp8.html
  43. Ivanov, K. G.: 1998, ‘Solar Sources of Interplanetary Plasma Streams at the Earth’s Orbit’, Int. J. Geomagn. Aeron. 1, 1.ADSGoogle Scholar
  44. Jokipii, J. R. and Thomas, B. T.: 1981, ‘Effects of Drift on the Transport of Cosmic Rays. Modulation by a Wavy Interplanetary Current Sheet’, Astrophys. J. 243, 1115–1122.ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. King, J. H.: 1976, ‘A Survey of Long-Term Interplanetary Magnetic Field Variations’, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 653–660.ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. Kota, J. and Jokipii, J. R.: 1983, ‘Effects of Drift on the Transport of Cosmic Rays. A Three-Dimensional Model Including Diffusion’, Astrophys. J. 265, 573–581.ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. Kotov, V. A. and Severny, A. B.: 1983, The Data of the World Center B, Moscow, Part 1.Google Scholar
  48. Krymsky, G. F., Krivoshapkin, P. A., Mamrukova, V. P., and Skripin, G. V.: 1997, ‘Long-TermGoogle Scholar
  49. Variations of Cosmic Ray Anisotropy’, Proc. 25th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf, Durban 2, 149–152. Lockwood, J. A.,: 1960, ‘On the Long-Term Variation in Cosmic Radiation’, J. Geophys. Res. 65, 19.Google Scholar
  50. Lockwood, J. A. and Webber, W. R.: 1984, ‘Integral Radial Cosmic Ray Gradients in the Solar System from 1972 to 1982’, Astrophys. J. 279, 151–156.ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. Lockwood, J. A. and Webber, W. R.: 1997, ‘Intensities of Anomalous and Galactic Cosmic Rays in the Outer Heliosphere Near the Heliospheric Equator in 1987 and During Period from 1994 to 1996’, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 9773–9779.ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. Lockwood, J. A., Webber, W. R., and Hoeksema, J. T.: 1988, ‘Interplanetary Cosmic Ray Latitudinal Gradient in 1984 to 1987 Using IMP 8 and Voyager Data’, J. Geophys. Res. 93, 7521–7526.ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. Lopate, C. and Simpson, J. A.: 1991, ‘Cosmic Ray Heliospheric Propagation during 22-Year SolarGoogle Scholar
  54. Magnetic Cycle’, Proc. 22nd Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 3, 493–496.Google Scholar
  55. McDonald, F. B.: 1998, ‘Cosmic Ray Modulation in the Heliosphere’, Space Sci. Rev 83, 33–50.ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. McDonald, F. B., Lal, N., and McGuire, R. E.: 1999, ‘The Onset of Solar Cycle 23 at 1 AU and 70 AU’, Proc. 26th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 6, 536–539.Google Scholar
  57. Mikhailutsa, V. P.: 1990, ‘Character of Influence of Longitude-Radial and Latitudinal Components of Solar Magnetic Field on the Galactic Cosmic Ray Fluxes’, Geomagn. Aeron. 30, 893.ADSGoogle Scholar
  58. Moraal, H.: 1976, ‘Observations of the Eleven-Year Cosmic-Ray Modulation Cycle’, Space Sci. Rev. 19, 845–920.ADSGoogle Scholar
  59. Moraal, H. et al.: 1989, ‘Neutron Monitor Latitude Survey of Cosmic Ray Intensity during the 1986/1987 Solar Minimum’, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 1459–1464.Google Scholar
  60. Nagashima, K. and Morishita, I.: 1980a, ‘Long-Term Modulation of Cosmic Rays’, Proc. 16th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 3, 313–330.Google Scholar
  61. Nagashima, K. and Morishita, I.: 1980b, ‘Long-Term Modulation of Cosmic Rays and Inferable Electromagnetic State in Solar Modulation Region’, Planetary Space Sci. 28, 177–194.ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. Nagashima, K., Fujimoto, K., and Tatsuoka R.: 1991, ‘Nature of Solar-Cycle and Heliomagnetic-Google Scholar
  63. Polarity Dependence of Cosmic Rays, Inferred from Their Correlation with HeliomagneticGoogle Scholar
  64. Spherical Surface Harmonics in the Period 1976–1985’, Planetary Space Sci. 39 1617–1635. OMNI Data: 1999, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/omniweb/ow.html.Google Scholar
  65. Parker, E. N.: 1963, Interplanetary Dynamical Processes, Interscience Publ., New York.MATHGoogle Scholar
  66. Parker, E. N.: 1965, ‘The Passage of Energetic Particles through Interplanetary Space’ Planetary Space Sci. 13, 9–49. Google Scholar
  67. Pomerantz, M. A. and Duggal, S. P.: 1974, ‘The Sun and Cosmic Rays’, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 12, 343.Google Scholar
  68. Potgieter, M. S.: 1998, ‘The Modulation of Galactic Cosmic Rays in the Heliosphere: Theory and Models’ Space Sci. Rev. 83 147–158. Google Scholar
  69. Reinecke, J. P. and Potgieter, M. S.: 1994, ‘An Explanation for the Difference in Cosmic Ray Modulation at Low and Neutron Monitor Energies during Consecutive Solar Minimum Periods’, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 14,761–14,767.Google Scholar
  70. Reinecke, J. P., Moraal, H., Potgieter, M. S., McDonald, F. B., and Webber, W. R.: 1997, ‘Different Crossovers?’, Proc. 25th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 2, 49–52.Google Scholar
  71. Richardson J. D., Paularena, K. I., and Wang, C.: 1999, ‘The Solar Wind in the Outer Heliosphere’ Solar Wind Nine183. Google Scholar
  72. Saito, T. and Swinson, D. B.: 1986, ‘The Inclination of the Heliospheric Neutral Sheet and Cosmic Ray Intensity at the Earth’ J. Geophys. Res. 91 4536–4542. Google Scholar
  73. Sheeley, N. R., Swanson, E. T., and Wang, Y-M.: 1991, ‘Out-of-ecliptic Tests of the Inverse Correlation between Solar Wind Speed and Coronal Expansion Factor’, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 13 86113 868.Google Scholar
  74. Simpson, J. A.: 1948, ‘The Latitude Dependence of Neutron Densities in the Atmosphere as a Function of Altitude’ Phys. Rev. 731–389.Google Scholar
  75. Smith, E. J.: 1990, ‘The Heliospheric Current Sheet and Modulation Of Galactic Cosmic Rays’ J. Geophys. Res. 95 18 731–18 743.Google Scholar
  76. Smith, E. J. Thomas, B. T.: 1986, ‘Latitudinal Extent of the Heliospheric Current Sheet and Modulation of Galactic-Cosmic Rays’ J. Geophys. Res. 91 2933–2942.Google Scholar
  77. Storini, M.: 1995, ‘Testing Solar Activity Features during the Descending Phase of Sunspot Cycle 22’, Adv. Space Res. 16 (9)51-(9)55.Google Scholar
  78. Stozhkov, Yu. I. and Charakhchyan, T. N.: 1970, ‘On the Role of the Heliolatitudes of Sunspots in the 11-year Galactic Cosmic Ray Modulation’, Proc. 11th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 2, 301–304.Google Scholar
  79. Sunspot Data: 1999, ftp://ftp.ngdc.noaa.gov/STP/SOLAR_DATA/SUNSPOT_NUMBERS/
  80. Svirzhevskaya, A. K., Svirzhevsky, N. S., Stozhkov, Yu. I., and Charakhchyan, T. N.: 1987, ‘The Energy Spectrum Variations of Galactic Cosmic Rays in 1959–1985 According to Stratospheric Data’, Proc. 20th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 3, 311–314.Google Scholar
  81. Thambyahpillai, T. and Elliot, H.: 1953, ‘Worldwide Changes in the Phase of the Cosmic Ray Solar Daily Variation’, Nature 171, 918–920.ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  82. Thomas, B. T. and Goldstein, B. E.: 1983, ‘The Effect of the Solar Field Reversal on the Modulation of Galactic Cosmic Rays’, Solar Wind Five, 441–448.Google Scholar
  83. Thomas, B. T., Goldstein, B. E, and Smith, E. J.: 1986, ‘The Effect of the Heliospheric Current Sheet on Cosmic Ray Intensities at Solar Maximum–Two Alternative Hypotheses’, J. Geophys. Res. 91, 2889–2895.ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. Usoskin, I. G., Kananen, H., Mursula, K., Tanskanen, P., and Kovaltsov, G. A.: 1998, ‘Correlative Study of Solar Activity and Cosmic Ray Intensity’, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 9567–9574.ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. Vanyarkha, N. Ya.: 1995, ‘Reconstruction of Heliospheric Current Sheet Configuration from Geomagnetic Data Since 1926’, Geomagn. Aeron. 35, 99–103.Google Scholar
  86. Webber, W. R. and Lockwood, J. A.: 1988, ‘Characteristics of the 22-year Modulation of Cosmic Rays as Seen by Neutron Monitors’, J. Geophys. Res. 93 8735–8740.Google Scholar
  87. Webber, W. R., Potgieter, M. S., and Burger, ‘R. A.: 1990, ‘A Comparision of Prediction of a Wave Neutral Sheet Drift Model with Cosmic Ray Data over a Whole Modulation Cycle: 1976–1987’, Astrophys. J. 349, 634–640.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2000

Authors and Affiliations

  • Anatoly Belov
    • 1
  1. 1.Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radiowave Propagation (IZMIRAN)Troitsk, Moscow regionRussia

Personalised recommendations