In Vitro Approaches to the Conservation and Development of Medicinal Plant Species

  • Skye S. B. Campbell
  • Susan J. Murch
  • Praveen K. Saxena
Chapter

Abstract

As described in the earlier chapters, plant-based medicines are becoming increasingly important to the world health and economy. Trade of raw or processed medicinal plants has become an important part of the global economy. In the US, there are currently more than 800 companies producing medicinal plant products with annual revenues in excess of $4.5 billion (Greenwald 1998). Of the 500 million prescriptions written each year in the USA, approximately 125 million are reported to involve a pharmaceutical preparation derived from a leafy plant with a total market value of $11 billion annually. This escalation of consumer demand for plant-based medicines and the expanding world population base has resulted in the indiscriminate harvest of wild species of medicinal plants, and a reduction of natural habitats for medicinal plants has placed many wild species in danger of extinction. In China, more than 80% of the 700,000 tons of plant material harvested each year comes from wild sources (Srivastava et al. 1996). Wild populations of medicinal plants typically have a high degree of genetic variability and therefore represent a substantial part of the available genetic diversity in the world but due to excessive harvest many wild plant species face extinction (Srivastava et al. 1996). Notable examples of commonly used plant-based medicines include: a) the anti-leukemia drugs, vinblastine and vincristine, isolated from Madagascar periwinkle; b) a derivative of Mayapple (Podophyllum pelatum) used for cancer treatment, and four other cytotoxic lignans effective for treatment of the herpes virus that have been isolated from the same species; and c) taxol used in treatment of ovarian cancer isolated from Yew. Therefore, in many parts of the world, efforts are currently underway to preserve wild medicinal plant germplasms and the biodiversity of wild species that may have an as-yet-unidentified medicinal potential. In addition there have been numerous problems associated with the production of plant-based medicines on a commercial scale. However, North American consumers are frequently unaware of the plant-origin of pharmaceuticals (see Chapter 6).

Keywords

Medicinal Plant Somatic Embryo Somatic Embryogenesis Hairy Root Hairy Root Culture 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2001

Authors and Affiliations

  • Skye S. B. Campbell
    • 1
  • Susan J. Murch
    • 1
  • Praveen K. Saxena
    • 1
  1. 1.Department of Plant AgricultureUniversity of GuelphCanada

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