Abstract
The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production began thousands of years ago as a small component in complex cropping systems on normally fertile lands with cool climates at medium to high altitudes in the Americas. In modern times, with increased demand, bean production has expanded to areas where soil amendments and chemical inputs are required. Beans are now grown extensively on all continents, spanning the latitudes 52° N to 32° S, and from near sea level to higher than 3,000 m elevation (Schoonhoven & Voysest, 1991; Singh, 1992). Beans are grown in monoculture as well as in various intercropping systems, with or without irrigation, from lowland tropics with heavy rainfall and high temperatures to semiarid regions in temperate environments. The great diversity of bean-growing environments implies different abiotic and biotic production constraints (Graham & Ranalli, 1997; Schwartz & Pastor-Corrales, 1989; Singh, 1992; Thung & Oliveira, 1998; Wortmann et al., 1998; see also Chapter 1 by Singh).
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Thung, M., Rao, I.M. (1999). Integrated Management of Abiotic Stresses. In: Singh, S.P. (eds) Common Bean Improvement in the Twenty-First Century. Developments in Plant Breeding, vol 7. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9211-6_13
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