Diseases of Cattle in the Tropics pp 327-344 | Cite as
Anaplasmosis
Abstract
Anaplasmosis is an infectious and transmissible disease manifested by progressive anemia and the appearance of other characteristic disease symptoms. It is a world-wide tick-borne disease of cattle and some wild ruminants caused by the rickettsia Anaplasma marginale. A short-term in vitro propagation of this agent was achieved recently. Serums from convalescing animals interact with A. marginale antigens in agglutination and complement fixation tests. Consequently, these are the most frequently used tests to detect anaplasma carrier cattle. Passive transfer of sera from immune to susceptible cattle, however, does not seem to confer protection against the infection and development of the disease. Studies which employed various tests for measuring cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses in association with simultaneously collected information on antibody activity, have shown that both humoral and cellular immune responses are needed for the development of protective immunity in anaplasmosis. It was further shown that an active replication of anaplasma is essential for induction of these two types of immune responses. Consequently, live virulent and attenuated immunogens fulfill requirements for induction of protective immunity. The use of a virulent agent for immunization (premunization), however, presents a risk, it is a laborious procedure and requires control of the initial infection by drugs.
Many drugs, including arsenicals, antimalarials, antimony derivatives, and dyes, have been employed in an effort to cure or prevent anaplasmosis. Dithiosemicarbazones have been described as having a specific chemotherapeutic effect on anaplasma. Because of their residual tissue toxicities, they are not approved for commercial sale. To date, however, only the tetracycline compounds (chlortetracycline, tetracycline, and oxytetracycline which are available commercially have been found to have a useful effect on the rate of multiplication of anaplasma.
Keywords
Complement Fixation Trop Anim Health Prod Patent Period Commercial Sale Leukocyte Migration InhibitionPreview
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