Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Mammalian Thermogenesis pp 50–98Cite as

Brown Fat: An Energy Dissipating Tissue

  • Chapter

Abstract

This chapter is not intended to be a review on brown adipose tissue. Throughout the different chapters of this book, the mitochondriologist, the nutritionist, the endocrinologist and the pharmacologist have described facets of this tissue and this adequately covers the metabolic potential of brown fat. In this chapter, I will be concerned with the problem of how and under what conditions this potential can be called upon by the organism. Brown fat mitochondria are able to develop tremendous respiratory rates, and this requires equally high substrate supply, oxygen delivery and heat transfer capabilites. These flows must be matched in some way,both in the steady state and dynamically, otherwise an acute.shortage of either substrate or oxygen could develop. A shortage of substrate at high respiratory rates leads to a failure of cellular ATP production and cellular ionic regulation. A shortage of oxygen supply on the other hand, besides limiting the heat production, would also lead to a collapse of cellular ATP synthesis, unless the brown adipocyte exhibited a Pasteur effect, which is not the case — at least in tissue from adult animals. The dynamic matching of supply to utilization therefore requires a concerted regulation of blood supply and cellular activation, which is probably mainly neural. When tring to lntegrate the biochemical, physiological and behavioural information relating to brown fat, one soon realizes that this is available mostly for one species, namely, the laboratory rat. Thus, one has to focus on the rat as a frame of reference.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Afzelius, B.A. (1970) Brown adipose tissue: its gross anatomy, histology and cytology. In: Brown Adipose Tissue (ed. O. Lindberg), Elsevier, New York, London, Amsterdam. pp. 1–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agius, L. and Williamson, D.H. (1980) Lipogenesis in interscapular brown adipose tissue of virgin, pregnant and lactating rats. Biochem. J., 190, 477–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, G., Bell, A.W. and Hales, J.R.S. (1973) Effects of cold exposure on tissue blood flow in the new-born lamb. J. Physiol. (London), 234, 65–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, G. and Bell, A.W. (1975) Quantity and calculated oxygen consumption during summit metabolism of brown adipose tissue in new-born lambs. Biol. Neonate, 26, 214–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, G. and Stevens, D. (1980) Sympathetic innervation and the development of structure and function of brown adipose tissue. J. Devel. Physiol., 2, 119–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ambid, L. (1980) Hibernation induite par la simple suppression des protides alimentaires chez le Lérot. Bull. Soc. Ecophysiol., 5, 171–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angerwall, L., Nilsson, L. and Stener, B. (1964) Microangiographic and histological studies in 2 cases of hibernoma. Cancer, 17, 685–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banet, M., Hensel, H. and Liebermann, H. (1978) Central control of shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis in the rabbit. J. Physiol., 283, 569–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barde, Y.A., Chinet, A. and Girardier, L. (1975) Potassium-induced increase in oxygen consumption of brown adipose tissue from the rat. J. Physiol. (London), 252, 523–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bargmann, W., Hehn, G.U. and Lindner, E. (1968) Uber die Zellen des braunen Fettgewebes und ihre Innervation. Z. Zellforsch. mikroskop. Anat., 85, 601–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnard, T., Mory, G. and Nechad, M. (1980) Biogenic amines and the trophic response of brown adipose tissue. In: Biogenic Amines in Development (eds H. Parvez and S. Parvez), pp. 391–439.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnard, T. and Skala, J. (1970) The development of brown adipose tissue. In: Brown Adipose Tissue (ed O. Lindberg), Elsevier, New York, London, Amsterdam, pp. 33–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barneon, G., Fourcade, J., Mimran, A., Baldet, P. and Barjon, P. (1975) Association phéochromocytome-pseudo-tumeur de graisse brune. Nouv. Presse. Méd., 4, 2933–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrnett, R. J. and Ball, E.G. (1960) Metabolic and ultrastructural changes induced in adipose tissue by insulin. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol., 8, 83–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernson, V. and Nicholls, D.G. (1974) Acetate, a major end product of fatty-acid oxidation in hamster brown-adipose-tissue mitochondria. Eur. J. Biochem., 47, 517–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bieber, L.L., Pettersson, B. and Lindberg, O. (1975) Studies on norepinephrine-induced efflux of free fatty acids from hamster brown-adipose-tissue cells. Eur. J. Biochem., 58, 375–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanchette-Mackie, E.J. and Scow, R.O. (1981) Lipolysis and lamellar structures in white adipose tissue of young rats: lipid movement in membranes. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 77, 295–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanchette-Mackie, E.J. and Scow, R.O. (1982) Continuity of intracellular channels with extracellular space in adipose tissue and liver. Anat. Rec, 203, 205–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruck, K. (1970) Nonshivering thermogenesis and brown adipose tissue in relation to age, and their integration in the thermoregulatory system. In: Brown Adipose Tissue (ed O. Lindberg), Elsevier, New York, London, Amsterdam, pp. 117–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bukowiecki, L., Follea, N., Vallieres, J. and Leblanc, J. (1978) Beta-adrenergic receptors in brown-adipose tissue. Characterization and alterations during acclimation of rats to cold. Eur. J. Biochem., 92, 189–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bukowiecki, L., Follea, N., Paradis, A. and Collet, A. (1980) Stereospecific stimulation of brown adipocyte respiration by catecholamines via β adrenoceptors. Am. J. Physiol., 238, E552–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bukowiecki, L., Follea, N., Lupien, J. and Paradis, A. (1981) Metabolic relationships between lipolysis and respiration in rat brown adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem., 256, 12840–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bulow, J. (1981) Human adipose tissue blood flow during prolonged exercise. Effect of beta-adrenergic blockade, nicotinic acid and glucose infusion. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 41, 415–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burcher, E. and Garlick, D. (1975) Effect of exercise metabolites on adrenergic vasoconstriction in gracilis muscle of the dog. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 192, 149–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, I. and Smith, R.E. (1964) Cytological responses of brown fat tissue in cold-exposed rats. J. Cell. Biol, 23, 89–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carey, F.G. (1982) A brain heater in the swordfish. Science, 216, 1327–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chinet, A., Clausen, T. and Girardier, L. (1977a) Microcalorimetric determination of energy expenditure due to active sodium-potassium transport in the soleus muscle and brown adipose tissue of the rat. J. Physiol. (London), 265, 43–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chinet, A., Friedli, C., Seydoux, J. and Girardier, L. (1977b) Does cytoplasmic alkalinization trigger mitochondrial energy dissipation in the brown adipocyte? In Effectors of Thermogenesis (eds L. Girardier and J. Seydoux), Experientia Supplementum, 32, 25–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chinet, A. and Durand, J. (1978) Control of the brown fat respiratory response to noradrenaline by catechol-O-methyltransferase. Biochem. Pharmacol., 28, 1353–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clausen, T. and Flatman, J.A. (1977) The effect of catecholamines on Na-K transport and membrane potential in rat soleus muscle. J. Physiol. (London), 270, 383–414.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clement, G. and Schaeffer, G. (1947) A demonstration of the lipid mobilizing effect of adrenaline. Role of the sympathetic nervous system. C.R. Soc. Biol., 141, 320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conklin, P. and Heggeness, F.W. (1971) Maturation of temperature homeostasis in the rat. Am. J. Physiol., 220, 333–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cottle, M.K.W. and Cottle, W.H. (1970) Adrenergic fibers in brown fat of cold-acclimated rats. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 18, 116–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, H. and Derry, D.M. (1970) Sympathetic nerve development in the brown adipose tissue of the rat. J. Physiol. Pharmacol, 48, 161–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davydov, A.F. and Makarova, A.R. (1964) Changes in heat regulation and circulation in new-born seals on transition to aquatic form of life. Fed. Proc., 24, T563–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawkins, M. J.R. and Hull, D. (1965) The production of heat by fat. Sci. Amer., August, 62–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Depocas, F., Zarov-Behrens, G. and Lacelle, S. (1980) Noradrenaline-induced calorigenesis in warm-or cold-acclimated rats. In vivo estimation of adrenoceptor concentration of noradrenaline effecting half-maximal response. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 58, 1072–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desautels, M. and Himms-Hagen, J. (1980) Parallel regression of cold-induced changes in ultrastructure, composition, and properties of brown adipose tissue mitochondria during recovery of rats from acclimation to cold. Can. J. Biochem., 58, 1057–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyer, R.F. (1968) Morphological features of brown adipose cell maturation in vivo and in vitro. Am. J. Anat., 123, 255–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • English, J.T., Patel, S.K. and Flanagan, M.J. (1973) Association of pheochromo-cytornas with brown fat tumors. Radiology, 107, 279–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evonuk, E. and Hannon, J.P. (1963) Cardiovascular and pulmonary effects of noradrenaline in the cold-acclimatized rat. Fed. Proc, 22, 911–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairfield, J. (1948) Effects of cold on infant rats: body temperatures, oxygen consumption, electro-cardiograms. Am. J. Physiol., 155, 355–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falk, B., Hillarp, N.A., Thieme, G. and Torp, A. (1962) Fluorescence of catecholamines and related compounds condensed with formaldehyde. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 10, 347–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farkas, M., Varnai, I. and Donhoffer, S.Z. (1972) Fallacies in the interpretation of body temperature changes in the newly born. Acta Physiol. Acad. Sci. Hung., 42, 31–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feyrter, F. (1973) Ein adrenolipoides Syndrom. Normologie und Pathologie des braunen Fettgewebes der Menschen. In: Normale und Pathologische Anatomie (ed. Bargmann Doerr), Thieme Verlag, Heft 27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fink, S.A. and Williams, J.A. (1976) Adrenergic receptors mediating depolarization in brown adipose tissue. Am. J. Physiol., 231, 700–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, D.O. and Frydman, M.L. (1979) Tissue distribution of cold-induced thermo-genesis in conscious warm-or cold-adapted rats reevaluated from changes in tissue blood flow. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 57, 257–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, D.O., Depocas, F. and Frydman, M.L. (1980) Noradrenaline-induced calorigenesis in warm-and in cold-acclimated rats. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 58, 915–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, D.O. and Depocas, F. (1980) Evidence against noradrenergic regulation of vasodilatation in rat brown adipose tissue. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 58, 1418–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedli, C. Chinet, A. and Girardier, L. (1977) Comparative measurements of in vitro thermogenesis of brown adipose tissue from control and cold-adapted rats. In: Effectors of Thermogenesis (eds L. Girardier and J. Seydoux), Experientia Supplementum 32, 259–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Girardier, L., Seydoux, J. and Clausen, T. (1968) Membrane potential of brown adipose tissue. J. Gen. Physiol., 52, 925–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Girardier, L. and Seydoux, J. (1971a) Cytomembrane phenomena during stimulation of brown fat thermogenesis by norepinephrine, In Nonshivering Thermogenesis (ed L. Jansky) Prague Academia, pp. 255–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Girardier, L. and Seydoux, J. (19716) Le contrôle de la thermogénése du tissu adipeux brun. 7. Physiol (Paris), 63, 147–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Girardier, L. and Schneider-Picard, G. (1983) Alpha and beta adrenergic membrane potential changes and metabolism in rat brown adipose tissue. J. Physiol (London), 335, 629–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glick, G., Epstein, S.E., Wechsler, A.S. and Braunwald, E. (1967) Physiological differences between the effects of neurally released and blood born norepinephrine on beta adrenergic receptors in the arterial bed of the dog. Circ. Res. 21, 217–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glick, Z., Teague, R.J. and Bray, G.A. (1981) Brown adipose tissue: thermic response increased by a single low protein, high carbohydrate meal. Science, 213, 1125–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grav, H. J., Blix, A.S. and Pasche, A. (1974) How do seal pups survive birth in arctic winter? Acta Physiol Scand., 92, 427–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardman, M.J. and Hull, D. (1970) Fat metabolism in brown adipose tissue in vivo. J. Physiol (London), 206, 263–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassi, J. (1977) The brown adipose tissue in man. Acta Universatis Ouluensis series D Medica, 21, 18–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hausberger, F.X. (1934) Uber die Innervation der Fettorgane. Z. Mikroscop. Anat. Forsch., 36, 231–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heaton, J. M. (1972) The distribution of brown adipose tissue in the human. J. Anat., 112, 35–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heim, T. and Hull, D. (1966) The blood flow and oxygen consumption of brown adipose tissue in the new born rabbit. J. Physiol. (London), 186, 42–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herd, P.A. Horwitz, B.A. and Smith, R. (1970) Norepinephrine-sensitive Na+/K+ ATPase activity in brown adipose tissue. Experientia, 26, 825–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirata, K. (1982) Blood flow to brown adipose tissue and norepinephrine-induced calorigenesis in physically trained rats. Jap. J. Physiol, 32, 279–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, J.M., Horwitz, B.A. and Smith, R.E. (1971) Effect in vivo of norepinephrine on the membrane resistance of brown fat cells. Experientia, 27, 1419–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horwitz, B.A., Horowitz, J.M. and Smith, R.E. (1969) Norepinephrine-induced depolarization of brown fat cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA., 64, 113–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horwitz, B.A. and Eaton, M. (1975) The effect of adrenergic agonists and cyclic AMP on the Na+/K+ ATPase activity of brown adipose tissue. Eur. J. Pharmacol, 34, 241–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, T. and Hunt, E. (1967) A radioautographic study of proliferation in brown fat of the rat after exposure to cold. Anat. Rec, 157, 537–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janssens, W.J. and Vanhoutte, P.M. (1978) Instantaneous changes of alpha-adrenoceptor affinity caused by moderate cooling in canine cutaneous veins. Am. J. Physiol., 234, H330–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kikta, D.C., Threattle, R.M., Barney, C.C. and Fregly, M.J. (1982) Effect of cold-acclimation on cardiovascular responses of rats. Fed. Proc, 41, 1238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kjellmer, I. (1965) On the competition between metabolic vasodilatation and neurogenic vasoconstriction in skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol. Scand., 63, 450–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishna, G., Moskowitz, P., Dempsey, P. and Brodie, B.B. (1970) The effect of norepinephrine and insulin on brown fat cell membrane potentials. Life Sci., 9, 1353–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuroshima, A., Konno, N. and Itoh, S. (1967) Increase in the blood flow through brown adipose tissue in response to cold exposure and norepinephrine in the rat. Jap. J. Physiol., 17, 523–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasserre, B., Seydoux, J. and Girardier, L. (1973) Energy-supplying metabolism and transmembrane potential of rat brown adipose tissue in vitro. Experientia, 29, 745.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laury, M.C., Bertin, R., Portet, R. and Chevillard, L. (1971) Variation du débit sanguin et de la température de la graisse brune interscapulaire au cours de perfusions i.v. de noradrenaline. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., 165, 535–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leduc, J. (1961) Catecholamine production and release in exposure and acclimation to cold. Acta Physiol. Scand., 53, suppl. 183, 5–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leiphart, C.J. and Nudelman, E.J. (1970) Hibernoma masquerading as a pheochromocytoma. Radiology, 95, 659–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levitski, A. (1978) Catecholamine receptors. Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol., 82, 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCormack, J.G. and Denton, R.M. (1977) Evidence that fatty acid synthesis in the interscapular brown adipose tissue of cold adapted rats is increased in vivo by insulin by mechanisms involving parallel activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Biochem, J., 166, 627–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melicow, M.M. (1957) Hibernating fat and pheochromocytoma. Arch. Path., 63, 367–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merklin, R.J. (1974) Growth and distribution of human fetal brown fat. Anat. Rec., 178, 637–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mory, G., Ricquier, D. and Hemon, P. (1980) Effects of chronic treatment upon the brown adipose tissue of rats. J. Physiol. (Paris), 76, 859–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mory, G., Ricquier, D., Nechad, M. and Hemon, P. (1982) Impairment of trophic response of brown fat to cold in guanethidine-treated rats. Am. J. Physiol., 242, 059–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nouri, T.N. (1972) Innervation of brown adipose tissue in new-born rabbits. J. Physiol. (London), 227,42P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nedergaard, J. (1982) Catecholamine sensitivity in brown fat cells from cold-acclimated hamsters and rats. Am. J. Physiol, 242, C250–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nedergaard, J. and Lindberg, O. (1982) The brown fat cell. Intern review of cytology, 74, 187–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perkins, M.N., Rothwell, N.J., Stock, M.J. and Stone, T.W. (1981) Activation of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis by the ventro medial hypothalamus. Nature, 289, 401–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettersson, B. and Valin, I. (1976) Norepinephrine-induced shift in levels of adenosine 3′:5′ monophosphate and ATP parallel to increased respiratory rate and lipolysis in isolated hamster brown-fat cells. Eur. J. Biochem., 62, 383–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, H. (1970) Cell communication, calcium ion, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Science, 170, 404–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rath, E.A., Salmon, D.M.W. and Hems, D.A. (1979) Effect of acute change in ambient emperature on fatty acid synthesis in the mouse. FEBS Lett., 108, 33–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Revel, J.P. and Sheridan, J.D. (1968) Electrophysiological studies of intercellular junctions in brown fat. J. Physiol (London), 194, 34P-35P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricquier, D., Mory, G. and Hemon, P. (1979) Changes induced by cold adaptation in the brown adipose tissue from several species of rodents, with special reference to the mitochondrial components. Can. J. Biochem., 57, 1262–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricquier, D., Nechad, M. and Mory, G. (1982) Ultrastructural and biochemical characterization of human brown adipose tissue in pheochromocytoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 54, 803–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogus, E.M., Cheng, L.A. and Zierler, K. (1977) Beta-adrenergic effect on Na+-K+ transport in rat skeletal muscle. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 464, 347–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rona, G. (1964) Changes in adipose tissue accompanying pheochromocytoma. Can. Med. Ass. 7., 91, 303–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothwell, N.J., Stock, M.J. and Wyllie, M.G. (1981) Na+, K+-ATPase activity and noradrenaline turnover in brown adipose tissue of rats exhibiting diet-induced thermogenesis. Biochem. Pharmacol., 30, (12), 1709–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowlands, D.J. and Donald, D.E. (1968) Sympathetic vasoconstrictive responses during exercise-or drug-induced vasodilatation. Circ.Res., 23, 45–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saggerson, E.D. and Carpenter, C.A. (1982) Sensitivity of brown adipose tissue carnitine palmitoyltransferase to inhibition by malonyl-CoA. Biochem. J., 204, 373–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider-Picard, G., Carpentier, J.L. and Orci, L. (1980a) Quantitative evaluation of gap juntions during development of the brown adipose tissue. J. Lipid Res., 21, 600–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider-Picard, G., Seydoux, J. and Girardier, L. (19806) Gap junctional and sympathetic nerve development in the rat brown adipose tissue. in Satellite of 28. Int. Congr. Physiol. Sci. Pecs. (eds Z. Szelenyi and M. Szekely).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider-Picard, G. and Girardier, L. (1982) Postnatal development of sympathetic innervation of rat brown adipose tissue reevaluated with a method allowing for monitoring flavoprotein redox-state. J. Physiol. (Paris), 78, 151–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seydoux, J. and Girarder, L. (1977) Control of brown fat thermogenesis by the sympathetic nervous system. In: Effectors of Thermogenesis Experientia Suppl. 32, 153–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seydoux, J., Constandinidis, J., Tsacopoulos, M. and Girardier, L. (1977) In vitro study of the control of the metabolic activity of brown adipose tissue by the sympathetic nervous system. J. Physiol. (Paris), 73, 985–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seydoux, J., Rohner-Jeanrenaud, F., Assimacopoulos-Jeannet, F., Jeanrenaud, B. and Girardier, L. (1981) Functional disconnection of brown adipose tissue in hypothalmic obesity in rats. Pflugers Arch., 390, 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seydoux, J., Giacobino, J.P. and Girardier, L. (1982a) Impaired metabolic response to nerve stimulation in brown adipose tissue of hypothyroid rats. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 25, 213–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seydoux, J., Ricquier, D., Rohner-Jeanrenaud, F., Assimacopoulos-Jeannet, F., Giacobino, J.P., Jeanrenaud, B. and Girardier, L. (1982b) Decreased guanine nucleotide binding and reduced equivalent production by brown adipose tissue in hypothalamic obesity. FEBS Lett., 146, 161–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheridan, J.D. (1971) Electrical coupling between fat cells in newt fat body and mouse brown fat. J. Cell. Biol., 50, 795–803.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimazu, T. (1981) Central nervous system regulation of liver and adipose tissue metabolism. Diabetologia, 20, 343–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sidman, R.L. and Fawcett, D.W. (1954) The effect of peripheral nerve section on some metabolic response of brown adipose tissue in mice. Anat. Rec, 118, 487–507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R.E. (1964) Thermoregulatory and adaptive behavior of brown adipose tissue. Science, 146, 1686–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R.E. and Roberts, J.C. (1964) Thermogenesis of brown adipose tissiue in cold-acclimated rats. Am. J. Physiol., 206, 143–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stock, K. and Westermann, E.O. (1963) Concentration of norepinephrine, Serotonine and histamine and of amine-metabolizing enzymes in mammalian adipose tissue. J. Lipid Res., 4, 297–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strandell, T. and Shepherd, J.T. (1967) The effect in humans of increased sympathetic activity on the blood flow to active muscles. Acta Med. Scand. (Suppl.)472,146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stucki, W. (1980) The optimal efficiency and the economic degrees of coupling of oxidative phosphorylation. J. Biochem., 109, 269–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Svoboda, P., Svartengren, J., Snochowski, M., Houstek, J. and Cannon, B. (1979) High number of high-affinity sites for (−).[3H]dihydroalprenolol on isolated hamster brown-fat cells. Eur. J. Biochem., 102, 203–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suter, E.R. (1969) The fine structure of brown adipose tissue. Lab. Invest., 21, 246–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanuma, Y., Ohata, M., Ito, T. and Yokochi, C. (1976) Possible function of human brown adipose tissue as suggested by observation on perirenal brown fats from necropsy cases of variable age group. Arch. Histol. Jap., 39, 117–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teague, R.J., Kanarek, R., Bray, G.A., Orthen-Gambill, N. (1981) Effect of diet on the weight of brown adipose tissue in rodents. Life Sci., 29, 1531–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tedesco, J.L., Flattery, K.V. and Sellers, E.A. (1977) Effect of thyroid hormones and cold exposure on turnover of norepinephrine in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 55, 515–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teplitz, C. Goss, G., Hammond, R. and Hamolsky, M. (1974) The ultrastructural morphogenesis in the direct transformation of periadrenal white fat into brown adipose tissue in adult man. Lab. Invest., 30, 405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomson, J.F., Habeck, D.A., Nance, S.L. and Beetham, K.L. (1969) Ultrastructural and biochemical changes in brown fat in cold-exposed rats. J. Cell. Biol., 41, 312–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thureson-Klein, A., Lagercrantz, H. and Barnard, T. (1976) Chemical sympathectomy of interscapular brown adipose tissue. Acta Physiol. Scand., 98, 8–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trayhurn, P. (1979) Fatty acid synthesis in brown adipose tissue, liver and white adipose tissue of the cold-acclimated rat. FEBS Lett., 104, 13–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanhoutte, P.M. and Shepherd, J.T. (1969) Activity and thermosensitivity of canine cutaneous veins after inhibition of monamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyl transferase. Circ. Res., 25, 607–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varnai, I., Farkas, M. and Donhoffer, S.Z. (1970) Thermoregulatory effects of hypercapnia in the new born rat. Comparison with the effect of hypoxia. Acta Physiol. Acad. Sci. Hung., 38, 225–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verhaeghe, R.H., Lorenz, R.R., McGrath, M.A., Shepherd, J.T. and Vanhoutte, P.M. (1978) Metabolic modulation of neurotransmitter release: adenosine, adenine nucleotides, potassium, hyperosmolarity and hydrogen ion. Fed. Proc., 37, 208–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, N., Perkins, M. and Sidman, R.L. (1962) Effect of reserpine on noradrenaline content of innervated and denervated brown adipose tissue of the rat. Nature (London), 193, 137–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. A. and Matthews, E.K. (1974a) Effect of ions and metabolic inhibitors on membrane potential of brown adipose tissue. Am. J. Physiol., 227, 981–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. A. and Matthews, E.K. (1974b) Membrane depolarization, cyclic AMP, and glycerol release by brown adipose tissue. Am. J. Physiol., 227, 987–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, J.R. (1970) Control of energy metabolism in hamster brown adipose tissue. J. Biol. Chem. 245, 2043–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wirsen, C. (1964) Adrenergic innervation of adipose tissue examined by fluorescence microscopy. Nature, London, 202, 913.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Lucien Girardier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland

    Lucien Girardier (Professor of Physiology) (Professor of Physiology)

  2. St. George’s Hospital Medical School, University of London, UK

    Michael J. Stock (Reader in Physiology) (Reader in Physiology)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1983 Chapman and Hall Ltd

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Girardier, L. (1983). Brown Fat: An Energy Dissipating Tissue. In: Girardier, L., Stock, M.J. (eds) Mammalian Thermogenesis. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6032-2_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6032-2_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-011-6034-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-6032-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation