Western Atlantic midwater hydrozoan and scyphozoan medusae: in situ studies using manned submersibles

  • R. J. Larson
  • C. E. Mills
  • G. R. Harbison
Conference paper
Part of the Developments in Hydrobiology book series (DIHY, volume 66)

Abstract

Little is known about the biology and ecology of mesopelagic medusae. In part, this is because midwater trawls are used to collect fragile medusae and other gelatinous macroplankton. Additionally, nets cannot provide data on behavior and on biotic associations. Herein, in situ observations on northwestern Atlantic midwater medusae made using the Johnson-Sea-Link submersibles are reported. Included are depth and temperature ranges; notes on pigments; locomotory behavior; and notes on prey and predators.

Key words

North Atlantic midwater medusae hydromedusae scyphomedusae vertical distributions predation submersibles 

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Angel, M. V. & A. de C. Baker, 1982. Vertical distribution of the standing crop of plankton and micronekton at three stations in the northeast Atlantic. Biol. Oceanogr. 2: 1–30.Google Scholar
  2. Angel, M. V., P. Hargreaves, P. Kirkpatrick & P. Domanski, 1982. Low variability in planktonic and micronektonic populations at 1,000 m depth in the vicinity of 42° N, 17° W: evidence against diel migration in the majority of species. Biol. Oceanogr. 1: 287–319.Google Scholar
  3. Bigelow, H. B., 1913. Medusae and Siphonophorae collected by the U.S. Fisheries steamer ‘Albatross’ in the north-western Pacific, 1906. Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 44: 1–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Bigelow, H. B., 1938. Plankton of the Bermuda oceanogra-phic expeditions. VIII. Medusae taken during the years 1929 and 1930. Zoologica, N.Y. 23: 99–189.Google Scholar
  5. Bonnett, R., E. J. Head & P. J. Herring, 1979. Porphyrin pigments of some deep-sea medusae. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 59: 565–573.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Child, C. A. & G. R. Harbison, 1986. A parasitic association between a pycnogonid and a scyphomedusa in midwater. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 66: 113–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Harbison, G. R., 1986. Toward a study of the biogeography of pelagic ctenophores. In A. C. Pierrot-Bults, S. van der Spoel, B. J. Zahuranec and R. K. Johnson (eds), Pelagic Biogeography. Unesco Tech. Pap. mar. Sci. 49, UNESCO, Paris: 112–117.Google Scholar
  8. Herring, P. J., 1972. Porphyrin pigmentation in deep-sea medusae. Nature, Lond. 238: 276–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Hopkins, T. L., 1985. Food web of an Antarctic midwater ecosystem. Mar. Biol. 89: 197–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Hopkins, T. L., 1987. Midwater food web in McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea, Antarctica. Mar. Biol. 96: 93–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Larson, R. J., 1986. Pelagic scyphomedusae (Scyphozoa: Coronatae and Semaeostomeae) of the Southern Ocean. In L. Kornicker (ed.), Biology of the Antarctic Seas. XVI. Ant. Res. Ser. 41: 59–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. Larson, R. J., 1987. Daily ration and predation impact by medusae and ctenophores in Saanich Inlet, B.C., Canada. Neth. J. Sea Res. 21: 35–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Larson, R. J., L. P. Madin & G. R. Harbison, 1988a. In situ observations of deepwater medusae in the genus Deepstaria, with a description of D. reticulum sp. nov. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 68: 689–699.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Larson, R. J., C. E. Mills & G. R. Harbison, 1989. In situ foraging and feeding behavior of Narcomedusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 69: 785–794.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Larson, R. J., G. R. Harbison, P. R. Pugh, J. A. Janssen, R. H. Gibbs, J. E. Craddock, C. E. Mills, R. L. Miller & R. W. Gilmer, 1988b. Midwater community studies off New England using the Johnson-Sea-Link submersibles. NOAA natn. Undersea Res. Progm Res. Rep. 88-4: 265–281.Google Scholar
  16. Laval, P., J.-C. Braconnot, C. Carré, J. Goy, P. Morand & C. E. Mills, 1989. Small-scale distribution of macroplank-ton and micronekton in the Ligurian Sea (Mediterranean Sea) as observed from the manned submersible Cyana. J.Plankton Res. 11: 665–685.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Mackie, G. O., 1985. Midwater macroplankton of British Columbia studied by submersible PISCES IV. J. Plankton Res. 7: 753–777.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Mackie, G. O. & C. E. Mills, 1983. Use of the Pisces IV submersible for zooplankton studies in coastal waters of British Columbia. Can. J. Fish, aquat. Sci. 40: 763–776.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Madin, L. P. & G. R. Harbison, 1978. Bathocyroefosteri gen.nov., sp. nov.: a mesopelagic ctenophore observed and collected from a submersible. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 58:559–564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Mauchline, J. & P. F. Harvey, 1983. The scyphomedusae of the Rockall Trough, northeastern Atlantic Ocean. J.Plankton Res. 5: 881–890.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Mills, C. E., 1983. Vertical migration and diel activity patterns of hydromedusae: studies in a large tank. J.Plankton Res. 5: 619–635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Mills, C. E. & J. Goy, 1988. In situ observations of the be-havior of mesopelagic Solmissus narcomedusae (Cnidaria,Hydrozoa). Bull. mar. Sci. 43: 739–751.Google Scholar
  23. Mills, C. E., R. J. Larson & M. J. Youngbluth, 1987. A new species of coronate scyphomedusae from the Bahamas,Atorella octogonos. Bull. mar. Sci. 40: 423–427.Google Scholar
  24. Mills, C. E., G. O. Mackie & C. L. Singla, 1985. Giant nerve axons and escape swimming in Amphogona apicata with notes on other hydromedusae. Can. J. Zool. 63:2221–2224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Moore, P. G. & P. S. Rainbow, 1989. Feeding biology of the mesopelagic gammaridean amphipod Parandania boecki (Stebbing, 1888) (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Stegocephalidae) from the Atlantic Sea. Ophelia, 30 (1): 1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. Mrosovsky, N., 1987. Leatherback turtle off scale. Nature,Lond. 327: 286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Pérès, J. M., 1958. Remarques générales sur un ensemble de quinze plongées effectuées avec le bathyscaphe F.N.R.S.III. Annls Inst. océanogr., Monaco 35: 259–285.Google Scholar
  28. Pérès, J. M., 1959. Deux plongées au large du Japon avec le bathyscaphe français F.B.R.S. III. Bull. Inst. océanogr., Monaco 1134: 1–28.Google Scholar
  29. Purcell, J. E., 1981. Dietary composition and diel feeding patterns of epipelagic siphonophores. Mar. Biol. 65: 83–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. Reeve, M. R. & M. A. Walter, 1978. Nutritional ecology of ctenophores -a review of recent research. Adv. mar. Biol. 15: 249–287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Roe, H. S. J., P. T. James & M. H. Thurston, 1984. The diel migrations and distributions within a mesopelagic commu-nity in the north east Atlantic. 6. Medusae, ctenophores, amphipods and euphausiids. Proc. Oceanogr. 13:425–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. Smith, K. L., 1982. Zooplankton of a bathyal benthic boundary layer: in situ rates of oxygen consumption and ammonium excretion. Limnol. Océanogr. 27: 461–471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Tchindonova, Y. G., 1959. The nutrition of certain groups of abyssal macroplankton in the northwestern area of the Pacific Ocean. Trudy Inst. Okeanol. 30: 166–189.Google Scholar
  34. Thurston, M. H., 1977. Depth distributions of Hyperia spini-gera Bovallius, 1889 (Crustacea: Amphipoda) and medu-sae in the North Atlantic Ocean, with notes on the asso-ciations between Hyperia and coelenterates. In M. Angel (ed.), A Voyage of Discovery: George Deacon 70th An-niversary Volume. Pergamon Press, Oxford: 499–536.Google Scholar
  35. Van der Spoel, S., 1987. Medusae of the genera Paraphyllina, Periphylla and Atolla from the Amsterdam Mid North At-lantic Plankton Expeditions (1980–1983). Bijdr. Dierk. 57: 42–52.Google Scholar
  36. Vinogradov, M. Y. & E. A. Shushkina, 1982. Estimate of the concentration of Black Sea jellyfish, ctenophores and Calanus, based on observations from the Argus submersi-ble. Oceanology 22: 351–355.Google Scholar
  37. Youngbluth, M. J., 1984. Manned submersibles and sophisticated instrumentations: tools for oceanographic research. In SUBTECH ’83 Symposium: The design and operation of underwater vehicles. Society for Underwater Tech-nology, London: 335–244.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 1991

Authors and Affiliations

  • R. J. Larson
    • 1
  • C. E. Mills
    • 2
  • G. R. Harbison
    • 1
  1. 1.Harbor Branch Oceanographic InstitutionFort PierceUSA
  2. 2.Friday Harbor LaboratoriesUniversity of WashingtonFriday HarborUSA

Personalised recommendations