Restoring Acid Waters: Loch Fleet 1984-1990 pp 173-196 | Cite as
Alternatives to Catchment Liming
Abstract
Direct liming of acid waters to prevent fish mortalities has been practised for several decades in hatcheries and other waters (Jensen and Snekvik, 1972) and is more commonplace than catchment liming. The scientific basis of direct water liming is well established in the literature, whilst relatively little scientific investigation of catchment liming had been reported prior to the start of the Loch Fleet project in 1984. For this reason, a major objective of the Loch Fleet project was to advance the science of catchment liming and only where alternative forms of treatment could complement catchment liming were they considered as part of an integrated strategy. In particular, the possible role of direct lime dosing or in-stream treatment targeted to spawning streams to provide a higher degree of protection for the early life-stages of salmonids was investigated.
Keywords
Brown Trout Interstitial Water Acid Water Powdered Limestone Target Water QualityPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- Alenäs, I. Andersson, I.B., Hultberg, H. and Romarin, A. (1990). Liming and reacidification reactions of a forest lake ecosystem, Lake Lysevatten, in SW Sweden. Wafer Air Soil Poll. (in press).Google Scholar
- Baalsrud, K. (editor) (1987). Liming of Acid Water. Norwegian Liming Project. Dept. of Environment and Directorate of Nature Management, Trondheim, Norway, 147 pp.Google Scholar
- Bengtsson, B., Bagalius, A. and Thornelof, E. (1984). Kalkning av sjoar och vattendrag. Statens naturvardsverk rapport, SNV PM 1786, 140 pp.Google Scholar
- Booth, G.M., Hamilton, J.G. and Molot, L.A. (1986). Lake liming in Ontario: short-term biological and chemical changes. Water Air Soil Poll. 31: 709–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Brocksen, R.W. and Emler, P.W. (1988). Living lakes: an aquatic liming and fish restoration demonstration programme. Water Air Soil Poll. 41: 85–94.Google Scholar
- Brown, D.J.A. and Sadler, K. (1989). Fish survival in acid waters, pp. 31–44 in Acid Toxicity and Aquatic Animals (eds. R. Morris, E.W. Taylor, D.J.A. Brown and J.A. Brown), SEB Seminar Series, 34. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 282 pp.Google Scholar
- Burns, J.C., Coy, J.S., Tervet, D.J., Harriman, R., Morrison, B.R.S. and Quine, C.P. (1984). The Loch Dee Project: a study of the ecological effects of acid precipitation and forest management on an upland catchment in south-west Scotland. 1. Preliminary investigations. Fish. Manag. 15(4): 145–67.Google Scholar
- Cook, J.M., Edmunds, W.M. and Robins, N.S. (1991). Groundwater contribution to an acid upland lake (1och Fleet, Scotland) and the possibilities for amelioration. J. Hydrol., 125: 111–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Davison, W. (1987). Internal clement cycles affecting the long-term alkalinity status of lakes: implications for lake restoration. Schweiz Z. Hydrol. 49: 186–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Dickson, W. (1983). Liming toxicity of aluminium to fish. Vatten 39: 400–4.Google Scholar
- Fraser, J.E. and Britt, D.L. (1982). Liming of Acidified Waters: A Review of Methods and Effects on Acidified Ecosystems. FWS/OBS-80/40.13. US Fish and Wildlife, 189 pp.Google Scholar
- Gagen, G.J., Sharpe, W.E., DeWalle, D.R. and Kimmel, W.G. (1989). Pumping alkaline groundwater to restore a put-and-take fishery in a stream acidified by atmospheric deposition. N. Amer. J. Fish. Manag. 9: 92–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Garrison, P.J. and Rose, W.J. (1990). Increasing the pH of acidic lakes by augmenting the ground-water input: an alternative to liming. Internat. Conference Acidic Deposition: Its Nature and Impacts, Glasgow, UK, Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, Abstract p. 605.Google Scholar
- Gee, A.S. and Stoner, J.H. (1989). A review of the causes and effects of acidification of surface waters in Wales and potential mitigation techniques. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 18: 121–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gunn, J.M. and Keller, W. (1980). Enhancement of the survival of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) eggs and fry in an acid lake through incubation in limestone. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37: 1522–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gunnerod, T.B. (chairman) and Baalsrud, K. (project manager) (1985). Liming Acid Water Manual, Liming Project 1985. Min. Environment and Directorate for Wildlife and Freshwater Fish, Trondheim, Norway, 47 pp.Google Scholar
- Hindar, A. (1987). Lime treatment as a countermeasure, pp. 23–39 in: Liming of Acid Water, Final Technical Report on the Liming Project (ed. K. Baalsrud) Dept. of the Environment and Directorate of Nature Management, Trondheim, Norway, 147 pp.Google Scholar
- Högberg, E. (1983). Kalksten-medicin mot försurning. H. Sverdrup, I. Bjerle og P. Warfvinge, Kalkning av rinnande vatten (1iming of running waters). Kompendium till symposium. 13 maj, Alvesta. LUTKDH/TKKT-7015/1-112/1983. Lund, Sweden.Google Scholar
- Jensen, K.W. and Snekvik, E. (1972). Low pH levels wipe out salmon and trout populations in southernmost Norway. Ambio 1: 223–25.Google Scholar
- Johannessen. M. (1985). Description of project executed, pp. 40–56 in Liming of Acid Water (ed. K. Baalsrud) Liming Project. Dept. of Environment & Directorate of Nature Management, Trondheim. Norway. 147 pp.Google Scholar
- Johannessen. M. and Skogheim. O.K. (1985). Hydrological effects of lime treatment, pp. 57–78 in Liming of Acid Water (ed. K. Baalsrud) Norwegian Liming Project. Dept. of Environment and Directorate of Nature Management. Trondheim, Norway, 147 pp.Google Scholar
- Lacroix. G. L. (1992). Mitigation of low pH by substrate manipulation in a stream and its effects on salmonids. Env. Poll., in press.Google Scholar
- Leech, A.F. and Nisbet. T.R. (1987). Acid Transfer Through Vegetation and Soils. Final Report to Department of Environment. Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen. 233 pp.Google Scholar
- Lessmark. O. and Thornelof. E. (1986). Liming in Sweden. Water Air Soil Poll. 30: 809–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Matzow, D., Rosseland, B.O. and Skogheim. O.K. (1985). Effects of lime treatment on fish, pp. 110–30 in Liming 0f Acid Water (ed. K. Baalsrud). Dept. of Environment and Directorate of Nature Management. Trondheim. Norway. 147 pp.Google Scholar
- McNeill W.J. (1962). Variations in the Dissolved Oxygen Content of Intragravel Water in Four Spawning Streams of Southeastern Alaska. US Fish and Wildlife Survey, Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. No. 402. 15 pp.Google Scholar
- Miller, H.G., Miller, J.D. and Pauline. O.J.L. (1976). Effect ofnitrogcn supply on nutrient uptake of Corsican pine. J. Appl. Ecol., 13: 955–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Olem, H. (1990). Liming Acidic Surface Waters, Lewis Publishers, Michigan, US. 331 pp.Google Scholar
- Rosenqvist. I.T. (1981). Importance of acid precipitation and acid soil in freshwater lake chemistry, Vann 4: 402–9.Google Scholar
- Rosseland, B.O. and Hindar, A. (1988). Liming of lakes, rivers and catchments in Norway. Water Air Soil Poll. 41: 165–88.Google Scholar
- Rosseland, B.O. and Skogheim, O.K. (1986). Neutralization of acid brook water by using a shell-sand filter and sea water: effect on eggs, alevins and smolts of salmonids. Aquaculture 58: 99–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rosseland, B.O., Lien, L., Kroglund, F., Sadler, K. and Dalziel. T.R.K. (1990). Strains of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). Stocking and test fishing 1988 and 1989. Field and laboratory toxicity experiments. Norwegian Institute of Water Research (NIVA). Report No. 87178. Fehruary 1990, 26 pp.Google Scholar
- Schreiber, R.K. (1988). Cooperative federal-state liming research on surface waters impacted by acid deposition. Water Air Soil Poll., 41: 53–74.Google Scholar
- Skogheim, D., Rosseland, B.O., Krogland. F. and Hagenlund. G. (1986). Addition ofNaOH, limestone slurry and fine grained limestone to acidified lake water and the effects on smolts of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) Water Res. 21: 435–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sverdrup. H. (1985). Calcite dissolution kinetics and lake neutralization, Doctoral dissertation, Dept. Chem. Engineering, Institute of Technology, Lund, Sweden. LUTKDH/TKKT/1002/1-169, 169 pp.Google Scholar
- Sverdrup, H. and Warfvinge, P. (1984). A reacidification model for acidified lakes neutralised with calcite. Water Res. Res. 21(9): 1374–80.Google Scholar
- Sverdrup, H., Rasmussen, R. and Bjerle, I. (1984). A simple model for the reacidification of limed lakes, taking the simultaneous deactivation and dissolution of calcite in the lake sediments into account. Chem. Scripta 24: 53–66.Google Scholar
- Tidestrom, H. and Moberg, P.O. (1984). Liming Running Waters. Machine Characteristics Assessed, SNV PM 1873. Board of Fisheries No.2.Google Scholar
- Turnpenny, A.W.H. and Williams, R. (1982). A conductiometric technique for measuring the water velocity in salmonid spawning beds. Water Res. 16: 1383–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Underwood, J., Donald, A.P. and Stoner, J.H. (1987). Investigations into the use of limestone to combat acidification in two lakes in West Wales. J. Env. Manag. 24: 29–40.Google Scholar
- Warfvinge, P., Sverdrup, H. and Bjerle, I. (1984). Dissolution of calcite powder sinking in an acidic column of water in relation to a theoretical lake liming model. Chem. Scripta 24(2): 67–72.Google Scholar
- Watt, W.D., Farmer, G.J. and White, W.J. (1984). Studies on the use of limestone to restore Atlantic salmon habitat in acidified rivers, in Lake and Reservoir Management, Proc. Third Annual Conf. of the North American Lake management Society, Knoxville, Tennessee, US EPA 440/5 84-001, Washington DC, pp. 374–379.Google Scholar
- Wickett, W.P. (1958). Review of certain environmental factors affecting the production of chum and pink salmon. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 11: 1103–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar