Molecular Characterization of the Interaction Between the Fungal Pathogen Cladosporium Fulvum and Tomato
Abstract
The fungus Cladosporium fulvum is a biotrophic leaf pathogen of tomato which is the only host it can infect. The infection is initiated by conidia on leaves which germinate, produce runner hyphae and invade stomata without the formation of appressoria, three days post inoculation [1]. Mycelium grows abundantly in the intercellular space between mesophyll cells, where the fungus remains during the main part of its life cycle. Twelve to fourteen days after inoculation, the fungus emerges from the stomata and forms conidiophores producing conidia which may start a new disease cycle. Since the fungus develops in the intercellular space without forming specialized feeding structures such as haustoria, and does not visibly affect the leaf tissue, C.,fulvum co-exists in a highly balanced relationship with tomato. Pathogenicity factors, required to grow in planta and to prevent, or to inactivate, host defence responses, are supposed to play an important role to accomplish and/or maintain basic compatibility. Many different physiologic races of C. fulvum are known, each carrying a different subset of avirulence genes. Resistance genes of tomato have been identified genetically of which several are available in near-isogenic lines of Lycopersicon esculentum cv. MoneyMaker. The outcome of the C. fulvum-tomato interaction can be described by the gene-for-gene model; interaction between a physiologic race of C. fulvum containing an avirulence gene and a tomato cultivar harbouring the complementary resistance gene results in incompatibility. Incompatibility is characterized by appearance of a hypersensitive response (HR), a rapid death of cells surrounding the infection site which prevents further growth of the fungal pathogen and eventually results in resistance. How the fungus accomplishes and maintains compatibility during a successful infection, and which molecular processes determine incompatibility are the main questions to be answered.
Keywords
Fungal Pathogen Intercellular Space Lycopersicon Esculentum Tomato Cultivar Avirulence GenePreview
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