Flow Birefringence and the Kerr Effect

  • J. V. Champion
Chapter
Part of the The Developments Series book series (TDS, volume 2)

Summary

In polymer characterisation, both flow birefringence and the Kerr effect may be used to determine the conformational flexibility of a polymer chain. The parameter generally used is the number of monomer units in a statistical segment (S) for a Gaussian chain or the number in the persistence length (S/2) for a worm-like chain model. Also, the evaluation of the segmental and monomer optical polarisability anisotropy and dipole moment is discussed, illustrating how group configurations within the monomer unit may be obtained. Much of the work described concerns general polymers in dilute solution. Extension of the methods and techniques to ultra high molecular weight materials and to low molecular weight liquid-state polymers is introduced.

Keywords

Velocity Gradient Monomer Unit KERR Effect Persistence Length Statistical Segment 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. 1.
    Crowley, D. G., Frank, F. C., Mackley, M. R. and Stephenson, R. G., J. Polym. Sci. (Polym. Phys. Ed.), 14, 1111 (1976).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    Han, C. H. and Drexler, L. H., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 17, 2369 (1973).Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    Han, C. H. and Villamizar, C. A., Polym. Eng. Sci., 18, 173 (1978).Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    Champion,J. V., Proc. Phys. Soc., 75, 421 (1960).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Tsvetkov, V. N., Eskin, V. E. and Frenkel, S. Y., Struktura makromolekul v rastvorakh, Moscow, (1964); translated by C. Crane-Robinson, British Library, Boston Spa (1971). TSVETKOV, V. N. In Newer methods of polymer characterisation, ed. B. Ke, Interscience, New York, (1964).Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    Janeschitz-Kriegl, H. and Nauta, R., J. Sci. Instrum., 42, 880 (1965).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Harrington, R. E. In Encyclopaedia of polymer science and technology, Vol. 7, ed. N. M. Bikales, N. G. Gaylord and H. F. Mark, Interscience, New York (1967).Google Scholar
  8. 8.
    Jerrard, H. G., Chem. Rev., 59, 345 (1959).Google Scholar
  9. 9.
    Janeschitz-Kriegl, H., Adv. Polym. Sci., 6, 170 (1969).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Peterlin, A. and Munk, P. In Physical Methods of Chemistry, Vol. I, Part Inc, p. 271, ed. A. Weissberger and B. W. Rossiter, Wiley-Interscience, New York (1972).Google Scholar
  11. 11.
    Kuhn, W., Kolloid, 68, 2 (1934).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Magar, J., Cuittman, G. and Mccrackin, F., Macromolecules, 6, 872 (1973). GOBUSH, W., SoLC, K. and Stockmayer, W. H., J. Chem. Phys., 60,12 (1974). Kranbuchl, D. E. and Verdier, P. H., J. Chem. Phys., 67, 361 (1977).Google Scholar
  13. 13.
    Kuhn, W. and Kuhn, H., Hely. Chim. Acta, 26, 1394 (1943).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    Peterlin, A., J. Polym. Sci., 12, 45 (1954).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Lodge, A. S., Trans. Faraday Soc., 52, 120 (1956).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Gotlib, Y. Y. and Svetlov, Y. E., Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 168, 621 (1966).Google Scholar
  17. 17.
    Gotlib, Y. Y., Vysokomol. Soedin., 6, 389 (1964).Google Scholar
  18. 18.
    Noda, I. and Hearst, J. E., J. Chem. Phys., 54, 2342 (1971).Google Scholar
  19. 19.
    Shimada, J. and Yamakawa, H., Macromolecules, 9, 583 (1976).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Yamakawa, H. and Fujii, M., Macromolecules, 7, 128 (1974).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Frisman, E. V. and Dadivanyan, A. K., Vysokomol. Soedin., 8, 1359 (1966).Google Scholar
  22. 22.
    Fortelnÿ, I., J. Polym. Sci. (Polym. Phys. Ed.), 12, 2319 (1974).Google Scholar
  23. 23.
    Sheraga, H. A., Edsall, J. J. and Gadd, J. O., J. Chem. Phys., 19, 1101 (1951).Google Scholar
  24. 24.
    Sadron, C., J. Phys. Radium, 9, 381 (1938).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Champion, J. V. and Dandridge, A., Polymer, 19, 632 (1978).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    Dot, M. and Edwards, S. F., J. Chem. Soc. (Faraday Trans. If), 74, 1789, 1802, 1818 (1978).Google Scholar
  27. 27.
    Champion, J. V. and Jackson, D. A., Mol. Phys., 31, 1169 (1976).Google Scholar
  28. 28.
    Kivelson, D., Keyes, T. and Champion, J. V., Mol. Phys., 31, 221 (1976).Google Scholar
  29. 29.
    Tsvetkov, V. N. and Andreeva, L. N. In Polymer handbook, 2nd ed., (§IV-377), ed. J. Brandrup and E. H. Immergut, Wiley, New York (1975).Google Scholar
  30. 30.
    Tsvetkov, V. N., Rjumtsev, E. 1., Andreeva, L. N., Pogodina, N. V., Laurenko, P. N. and Kutsenko, L. I., Eur. Polym. J., 10, 563 (1974).Google Scholar
  31. 31.
    Nöordermeer, J. W. M., Daryanani, R. and Janeschitz-Kriegl, H., Polymer, 16, 359 (1975).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    Tsetkov, V. N., Andrianov, K. A., Rjumtsev, E. I. and Shtennikova, 1. N., Eur. Polym. J., 11, 771 (1975).Google Scholar
  33. 33.
    Tsvetkov, V. N., Rjumtsev, E. I., Pogodina, N. V. and Shtennikova, I. N., Eur. Polym. J., 11, 37 (1975).Google Scholar
  34. 34.
    Tsvetkov, V. N., Rjumtsev, E. I., Shtennikova, I. N. and Pogodina, N. V., Eur. Polym. J., 11, 315 (1975).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    Tsvetkov, V. N., Kudryavtsev, G. I., Shtennikova, I. N., Peker, T. V., Zakharova, E. N., Kalmykova, V. D. and Volokhina, A. V., Eur. Polym. J., 12, 517 (1976).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    Tsvetkov, V. N., Shtennikova, I. N., Peker, T. V., Kudriavtsev, G. I., Volokhina, A. V. and Kalmykova, V. D., Eur. Polym. J., 13, 455 (1977).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Champion, J. V., Desson, R. A. and Meeten, G. H., Polymer, 15, 301 (1974).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    Eskin, V. E., Magarick, S. YA., Zhuraev, U. B. and Rudkovskaya, G. D., Vysokomol. Soedin. A, 20, 2219 (1978).Google Scholar
  39. 39.
    Tsvetkov, V. N., Shtennikova, I. N., Ryumtsev, E. I., Pogodina, N. V., Kolbina, G. F., Korneeva, E. V., Lavrenko, P. N., Okafava, O. V., Amerik, Y. B. and Baturin, A. A., Vysokomol. Soedin. A, 18, 2016 (1976).Google Scholar
  40. 40.
    Tricot, M., Debeauvais, F., Houssier, C. and Desreux, V., Eur. Polym. J., 11, 589 (1975).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Tsvetkov, V. N., Kudriavtsev, G. J., Mikhailova, N. A., Volokhina, A. V. and Kalmykova, V. D., Eur. Polym. J., 14, 475 (1978).Google Scholar
  42. 42.
    Buckingham, A. D. and Orr, B. J., Trans. Faraday Soc., 65, 673 (1969).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    Wang, S. N., J. Chem. Phys., 7, 1012 (1939).Google Scholar
  44. 44.
    Denbigh, K. G., Trans. Faraday Soc., 36, 936 (1940).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. 45.
    Vuks, M. F., Opt. Spektrosk., 2, 494 (1957).Google Scholar
  46. 46.
    Le Fevre, R. J. W., Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 3, 1 (1965).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Clement, C. and Botherel, P., J. Chim. Phys., 61, 1282 (1964). CLEMENT, C. and SEURIN, R., J. Chim. Phys., 68, 22 (1971).Google Scholar
  48. 48.
    Moore, W. R. and Uddin, M. A., Eur. Polym. J., 6, 121 (1970).Google Scholar
  49. 49.
    Tonelli, A. E., Macromolecules, 5, 558 (1972).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. Champion, J.V.et al,Trans. Faraday Soc,64, 2287 (1968)Google Scholar
  51. 51.
    Champion, J. V. and Meeten, G. H., J. Chim. Phys., 66, 1049 (1969).Google Scholar
  52. 52.
    Champion, J. V., Dandridge, A., Downer, D., Mcgrath, J. C. and Meeten, G. H., Polymer, 17, 511 (1976).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. 53.
    Tsvetkov, V. N., Garmonova, T. I. and Stankevick, P., Polym. Sci. USSR. 8, 1976 (1966).Google Scholar
  54. 54.
    Ehrenburg, E. G., Piskareva, E. P. and Poddubnyi, I. YA., J. Polym. Sci. (Polym. Symp.), 42, 1021 (1973).Google Scholar
  55. 55.
    Frisman, E. V. and Dadivanyan, A. K., J. Polym. Sci., 16, 1001 (1967).Google Scholar
  56. 56.
    Mark, J. E. and Flory, P. J, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 87, 1415 (1965).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. 57.
    Harrington, R. E., Biopolymers, 6, 105 (1968).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. 58.
    Harrington, R. E., Biopolymers, 9, 141 (1970).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. 59.
    Champion, J. V. and North, P. F., J. Chim. Phys., 68, 1585 (1971).Google Scholar
  60. 60.
    Harrington, R. E., Biopolymers, 17, 919 (1978).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. 61.
    Dandridge, A., Meeten, G. H., Layec-Raphalen, M. N. and Wolff, C., Rheol. Acta, 18, 275 (1979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. 62.
    Benoit, H., Ann. Phys., Paris, 6, 561 (1951).Google Scholar
  63. 63.
    Fredericq, E. and Houssier, C., Electric dichroism and electric birefringence, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1973). In Molecular electro-optics, Part I, theory and applications; Part II, applications to biopolymers, ed. C. T. O’Konski, Marcel Dekker, New York (1976 and 1978 ).Google Scholar
  64. 64.
    O’konski, C. T. In Encyclopaedia of polymer science and technology, Vol. 9, ed. N. M. Bikales, N. G. Gaylord and H. F. Mark, Interscience, New York (1969).Google Scholar
  65. 65.
    Ellis, J. O. and Llewellyn, J. P., J. Phys. E, Sci. Instrum., 10, 1249 (1977).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. 66.
    Khanna, R. K.,Dempsey, E. andParry Jones, G.,J. Phys. E, Sci. Instrum, 11, 1210 (1978).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. 67.
    Stuart, H. A. and Peterlin, A., J. Polym. Sci., 5, 551 (1950).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. 68.
    Krigbaum, W. R. and Dawkins, J. V., Polymer handbook, 2nd ed., (§IV-319), ed. J. Brandrup and E. H. Immergut, Wiley, New York (1978).Google Scholar
  69. 69.
    Vuks, M. F., Opt. Spectrosc., 21, 383 (1967).Google Scholar
  70. 70.
    Zamkov, V. A., Opt. Spectrosc., 15, 355 (1963).Google Scholar
  71. 71.
    Kuball, H. G. and Göb, R., Z. Phys. Chem., 63, 251 (1969).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. 72.
    Proutiere, A., Baudet, J. G. R. and Camail, M. J, J. Chem. Phys., 71, 1439 (1974).Google Scholar
  73. 73.
    Kluk, E., Acta Phys. Pol., 22, 249 (1962).Google Scholar
  74. 74.
    Volkenstein, M. V., Configurational statistics of polymer chains, Interscience, New York (1963).Google Scholar
  75. 75.
    Dows, D. A., J. Chem. Phys., 41, 2656 (1964).Google Scholar
  76. 76.
    Nagai, K. and Ishikawa, T., J. Chem. Phys., 43, 4508 (1965). NAGAI, K. J, J. Chem. Phys., 51, 1091 (1969).Google Scholar
  77. 77.
    Fortelnÿ, I., J. Polym. Sci. (Polym. Phys. Ed.), 13, 1011 (1975).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  78. 78.
    Le Fevre, C. G., Le Fevre, R. J. W. and Parkins, G. M., J. Chem. Soc., 1468 (1958).Google Scholar
  79. 79.
    Le Fevre, C. G., Le Fevre, R. J. W. and Parkins, G. M., J. Chem. Soc., 1814 (1960).Google Scholar
  80. 80.
    Le Fevre, R. J. W. and Sundaram, K. M. S., J. Chem. Soc., 1494 (1962).Google Scholar
  81. 81.
    Le Fevre, R. J. W. and Sundaram, K. M. S., J. Chem. Soc., 1880 (1963).Google Scholar
  82. 82.
    Le Fevre, R. J. W. and Sundaram, K. M. S., J. Chem. Soc., 3188 (1963).Google Scholar
  83. 83.
    Champion, J. V., Meeten, G. H. and Southwell, G. W., Polymer, 17, 651 (1976).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. 84.
    Tsvetkov, V. N., Rubb. Chem. Technol., 36, 337 (1967).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. 85.
    Tsvetkov, V. N., Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 205, 328 (1972); Vysokomol. Soedin. A, 16, 24 (1974).Google Scholar
  86. 86.
    Debye, P., Polar molecules, McGraw-Hill, New York (1929).Google Scholar
  87. 87.
    Tsvetkov, V. N., Rjumtsev, E. I., Shtennikova, I. N., Peker, T. V. and Tsvetkova, N. V., Eur. Polym. J., 9, 1 (1973).Google Scholar
  88. 88.
    Buckingham, A. D. and Orr, B. J., Quart. Rev., 21, 195 (1967).Google Scholar
  89. 89.
    Levine, B. F. and Bethea, C. G., J. Chem. Phys., 65, 1989 (1976).Google Scholar
  90. 90.
    Heller, W., Rev. Mod. Phys., 14, 390 (1942).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  91. 91.
    Champion, J. V., Downer, D., Meeten, G. H. and Gate, L. F., J. Phys. E, Sci. Inst rum., 10, 1137 (1977).Google Scholar
  92. 92.
    Champion, J. V., Meeten, G. H. and Whittle, C. D., Trans. Faraday Soc., 66, 2671 (1970).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. 93.
    Vuks, M. F., Opt. Spectrosc., 21, 383 (1967).Google Scholar
  94. 94.
    Gans, R., Z. Phys., 17, 353 (1923).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  95. 95.
    Volkenstein, M. V., Configurational statistics of polymeric chains, Interscience, New York (1963).Google Scholar
  96. 96.
    Liberman, M. H., Debolt, L. C. and Flory, P. J., J. Polym. Sci. (Polym. Phys. Ed.), 12, 187 (1974).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  97. 97.
    Beevers, M. S., Elliott, D. A. and Williams, G., Polymer, 20, 785 (1979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  98. 98.
    Beevers, M. S., Crossley, J., Carrington, D.C. and Williams, G., J. Chem. Soc. (Faraday Trans. II), 72, 1482 (1976).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  99. 99.
    De Gennes, P. G., J. Chem. Phys., 55, 572 (1971).Google Scholar
  100. 100.
    Kinnich, R., Polymer, 18, 233, 239 (1977). Klein, J., Nature, 271, 143 (1978).Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Applied Science Publishers Ltd 1980

Authors and Affiliations

  • J. V. Champion
    • 1
  1. 1.Department of PhysicsCity of London PolytechnicUK

Personalised recommendations