Selected Papers on Language and the Brain pp 105-236 | Cite as
Disconnexion Syndromes in Animals and Man
Abstract
As I have pointed out earlier, when I met Oliver Zangwill in 1961 at a meeting on dyslexia in Baltimore, he listened patiently to the exposition of my ideas on the significance of the cortico-cortical connections for the higher functions. A short time later, while on a trip to Boston, he suggested to me that I should prepare an extended account of these ideas. This paper would never have been written without Professor Zangwill’s urging, and I am grateful to him for having brought me to a more careful review of the older literature and a more precise statement of my own ideas. Although Russell Brain, who was then the editor of Brain, had some misgivings about the section on philosophical implications he agreed to take the manuscript unchanged.
Keywords
Angular Gyrus Association Cortex Chapter VIII Association Area Speech AreaPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Bibliography
- Ades, H. W. in Handbook of Physiology, Section 1, Vol. I. American Physiological Society. Washington, 1959, p. 585.Google Scholar
- Ades. H. W. and Raab, D. H. J. Neurophysiol. 12 (1949) 101.Google Scholar
- Adey, W. R. and Meyer, M. Brain, 75 (1952) 358.Google Scholar
- Ajuriaguerra, J. de, Hécaen, H., and Angelergues, R., Rev. Neurol. 102 (1960) 566.Google Scholar
- Akelaitis. A. J. Amer. J. Psychiat. 97 (1941a) 1147.Google Scholar
- Akelaitis, A. J., Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. Chicago 45 (1941b) 788.Google Scholar
- Akelaitis, A. J., Amer. J. Psychiat. 98 (1941c) 409.Google Scholar
- Akelaitis, A. J., Arch. Neurol. Psychiat.Chicago. 48 (1942a) 108.Google Scholar
- Akelaitis. A. J., Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., Chicago, 48 (1942b) 914.Google Scholar
- Akelaitis. A. J., J. Neuropath. 2 (1943) 226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Akelaitis, A. J., J. Neurosurg. 1 (1944) 94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Akelaitis, A. J., Amer. J. Psychiat. 101 (1945) 594.Google Scholar
- Akelaitis, A. J., Risteen, W. A., Herren. R. Y., and Van Wagenen, W. P., Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., Chicago, 47 (1942) 971.Google Scholar
- Akert, K., Gniesen. R. A., Woolsey. C N., and Meyer, D. R., Brain 84 (1961) 480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Aring. C. D., in The Precentral Motor Cortex (ed. by P. C. Bucy ), Urbana 1944. p. 409.Google Scholar
- Bailey, P. and Bonin, G. v., The Isocortex of Man, Urbana 1951.Google Scholar
- Bailey. P., Bonin. G. V., Garol. H. W., and McCulloch. W. S., J. Neurophysiol. 6 (1943a) 121.Google Scholar
- Bailey. P., Bonin. G. V., Garol H. W., and McCulloch, W. S., J. Neurophysiol. 6(1943b) 129.Google Scholar
- Bailey, P., Bonin, G. V., and McCulloch, W. S., The Isocortex of the Chimpanzee, Urbana 1950.Google Scholar
- Bastian, H. C. A Treatise on Aphasia and Other Speech Defects, London 1898.Google Scholar
- Bates, J. A. V. and Ettlinger, G., Arch. Neurol. 3 (1960) 177.Google Scholar
- Biemond, A., Arch. Neurol. Psychiat.,Chicago 75 (1956) 231.Google Scholar
- Bingley, T., ‘Mental Symptoms in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Temporal Lobe Gliomas’. Acta Psychiat., Kbn. Copenhagen Supp. 120 (1958).Google Scholar
- Birch, H. G. in Reading Disability (ed. by J. Money ), Baltimore 1962, p. 161.Google Scholar
- Blum, J. S. Comp. Psychol. Monog. 20 (1951) 219.Google Scholar
- Bonhoeffer, K., Mschr. Psychiat. Neurol. 35 (1914) 113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bonin, Q. v., in Interhemispheric Relations and Cerebral Dominance (ed. by V. B. Mountcastle ), Baltimore 1962, p. 1.Google Scholar
- Bonin, G. V. and Bailey, P.. The Neocortex of Macaco Mulatto, Urbana 1947.Google Scholar
- Bonin, G. v. and Bailey, P., in Primatologia (ed. by H. Hoier, A. H. Schultz and D. Starck), Vol. 11/2, Lieferung 10.1961,Google Scholar
- Brain, W. R., Brain 64 (1941) 244.Google Scholar
- Brain, W. R., Speech Disorders, London 1961.Google Scholar
- Brown, R. W. and Lenneberg, E. H., J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol. 49 (1954) 454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bucy, P. C., The Prccentral Motor Cortex. Urbana 1944.Google Scholar
- Bucy, P. C. and Kluver, H. J. Camp. Neurol. 103 (1955) 151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Burton, D. and Ettlinger, G., Nature, London 186 (1960) 1071.Google Scholar
- Butler, R. A., J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 46 (1953) 95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chow, K. L., in Brain Mechanisms and Learning, Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences. Oxford 1961, p. 507.Google Scholar
- Chustd, J. G., Sugar, O. and French, J. D., J. Neuropath. 7 (1948) 439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cole, M. and Zangwill, O. L. J. Nrurot. Neurosurg. Psychiat. (1963) 26 (1963) 37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Connolly. C. J., External Morphology of the Primate Brain, Springfield 1950.Google Scholar
- Critchley. M., The Parietal Lobes. London 1953.Google Scholar
- Critchley, M., in Interhemispheric Relations and Cerebral Dominance, (ed. by V. B. Mountcastle ), Baltimore 1962, p. 208.Google Scholar
- Crosby, E. C., Humphrey, T., and Lauer, E. W., Correlative Anatomy of the Nervous System, New York 1962.Google Scholar
- Curtis, H. J., J. Neurophysiol. 3 (1940) 407.Google Scholar
- Dejerine, J. Mem. Soc. Biol. 3 (1891) 191.Google Scholar
- Dejerine, J., Mem. Soc. Biol. 4 (1892) 61.Google Scholar
- Denny-Brown, D., in Interhemispheric Relations and Cerebral Dominance (ed. by V. B. Mountcastle ), Baltimore 1962. p. 244.Google Scholar
- Downer, J. L. de C., Brain 82 (1959) 251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Downer, J. L. de C., in Interhemispheric Relations and Cerebral Dominance (ed. By V. B. Mountcastk) Baltimore 1962, p. 87.Google Scholar
- Egger, M. D. and Flynn, J. P., J. Neurophysiol 26 (1963) 705.Google Scholar
- Erickson, T. C., Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., Chicago 43 (1940) 429.Google Scholar
- Etllinger, G. Behaviour 16 (I960) 56.Google Scholar
- Ettlinger, G. Nature, Lond. 191 (1961) 308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ettlinger, G., in Interhemispheric Relations and Cerebral Dominance (ed. by V. B. Mountcastle ), Baltimore 1962, p. 75.Google Scholar
- Ettlinger, G. and Kalsbeck, J. E., J. Physiol 156 (1961) 34 P.Google Scholar
- Ettlinger, G. and Kalsbeck, J. E., J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat 25 (1962) 256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ettlinger, G. and Morion, H. B., Science 139 (1963) 485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ettlinger, G. and Wyke, M., J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat 24 (1961) 254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fleehsig, P. Lancet 2 (1901) 1027.Google Scholar
- Foix, C, Rev. Neurol. 29 (i) (1916) 283.Google Scholar
- Foix, C., Rev. Neurol 38 (1922) 322.Google Scholar
- Foix, C. and Hillemand, P., Bull. Mem. Soc. Mid. Hop. Paris 49 (1925) 393.Google Scholar
- Gastaut. H. and Fischer-Williams. M., in Handbook of Physiology, Section I, Vol. 1, American Physiological Society, Washington, p. 329.Google Scholar
- Gawaniga, M.S., Bogen, J. E., and Sperry, R. W., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 48 (1962) 1765.Google Scholar
- Geschwind, N., in Reading Disability (ed. by J. Money ), Baltimore 1962, p. 115.Google Scholar
- Geschwind, N., Trans. Amer. Neurol. Ass 88 (1963a) 219.Google Scholar
- Geschwind, N., Trans. Amer. Neurol. Ass 88 (1963b) 174.Google Scholar
- Geschwind N., Cortex 1 (1964a) 214.Google Scholar
- Geschwind N., in Monograph Series on Language and Linguistics. No. 17 (ed. by C. I. J. M. Stuart) Georgetown University 1964b. p. 155.Google Scholar
- Geschwind, N., Brain 88 (1965) 237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Geschwind, N., and Fusillo, M., Trans. Amer. Neurol. Ass. 89 (1964) 172.Google Scholar
- Geschwind, N., and Kaplan. E., New Engl. J. Med. 266 (1962a) 1013.Google Scholar
- Geschwind, N., and Kaplan, E., Neurology 12 (1962b) 675.Google Scholar
- Glickstein, M., Arora, H. A., and Sperry, R. W., J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 56 (1963) 11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gloor, P., (1960) in Handbook of Physiology. Section 1, Vol. 2, American Physiological Society, Washington, p. 1395.Google Scholar
- Goldstein, K., J. Psychol. Neurol., Lpz. 11 (1908) 169 and 270.Google Scholar
- Goldstein, K. Die transkortikalen Aphasien, Jena. 1917.Google Scholar
- Goldstein, K, in Handbuch der Normalen und Pathologischen Physiologie (ed. by A. Bethe, G. v. Bergmann, G. Embden and A. Ellinger), Vol. 10. Berlin 1927, p. 600.Google Scholar
- Goldstein, K., Language and language Disturbances, New York, 1948.Google Scholar
- Hartmann. F., Mschr. Psychiat. Neurol. 21 (1907) 97 and 248.Google Scholar
- Head, H., Aphasia and Kindred Disorders of Speech. Cambridge, 1926.Google Scholar
- Hécaen, H., Ajuriaguerra, J. de, and David, M., Mschr. Psychiat. Neurot. 123 (1952) 239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hécaen, H. and Angelergues, R., La Cécili Psychique, Masson, Paris, 1963.Google Scholar
- Hécaen, H. and Gimeno Alava, A. Rev. Neurol. 102 (1960) 648.Google Scholar
- Hilgard, E, R. and Marquis, D. G., Conditioning and Learning, 2nd ed., revised by G. A. Kimble, New York. 1961.Google Scholar
- Hoff, H., in Reports at the VII International Congress of Neurology, Rome 1961; also in Excerpta Medica. International Congress Series, No. 38, p. 1.Google Scholar
- Howes. D. H., in Reading Disability (ed. by J. Money) Baltimore 1962, p. 131.Google Scholar
- Jackson, J. H., Lancet 1 (1878) 716. Reprinted in Selected Writings of John Hughlings Jackson (ed. by J. Taylor), Vol. 1, Basic Books. New York. 1958.Google Scholar
- Jackson, J. H., Brain 3 (1880) 192. Reprinted in Selected Writings of John Hughlings Jackson (ed. by J. Taylor), Vol. 1, Basic Books, New York, 1958.Google Scholar
- Jansen, J. and Brodal, A., Aspects of Cerebellar Anatomy, Oslo 1954.Google Scholar
- Jasper, H., Ajmone-Marsan, C., and Stoll, J., Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. Chicago. 67 (1952) 155.Google Scholar
- Kaada, B. R. in Handbook of Physiology, Section 1, Vol. 2, American Physiological Society, Washington, p. 1345.Google Scholar
- Kennard. M. A., Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. Chicago 41 (1939) 1153.Google Scholar
- Kennard, M. A., Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., Chicago 48 (1942) 227.Google Scholar
- Kimura, D., Arch. Neurol. 8 (1963) 264.Google Scholar
- Kinsbourne, M. and Warrington, E. K., J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. (1962) 339.Google Scholar
- Kleist, K., Sensory Aphasia and Amasia, New York. 1962.Google Scholar
- Konorski, J., in Brain Mechanisms and Learning. Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences, Oxford. 1961, p. 115.Google Scholar
- Konorski, J., Komiewska, H., and Stepien, L., Proceedings of the VII International Congress of Neurology, Vol. II, Rome, 1961, p. 234.Google Scholar
- Krieg, W. J. S., Connections of the Frontal Cortex of the Monkey, Springfield, 1954.Google Scholar
- Krieg, W. J. S., Connections of the Cerebral Cortex, Evanston 1963.Google Scholar
- Lange, J., (1936) in Handbuch der Neurologie (ed. by O. Bumke, and O. Foerster), Vol. 6, Berlin p. 807.Google Scholar
- Lende, R. A., Science 141 (1963) 730.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Liepmann, H., Ein Fall von reiner Sprochtaubheit, Breslau. 1898.Google Scholar
- Liepmann, H., Das Krankheitsbild der Apraxie (‘motorischen Asymbolie’), Berlin 1900.Google Scholar
- Liepmann, H., Über Störungen des Handelns bei Gehirnkranken, Berlin 1905a.Google Scholar
- Liepmann, H., Münch, med. Wschr. 2 (1905b) 2322 and 2375; also reprinted in Drei Aufsätze aus dem Apraxiegebict, Berlin 1908.Google Scholar
- Liepmann, H., Der weitere Krankheitsverlauf bei dem einseitig Apraktischen und der Gehirnbefund auf Grund von Serienschnitten. Berlin 1906.Google Scholar
- Liepmann, H., Mschr. Psychiat. Neurol. 35 (1914) 490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Liepmann, H. and Maas, O., J. Psychol. Neurol. 10 (1907) 214.Google Scholar
- Liepmann, H. and Storch, E., Mschr. Psychiai. Neurol. 11 (1902) 115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lissauer, H., Arch. Psychiat. Nerrenkr. 21 (1889) 222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Maas, O., Neurol. Zbl. 26 (1906) 789.Google Scholar
- MacLcan, P. D., in Handbook of Physiology, Section 1, Vol III, American Physiological Society, Washington, 1960, p. 1723.Google Scholar
- Macrae, D. and Trolle, E., Brain 79 (1956) 94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Maspes, P. E. Rev. neurol. 80 (1948) 100.Google Scholar
- MculIoch, W. S. and Garol, H. W. J. Neurophysiol 4 (1941) 555.Google Scholar
- Meyer, A., Amer. J. Insan. 52 (1895-1896) 118. Reprinted in The Collected Papers of Adolf Meyer, Vol. I, Baltimore 1950, p. 641.Google Scholar
- Meyer, A., Psychol. Bull. 2 (1905) 261. Reprinted in The Collected Papers of Adolf Meyer, Vol. I., Baltimore 1950, p. 334.Google Scholar
- Meyer, D. R., in Biological and Biochemical Bases of Behavior, Madison, 1958.Google Scholar
- Meyer, V. and Yates, H. J., J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 18 (1955) 44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Milner, B., in Interhemispheric Relations and Cerebral Dominance (ed. by V. B. Mountcastle ), Baltimore 1962, p. 177.Google Scholar
- MorreU, F., Epilepsia 1 (I960) 538.Google Scholar
- Mullan, S. and Penfield, W., Arch. Neurol. Psychiat.,Chicago 81 (1959) 269.Google Scholar
- Myers, R. E. J. Comp. Neurol. 118 (1962a) 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Myers, R. E., in Interhemispheric Relations and Cerebral Dominance, ed. by V. B. Mountcastle, Baltimore 1962b, p. 51.Google Scholar
- Myers, R. E. and Sperry, R. W., Anal. Rev. 115 (1953) 351.Google Scholar
- Nauta, W. J. H., Brain 85 (1962) 505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nielsen, J. M., Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., Chicago 38 (1937) 108.Google Scholar
- Nielsen, J. M., Agnosia. Apraxia. Aphasia, 2nd edition. New York and London, 1946, p. 186.Google Scholar
- Orbach, J. and Fantz, R. L., J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 51 (1958) 126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pnpez, J. W., Comparative Neurology, New York 1929.Google Scholar
- Pusik, T., Pasik, P., Battersby, W.S., and Bender. M. B., J. comp. Neurol 115 (1960) 89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Penfield, W. and Boldrey, E. Amer. J. Psychiat. 96 (1939) 255.Google Scholar
- Petr, R., Holder. L. B., and Jirout, J., J. Neuropath. 8 (1949) 100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pick, A.; in Handbuch der Normalen und Pathologischen Physiologie (od. by A. Bcthe and G. v. Bergmann). Vol. 15 (ii). Berlin 1931, p. 1416.Google Scholar
- Poblete, R-, Ruben, R. J., and Walker, A. E., J. Neurophysiol. 22 (1959) 538.Google Scholar
- Pötzl, O. and Stengel, E., Jb. Psychiat. Neurol 53 (1936) 174.Google Scholar
- Pribram, K. H., in The Physiology of Emotions (ed. by A. Simon, C. C. Herbert and R. Straus ), Springfield 1961, p. 173.Google Scholar
- Pribram, K. H., in Interhemispheric Relations and Cerebral Dominance (ed. by V. B. Mountcastlc) Baltimore 1962, p. 107.Google Scholar
- Pribram, H. B. and Barry, J., J. Neurophysiol 19 (1956) 99.Google Scholar
- Pribram, K. H., Lennox. M. A. and Dummore, R. H., J. Neurophysiol 13 (1950) 127.Google Scholar
- Pribram, K. H. and MacLean, P. D. J. Neurophytiol 16 (1953) 324.Google Scholar
- Pribram, K. H. Rosner. B. S. and Rosenblith, W. A. J. Neurophysiol. 17 (1954) 336.Google Scholar
- Raymond, F. and Egger, M., Rev. Neurol. 14 (1906) 371.Google Scholar
- Riopelle, A. J. and Churukian, G. A., J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol 51 (1958) 119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rubins, J. L. and Friedman, E. D., Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., Chicago 60 (194) 554.Google Scholar
- Russell, W. R. and Espir, M. L, E., Traumatic Aphasia, London, 1961.Google Scholar
- Scharlock, D. P., Tucker, T. J., and Strominger. N. L,. Sconce 141 (1963) 1197.Google Scholar
- Schilder, P. and Stengel, E.,Neurol. Psychiat. 113 (1928) 143.Google Scholar
- Schilder, P. and Stengel, E., Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. Chicago 25 (1931) 598.Google Scholar
- Scoville, W. B. and Milner, B., J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat 20 (1957) 11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Segarra, J. M. and Quadfasel, F. A., Proceedings of the VII International Congress of Neurology, Vol. II. 1961 p. 377.Google Scholar
- Segundo, J. P., Naqoet, R-, and Arana, R., Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., Chicago 73 (1955) 515.Google Scholar
- Shankweijer, D., Paper presented at Eastern Psychological Association. Philadelphia, 1964.Google Scholar
- Showers, M. J. C. J. Comp. Neurol. 112 (1959) 231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Smith, G. E. J. Anat. Lond 41 (1906) 237.Google Scholar
- Smith, K. U. and Akelaitis, A. J., Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. Chicago 47 (1942) 519.Google Scholar
- Stengel, E., J. ment. Sci 93 (1947) 598.Google Scholar
- Stepien. L. S., Cordeau. J. P., and Rasmussen, T., Brain 83 (I960) 1470.Google Scholar
- Sugar, O., Amador, L. V., and Griponissiotis, B., J. Neurophysiol 13 (1950) 229.Google Scholar
- Sugar, O., French, J. D., and Chusk, J. G., J. Neurophysiol 11 (1948) 175.Google Scholar
- Sweet, W. H., in Handbook of Physiology, Section 1, Vol. I. American PhysiologicalGoogle Scholar
- Society, Washington. 1959. p. 459.Google Scholar
- Symorvds, C. P., J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat 16 (1953) 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Teuber, H. L., Battersby, W. S., and Bender. M. B., Visual Field Defects after Penetrating Missile Wounds of the Brain, Cambridge, Mass I960.Google Scholar
- Trescher, J. H. and Ford, F. R., Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. Chicago 37 (1937) 959.Google Scholar
- Vialet, N. Let Centres Cérébraux de la Vision, Paris 1893.Google Scholar
- Votaw, C. L., J. Comp. Neurol. 114 (I960) 283.Google Scholar
- Ward, A. A., Jr., Peden, J. K., and Sugar, O., J. Neurophysiol 9 (1946) 453.Google Scholar
- Warrington, E. K., J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat 25 (1962) 208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Weinstein, E. A., Cole, M., and Mitchell, M. S., Trans. Amer. neurol. Ass. 88 (1963) 172.Google Scholar
- Weinstein, E. A., Kahn, R. L., and Slote, W. H., Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., Chicago 74 (1955) 235.Google Scholar
- Weiskrantz, L. and Mishkin, M., Brain 81 (1958) 406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Welch, K. and Stuteville, P., Brain 81 (1958) 341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wernicke, C., Der Aphaslsche Symptomencompux, Breslau 1874.Google Scholar
- Wernicke, C., in Diseases of the Nervous System ( Modern Clinical Medicine ), (ed. By A. Church ), New York and London, 1908.Google Scholar
- Whitlock, D. G. and Nauta, W. J. H., J. comp. Neurol 106 (1956) 183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Whorf, B. L., Language. Thought, and Reality. New York, 1956.Google Scholar
- Wilbrand, H., Die Seelenblindheit als Herderscheinung, Wiesbaden 1887.Google Scholar
- Wilson, M. and Wilson, W. A., Jr., J. comp physiol. Psychol. 55(1962)931.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wilson, S. A. K., Brain 31 (1908) 164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wilson. W. A., Jr. and Mishkin, M., J. comp. physiol. Psychol 52 (1959) 10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Yakovlev, P. I. and Locke, S., Arch. Neurol 5 (1961) 364.Google Scholar
- Zangwill, O., Cerebral Dominance and its Relation to Psychological Function, Edinburgh 1960.Google Scholar