Bottom dynamics in lakes

  • L. Håkanson
Conference paper
Part of the Developments in Hydrobiology book series (DIHY, volume 9)

Abstract

A proper understanding of the bottom dynamic conditions (erosion, transportation, accumulation) in lakes is essential in most sedimentological contexts. Fine cohesive materials generally dominate the open water areas, whereas coarser deposits (sand, gravel) dominate shallow regions where erosion and transportation of fine materials prevail. At present, there is no physical model available which describes the linkage between the energy content of the water-mass and the capacity for sediment entrainment in open water areas. Water-mass energy depends on, e.g. wind direction, duration, velocity, fetch, and the presence of a thermo-cline. Entrainment depends on, e.g. density, compaction, water and organic content of the sediments and the number and type of bottom fauna.

Four different methods are used to determine bottom dynamics, two are site typical and two are lake typical. Site and lake typical methods each include one method based on collected field data and one based on theoretical data. One method, the cone apparatus, is presented for the first time. It consists of two cones, one of which has a narrow angle and the other a wide angle, which are zero adjusted at the sediment surface before being released to penetrate the sediments. The differential cone penetration, refered to as the penetration ratio, is used to indicate the degree of surficial sediment compaction. This simple, inexpensive instrument provides quantitative data on physical sediment characteristics which may be related to bottom dynamic conditions.

Keywords

bottom dynamics erosion transportation accumulation methods lake sediments 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Axelsson, V., 1967. The Laitaure delta. A study of deltaic morphology and processes. Geogr. Ann. 49: 1–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Axelsson, V. & Håkanson, L., 1975. The relation between mercury distribution and sedimentological environment in Lake Ekoln. Part 4. Deposition of sediment and mercury in 1971 and 1972. UNGI Rapport 35, Univ. of Uppsala. 42 pp.Google Scholar
  3. Bagnold, R. A., 1954. The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes. Methuen, London. 165 pp.Google Scholar
  4. Beach Erosion Board, 1972. Waves in inland reservoirs. Techn. Mem 132, Beach Erosion Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C. 125 pp.Google Scholar
  5. Blomqvist, S., 1981. Fysikalisk bottendynamik. Underlag för råd och riktlinjer av muddring och muddertippning. Preprint in Swedish, Nat. Swe. Env. Prot. Bd., Stockholm. 11 pp.Google Scholar
  6. Fischer, H. B., List, E. J., Hoh, R. C. Y., Imberger, J. & Brooks, N. H., 1979. Mixing in inland and coastal waters. Academic Press, New York. 483 pp.Google Scholar
  7. Fisher, J. S., Pickral, J. & Odum, W. E., 1979. Organic detritus particles: initiation of motion criteria. Limnol. Oceanogr. 24: 529–532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Förstner, U. & Wittmann, G. T. W., 1979. Metal Pollution in the Aquatic Environment. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 486 pp.Google Scholar
  9. Gilbert, R., 1975. Sedimentation in Lillooet lake, British Columbia. Can J. Earth Sci. 12: 1697–1711.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Gilbert, R. & Shaw, J., 1980. Sedimentation in proglacial Sun- wapta lake, Alberta. Can. J. Earth Sci. 18: 81–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Håkanson, L., 1975. Mercury in Lake Vänern — present status and prognosis. SNV PM 563, Nat. Swe. Env. Prot. Bd, Uppsala. 121 pp.Google Scholar
  12. Håkanson, L., 1977a. The influence of wind, fetch, and water depth on the distribution of sediments in Lake Vänern, Sweden. Can. J. Earth Sci. 14: 397–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Håkanson, L., 1977b. An empirical model for physical parameters of recent sedimentary deposits of Lake Ekoln and Lake Vanern. Vatten 3: 266–239.Google Scholar
  14. Håkanson, L., 1981a. Determination of characteristic values for physical and chemical lake sediment parameters (Accepted by Water Resources Research).Google Scholar
  15. Håkanson, L., 1981b. On lake bottom dynamics — the energy- topography factor. Can. J. Earth Sci. 18: 899–909.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Håkanson, L., 1981c. Lake sediments in aquatic pollution control programs: principles, processes and practical examples. SNV PM 1398, Nat. Swe. Env. Prot. Bd, Uppsala. 242 pp.Google Scholar
  17. Håkanson, L., 1981d. A Manual of Lake Morphometry. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 78 pp.Google Scholar
  18. Hamblin, P. F. & Carmack, E. C., 1978. River-induced currents in a fjord lake. J. geophys. Res. 83: 885–899.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Hansebo, S., 1957. A new approach to the determination of the shear strength of clays by the fallcone test. R. Swe. Geol. Inst. Proc. Nr. 14, Stockholm. 47 pp.Google Scholar
  20. Hjulström, F., 1935. Studies of the morphological activity of rivers as illustrated by the River Fyris. Bull. Geol. Inst. Uppsala 25: 221–527.Google Scholar
  21. Johnson, T. C., 1980. Sediment redistribution by waves in lakes, reservoirs and embayments. In: Stefan, H. (Ed.) Proceedings of Symposium on Surface–Water Impoundments. American Society Civil Engineering (preprint).Google Scholar
  22. Kemp, A. L. W., Anderson, T. W., Thomas, R. L. & Mudrochova, P., 1974. Sedimentation rates and recent sediment history of Lakes Ontario, Erie and Huron. J. Sed. Pet. 44: 207–218.Google Scholar
  23. Kemp, A. L. W., Maclnnis, G. A. & Harper, N. S., 1977. Sedimentation rates and a revised sediment budget for Lake Erie. Int. Ass. Great Lakes Res. 3: 221–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Lastein, E., 1976. Recent sedimentation and resuspension of organic matter in eutrophic Lake Esrom, Denmark. Oikos 27: 44–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Ludlam, S. D., 1974. Fayetteville Green Lake, New York. 6. The role of turbidity currents in lake sedimentation. Limnol. Oceanogr. 19: 656–664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. Lüthi, S., 1980. Some new aspects of two-dimensional turbidity currents. Sedimentology 28: 97–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. McCall, P. L., 1979. The effects of deposit feeding oligochaetes on particle size and settling velocity of Lake Erie sediments. J. Sed. Pet. 49: 813–818.Google Scholar
  28. McCall, P. L. & Fisher, J. B., 1980. Effects of tubificid oligochaetes on physical and chemical properties of Lake Erie sediments. In: Brinkhurst, R. O. & Cook, D. G. (Eds.) Aquatic Oligochaete Biology, pp. 253–317. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
  29. Moeller, R. E. & Likens, G. E., 1978. Seston sedimentation in Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, and its relationship to long-term sediment accumulation. Verh. int. Verein. Limnol. 20: 525–530.Google Scholar
  30. Norrman, J. O., 1964. Lake Vättern. Investigations on shore and bottom morphology. Geogr. Ann. 46: 1–238.Google Scholar
  31. Nydegger, P., 1976. Strömungen in Seen: Untersuchungen in situ und an nachgebildeten Modellseen. Beitr. Geol. Schweiz. Kl. Mitt. 66: 141–177.Google Scholar
  32. Pharo, C. H. & Carmack, E. C., 1979. Sedimentation processes in a short residence–time intermontane lake, Kamloops Lake, British Columbia. Sedimentology 26: 523–541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Sly, P. G., 1978. Sedimentary processes in lakes. In: Lerman, A. (Ed.) Lakes-Chemistry, Geology, Physics, pp. 65–89. Springer-Verlag, New York.Google Scholar
  34. Sturm, M. & Matter, A., 1978. Turbidities and varves in Lake Briensz (Switzerland): deposition of elastic detritus by density currents. Spec. Publ. Int. Ass. Sediment. 2: 147–168.Google Scholar
  35. Sundborg, Å., 1956. The River Klarälven. A study of fluvical processes. Geogr. Ann. 38: 125–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Terwindt, J. H. J., 1977. Deposition, transportation and erosion of mud. In: Golterman, H. L. (Ed.) Interactions between Sediments and Fresh Water, pp. 19–24. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague.Google Scholar
  37. Tutin, W., 1955. Preliminary observations on a year’s cycle of sedimentation in Windermere, England. Mem. 1st. Ital. Id-robiol. Suppl. 8: 467–484.Google Scholar
  38. Welch, P. S., 1948. Limnological Methods. The Blakiston Co., Philadelphia. 381 pp.Google Scholar
  39. Wright, R. F. & Nydegger, P., 1980. Sedimentation of detrital particulate matter in lakes: influence of currents produced by inflowing rivers. Water Resources Res. 16: 597–601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague 1982

Authors and Affiliations

  • L. Håkanson
    • 1
  1. 1.Water Quality LaboratoryNational Swedish Environment Protection BoardUppsalaSweden

Personalised recommendations