Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Windigo Psychosis: The Anatomy of an Emic-Etic Confusion

  • Chapter
The Culture-Bound Syndromes

Part of the book series: Culture, Illness, and Healing ((CIHE,volume 7))

Abstract

“Windigo psychosis”2 has been the most celebrated culture trait of the Northern Algonkian peoples for almost half a century. As a classic example of “culture- bound psychopathology”, its capacity to inspire theorization in anthropology and the related disciplines seems inexhaustible. This paper is a review of the voluminous windigo literature enlightened by five years’ field experience3 among the Northern Ojibwa and the Cree and extensive archival research. The conclusion reached is that, although aspects of the windigo belief complex may have been “components in some individuals’ psychological dysfunction” (Preston 1980: 128), there probably never were any windigo psychotics in the sense that cannibalism or murder was committed to satisfy an obsessional craving for human flesh. It is argued, rather, that windigo psychosis as an etic/behavioral form of anthropophagy is an artifact of research conducted with an emic/mental bias.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Annual Archaeological Report 1903 1904 The Killing of Moostoos the Wehtigoo. (Summary of legal proceedings held at Fort Saskatchewan and Edmonton, July–August, 1899. ) Appendix to the Report of the Minister of Education, Ontario, Toronto: King’s Printer, pp. 126–138.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Annual Archaeological Report 1907 1908 The Killing of Wa-sak-apee-quay by Pe-se-quan, and others. (Transcript of trial held at Norway House, October 7, 1907. ) Appendix to the Report of the Minister of Education, Ontario, Toronto: King’s Printer, pp. 91–121.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Arieti, Silvano, Johannes M. Meth 1959 Rare, Unclassifiable, Collective, and Exotic Psychiatric Syndromes. In Silvano Arieti (ed.), The American Handbook of Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books, pp. 546–563.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Armstrong, Harvey, Paul Patterson 1975 Seizures in Canadian Indian Children: Individual, Family, and Community Approaches. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal 20: 247–255.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ballantyne, Robert M. 1848 Hudson’s Bay. Edinburgh: William Blackwood.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Barnouw, Victor 1961 Chippewa Social Atomism. American Anthropologist 63: 1006–1013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Barnouw, Victor 1979 Culture and Personality. Third Edition. Homewood: III.: Dorsey Press.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bishop, Charles A. 1973 Ojibwa Cannibalism. Paper prepared for the IXth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, Chicago, III., August–September.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Bishop, Charles A. 1974 The Northern Ojibwa and the Fur Trade: A Historical and Ecological Study. Toronto: Holt, Rinehart and Winston of Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Bishop, Charles A. 1975 Northern Algonkian Cannibalism and Windigo Psychosis. In Thomas R. Williams (ed.), Psychological Anthropology. The Hague: Mouton, pp. 237–248.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bishop, Charles A. 1976 The Emergence of the Northern Ojibwa: Social and Economic Consequences. American Ethnologist 3: 39–54.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Bishop, Charles A. 1978 Cultural and Biological Adaptations to Deprivation: The Northern Ojibwa Case. In Charles D. Laughlin, Jr. and Ivan A. Brady (eds.), Extinction and Survival in Human Populations. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 208–230.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Bloomfield, Leonard 1934 Cannibal-possession. In Plains Cree Texts, Publications of the American Ethnological Society 16, pp. 152–155.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Bolman, William M., Alan S. Katz 1966 Hamburger Hoarding: A Case of Symbolic Cannibalism Resembling Whitico Psychosis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 142: 424–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Boserup, Ester 1975 The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure. Chicago: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Brown, Jennifer 1971 The Cure and Feeding of Windigo: A Critique. American Anthropologist 73: 20–22.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Campbell, William n.d. The Diary of “Big Bill” Campbell. MS, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto. Also in Confederation College Library, Thunder Bay, Ont.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Carpenter, Edmund S. 1961 Witch-fear among the Aivilik Eskimos. In Yehudi A. Cohen (ed.), Social Structure (1953) and Personality: A Casebook. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, pp. 508–516. (Reprinted from American Journal of Psychiatry 110: 194–199.)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Cooper, John M. 1933 The Cree Witiko Psychosis. Primitive Man (now Anthropological Quarterly) 6: 20–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Cooper, John M. 1934a Mental Disease Situations in Certain Cultures: A New Field for Research. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 29: 10–17.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Cooper, John M. 1934b The Northern Algonquian Supreme Being. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Dawson, Kenneth C. A. n. d. Pre-history of the Interior Forest of Northern Ontario. In A. T. Steegmann, Jr. (ed.), Boreal Forest Adaptations: The Algonkians of Northern Ontario. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Edmonton Court Files 1899 The Queen vs Pay-i-uu and Nap-i-so-sis. Cr. 157 (Old Series).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Evans-Prichard, E. E. Social Anthropology and Other Essays. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Fogelson, Raymond D. 1965 Psychological Theories of Windigo “Psychosis” and a Preliminary Application of a Models Approach. In Melford E. Spiro (ed.), Context and Meaning in Cultural Anthropology: Essays in Honor of A. Irving Hallowell. New York: Free Press, pp. 74–99.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Fogelson, Raymond D. 1980 Windigo Goes South: Stoneclad among the Cherokees. In Marjorie M. Halpin and Michael M. Ames (eds.), Manlike Monsters on Trial: Early Records and Modern Evidence. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, pp. 132–151.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Friedl, Ernestine 1956 Persistence in Chippewa Culture and Personality. American Anthropologist 58: 814–825.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Goldthorpe, W. Gary 1977 Submission to the Royal Commission on the Environment by Canada Health and Welfare Medical Services Branch, Sioux Lookout Zone Hospital, Royal Commission on the Environment, 55 Bloor St. W., Room 801, Toronto, Ont. M4W 1A5.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Guinard, Joseph E. 1930 Witiko among the Tete-de-Boule. Primitive Man (now Anthropological Quarterly) 3: 69–71.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Hallowell, A. Irving 1934 Culture and Mental Disorder. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 29: 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Hallowell, A. Irving 1936 Psychic Stresses and Culture Patterns. American Journal of Psychiatry 92: 1291–1310.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Hallowell, A. Irving 1955 Culture and Experience. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Hallowell, A. Irving 1963 American Indians, White and Black: The Phenomenon of Transculturalization. Current Anthropology 4: 519–531.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Hallowell, A. Irving 1976 Contributions to Anthropology: Selected Papers of A. Irving Hallowell. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Harris, Marvin 1974 Cows, Pigs, Wars, and Witches: The Riddles of Culture. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Harris, Marvin 1977 Cannibals and Kings: The Origins of Cultures. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Harris, Marvin 1979 Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Harris, Marvin 1980 Culture, People, Nature: An Introduction to General Anthropology. Third edition. New York: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Hay, Thomas H. 1971 The Windigo Psychosis: Psychodynamic, Cultural, and Social Factors in Aberrant Behavior. American Anthropologist 73: 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Hearne, Samuel 1971 A Journey from Prince of Wales’s Fort in Hudson’s Bay to the Northern Ocean.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Hearne, Samuel (1795) Rutland, Vt., and Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Hickerson, Harold 1960 The Feast of the Dead among the Seventeenth-century Algonkians of the Upper Great Lakes. American Anthropologist 62: 81–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Hickerson, Harold 1967 Some Implications of the Theory of the Particularity, or “Atomism”, of Northern Algonkians. Current Anthropology 8: 313–343.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Honigmann, John J. 1947 Witch-fear in Post-contact Kaska Society. American Anthropologist 49: 222–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Honigmann, John J. 1954 Culture and Personality. New York: Harper.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Honigmann, John J. 1967 Personality in Culture. New York: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Hudson’s Bay Company Archives 1741 Entry in Post Journal of Fort Churchill (HBCA B 42/a/22).

    Google Scholar 

  48. Hudson’s Bay Company Archives 1830 Lac la Pluie District Report (HBCA, B105/e/9/fll).

    Google Scholar 

  49. James, Bernard 1954 Some Critical Observations Concerning Analyses of Chippewa “Atomism” and Chippewa Personality. American Anthropologist 56: 283–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. James, Bernard 1970 Continuity and Emergence in Indian Poverty Culture. Current Anthropology 11: 435–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. James, Edwin (ed.) 1956 A Narrative of the Captivity and Adventures of John Tanner during Thirty Years (1830) Residence among the Indians in the Interior of North America. Minneapolis: Ross and Haines.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Kardiner, Abram 1939 The Individual and His Society. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Kardiner, Abram 1953 The Relation of Culture to Mental Disorder. In Paul H. Hoch and Joseph Zubin (eds.), Current Problems in Psychiatric Diagnosis. New York: Grune and Stratton, pp. 157–179.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Kennedy,John G. 1973 Cultural Psychiatry. In John J. Honigmann (ed.), Handbook of Social and Cultural Anthropology. Chicago: Rand McNally, pp. 1119–1198.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Kluckhohn, Clyde 1944 Navaho Witchcraft. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 22 (2).

    Google Scholar 

  56. Knight, Rolf 1974 Grey Owl’s Return: Cultural Ecology and Canada’s Indigenous Peoples. Reviews in Anthropology, August, pp. 349–359.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Landes, Ruth 1937a The Personality of the Ojibwa. Character and Personality 6: 51–60.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Landes, Ruth 1937b The Ojibwa of Canada. In Margaret Mead (ed.), Cooperation and Competition among Primitive Peoples. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 87–126.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Landes, Ruth 1938a The Abnormal among the Ojibwa Indians. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 33: 14–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Landes, Ruth 1938b The Ojibwa Woman. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Lévi-Strauss, Claude 1969 The Raw and the Cooked. New York: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Lewis, Sir Aubrey 1958 Social Psychiatry. In Lectures on the Scientific Basis of Medicine, London: Athlone Press, pp. 116–142.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Lindenbaum, Shirley 1979 Kuru Sorcery: Disease and Danger in the New Guinea Highlands. Palo Alto: May field.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Lindholm, Charles, Cherry Lindholm 1981 World’s Strangest Mental Illnesses. Science Digest 89 (6): 52–57.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Linton, Ralph 1956 Culture and Mental Disorders. Springfield: Thomas.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  66. McDonald, John Kennedy 1907 The Norway House Murders — A Plea for Mercy. Letter to the Editor of the Manitoba Free Press dated Nov. 21. Clipping found in the John Maclean Papers, Box 50, File 22, United Church of Canada Archives, Victoria University in the University of Toronto, M5S 2C4 Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  67. McGee, Harrold Franklin, Jr. 1972 Windigo Psychosis. American Anthropologist 74: 244–246.

    Google Scholar 

  68. McGee, Harrold Franklin, Jr. 1975 The Windigo Down-East, or The Taming of the Windigo. Proceedings of the Second Congress, Canadian Ethnology Society, Vol. 1. Jim Freedom and Jerome H. Barkow (eds.), National Museum of Man, Mercury Series, Canadian Ethnology Service Paper 28,pp. 110–132.

    Google Scholar 

  69. McGlashan, C. F. 1947 Second edition. History of the Donner Party: A Tragedy of the Sierra. Stanford: (1880) Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Mair, Lucy 1969 Witchcraft. London: World University Library.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Malinowski, Bronislaw 1960 A Scientific Theory of Culture and Other Essays. New York: Galaxy Book. (1944)

    Google Scholar 

  72. Mamdani, Mahmood 1973 The Myth of Population Control: Family, Caste, and Class in an Indian Village. New York: Monthly Review Press.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Mandelbaum, David G. 1940 The Plains Cree. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 37: 155–316.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Manitoba Court of Queen’s Bench 1899 The Queen vs Toosh-e-naum and Ah-ne-o-kizhick. MS, No. 14, Fall Assize.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Marano, Louis A. n.d. Boreal Forest Hazards and Adaptations: The Present. In A. T. Steegmann, Jr. (ed.), Boreal Forest Adaptations: The Algonkians of Northern Ontario. New York: Plenum. Marx, Karl, Frederick Engels 1977 The German Ideology. Pt. 1. New York: Interational Publishers. (1846)

    Google Scholar 

  76. Masson, Louis F. R. 1960 Les bourgeois de la compagnie du Nord-Ouest: Récits de voyages, lettres, et (1889- rapports inédits relatifs au Nord-Ouest canadien. New York: Antiquarian Press. 90 )

    Google Scholar 

  77. Nag, Moni, Benjamin N. F. White, R. Creighton Peet 1978 An Anthropological Approach to the Study of Economic Value of Children in Java and Nepal. Current Anthropology 19: 293–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Naroll, Raoul, Frada Naroll 1963 On Bias of Exotic Data. Man 25: 24–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Nelson, George 1823 Letter journal, Lac la Rouge, English River district. MS, Metropolitan Toronto Public Library, Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Paredes, J. Anthony 1972 A Case Study of a “Normal” Windigo. Anthropologica 14: 97–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Parker, Seymour 1960 The Wiitiko Psychosis in the Context of Ojibwa Personality and Culture. American Anthropologist 62: 603–623.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Preston, Richard J. 1975 Cree Narrative: Expressing the Personal Meanings of Events. National Museum of Man, Mercury Series, Canadian Ethnology Service Paper 30.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Preston, Richard J. 1980 The Witiko: Algonkian Knowledge and Whiteman Knowledge. In Marjorie M. Halpin and Michael M. Ames (eds.), Manlike Monsters on Trial: Early Records and Modern Evidence. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, pp. 111–131.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Public Archives of Canada 1879 The Queen vs Ka-ki-si-kutchun, “The Swift Runner”. MS, Department of Justice File CRG13,C-1, Vol. 1417.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Public Archives of Canada 1899 RCMP Investigation and Arrest File, Moostoos Case. MS, File RG 18, Vol. 1442, No. 166.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Public Archives of Canada 1907—1908 Department of Justice Capital Case File on Joseph Fiddler. MS, File RG 13, C-l, Vol. 1452.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Public Archives of Canada 1907—1909 RCMP Investigation into the Homicide by Jack and Joseph Fiddler. MS, File RG 18, Vol. 3229, HQ-781-G-1.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Rand, Silas T. 1971 Legends of the Micmacs. New York: Johnson Reprint ( Longmans, Green ). (1894)

    Google Scholar 

  89. Ray, Arthur J. 1974 Indians in the Fur Trade. Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Ray, Carl, James Stevens 1971 Sacred Legends of the Sandy Lake Cree. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Ridington, Robin 1976 Wechuge and Windigo: A Comparison of Cannibal Belief among Boreal Forest Athapaskans and Algonkians. Anthropologica 18: 107–129.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Rogers, Edward S. 1962 The Round Lake Ojibwa. Art and Archaeology Division, Royal Ontario Museum, Occasional Paper 5.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Rogers, Edward S. 1966 Subsistence Areas of the Cree-Ojibwa of the Eastern Subarctic: A Preliminary Study. In Contributions to Anthropology 1963–64, pt. 2, pp. 59–90. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 204.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Rogers, Edward S. n.d. Cultural Adaptations: The Northern Ojibwa of the Boreal Forest 1670–1980. In A. T. Steegmann, Jr. (ed.), Boreal Forest Adaptations: The Algonkians of Northern Ontario. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Rogers, Edward S., Mary B. Black 1976 Subsistence Strategy in the Fish and Hare Period, Northern Ontario: The Weaga- mow Ojibwa, 1890–1920. Journal of Anthropological Research 32: 1–43.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Rohrl, Vivian J. 1970 A Nutritional Factor in Windigo Psychosis. American Anthropologist 72: 97–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Rohrl, Vivian J. 1972 Comment on ‘The Cure and Feeding of Windigos: A Critique’. American Anthropologist 74: 242–244.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Saindon, J. Emile 1928 En missionnant: essai sur les missions des Pères Oblats de Marie Immaculée à la Baie James. Ottawa: Imprimerie du Droit.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Saindon, J. Emile 1933 Mental Disorders among the James Bay Cree. Primitive Man (now Anthropological Quarterly) 6: 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Skinner, Alanson Buck 1914; Political Organization, Cults, and Ceremonies of the Plains-Ojibwa and Plains-Cree Indians. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 11: 475–542.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Smith, James G. E. 1976 Notes on the Wittiko. In William Cowan (ed.), Papers of the Seventh Algonquian Conference, 1975. Ottawa: Carleton University, pp. 18–28.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Smith, James G. E. 1979 Leadership among the Indians of the Northern Woodlands. In Robert Hinshaw (ed.), Currents in Anthropology: Essays in Honor of Sol Tax. The Hague: Mouton, pp. 305–324.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Speck, Frank G. 1935 Naskapi. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Spier, Leslie 1935 The Prophet Dance of the Northwest and Its Derivatives: The Source of the Ghost Dance. American Anthropologist General Series in Anthropology 1.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Stewart, George R. 1960 Ordeal by Hunger: The Story of the Donner Party. New edition. Cambridge: (1936) Riverside Press.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Teicher, Morton I. 1960 Windigo Psychosis: A Study of a Relationship between Belief and Behavior among the Indians of Northeastern Canada. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Tucker, Sarah 1958 The Rainbow in the North: A Short Account of the First Establishment of Christianity in Rupert’s Land by the Church Missionary Society. London: James Nisbet.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Turnbull Colin 1972 The Mountain People. New York: Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Turnbull Colin 1978 Rethinking the Ik: A Functional Non-social System. In Charles D. Laughlin, Jr. and Ivan A. Brady (eds.), Extinction and Survival in Human Populations. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 49–75.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Turner, David H. 1977 Windigo Mythology and the Analysis of Cree Social Structure. Anthropologica 19: 63–73.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Turner, David H. 1978 Hunting and Gathering: Cree and Australian. In David H. Turner and Gavin A. Smith (eds.), Challenging Anthropology. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, pp. 195–213.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Turner, David H., Paul Wertman 1977 Shamattawa: The Structure of Social Relations in a Northern Algonkian Band. Ottawa: National Museum of Man, Mercury Series.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Waisberg, Leo G. 1975 Boreal Forest Sussistence and the Windigo: Fluctuation of Animal Populations. Anthropologica 17: 169–185.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Wallace, Anthony F. C. Culture and Personality. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  115. West, John 1966 The Substance of a Journal during a Residence at the Red River Colony. New

    Google Scholar 

  116. York: Johnson Reprint (London: L. B. Seeley).

    Google Scholar 

  117. White, Benjamin 1973 Demand for Labor and Population Growth in Colonial Java. Human Ecology 1: 217–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. White, Benjamin 1975 The Economic Importance of Children in a Javanese Village. In Moni Nag (ed.), Population and Social Organization. The Hague: Mouton, pp. 127–146.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Wing, J. K. 1978 Reasoning about Madness. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Yap, Pow Meng 1951 Mental Diseases Peculiar to Certain Cultures: A Survey of Comparative Psychiatry. Journal of Mental Science (now British Journal of Psychiatry) 97: 313–327.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Yap, Pow Meng 1969 The Culture-Bound Reactive Syndromes. In William Caudill and Tsung-yi Lin (eds), Mental Health Research in Asia and the Pacific. Honolulu: East-West Center Press, pp. 33–53.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Young, Egerton Ryerson 1871 Letter dated Rossville, Norway House, July 29,1871. Personal Scrapbook.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Young, T. Kue-hing n.d. Indian Health Care in Northwestern Ontario: Health Status, Medical Care, and Social Policy. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Department of Community Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Lou Marano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Psychiatry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

    Ronald C. Simons

  2. Dept. of Anthropology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

    Ronald C. Simons

  3. Dept. of Family and Community Medicine, Medical Center, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA

    Charles C. Hughes

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1985 Reidel Publishing Company

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Marano, L. (1985). Windigo Psychosis: The Anatomy of an Emic-Etic Confusion. In: Simons, R.C., Hughes, C.C. (eds) The Culture-Bound Syndromes. Culture, Illness, and Healing, vol 7. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5251-5_37

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5251-5_37

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-277-1859-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-5251-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation