Prognostic indices in colorectal cancer

  • S. J. Arnott
Part of the Developments in Oncology book series (DION, volume 48)

Abstract

Colorectal cancer shows considerable geographic variations in its incidence [1] and differences between the sexes in its age and site incidence [2]. Because the survival rates following surgery have remained static for many years [3, 4] it is now accepted that to determine the most appropriate management for each patient, we will need to recognise factors which determine the prognosis in that individual.

Keywords

Colorectal Cancer Rectal Cancer Curative Resection Venous Invasion Large Bowel Cancer 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. 1.
    Fraser P, Adelstein AM: Recent trends in colorectal cancer epidemiology. In: Recent Results in Cancer Research - Colorectal Cancer. Duncan W (ed). Heidelberg. Springer-Verlag, 1982, pp 1–10Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    Giles GR, Moosa AR: The colon, rectum and anal canal. In: Essential Surgical Practice. Cuschieri A, Giles GR, Moosa AR (eds). Bristol, Wright, 1982, pp 980–1015Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    Nicholls RJ: Surgery for colorectal cancer. In: Recent Results in Cancer Research - Colorectal cancer. Duncan W (ed). Heidelberg. Springer-Verlag, 1982, pp 101–112Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    Williams NS, Durdey P, Quirke P, Robinson PJ, Dyson JED, Dixon MF, Bird CC: Pre-operative staging of rectal neoplasm and its impact on clinical management. Br J Surg 72: 868–874, 1985PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Higgins GA: Adjuvant radiation therapy in colon cancer. Int Advances in Surg Oncol 2: 1–24, 1979Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    First report of an MRC working party: A trial of pre-operative radiotherapy in the management of operable rectal cancer. Br J Surg 69: 513–519, 1982Google Scholar
  7. 7.
    Porter NH, Nicholls RJ: Pre-operative radiotherapy in operable rectal cancer; interim report of a trial carried out by the Rectal Cancer Group. Br J Surg 72 (suppl): 62–64, 1985CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Chapuis PH, Dent OF, Fisher R, Newland RC, Pheils MT, Smyth E, Colquhoun K: A multivariate analysis of clinical and pathological variables in prognosis after resection of large bowel cancer. Br J Surg 72: 698–702, 1985PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Thomas WH, Larson RA, Wright HK, Cleveland JC: An analysis of patients with carcinoma of the right colon. Surg Gynecol Obstet 127: 313–318, 1968PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Sugarbaker PH, MacDonald JS, Gunderson LL: Colorectal cancer. In: Cancer Principles and Practice of Oncology. DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA (eds). Philadelphia. Lippincott, 1982, pp 643–723Google Scholar
  11. 11.
    Wood CB: Prognostic factors in colorectal cancer. In: Recent Advances in Surgery, no 10. Taylor S (ed). Edinburgh. Churchill Livingstone, 1980, pp 259–280Google Scholar
  12. 12.
    Öhman V: Prognosis in patients with abstructing colorectal carcinoma. Am J Surg 143: 742–747, 1982PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Ragland JJ, Londe AM, Spratt JS: Correlation of the prognosis of obstructing colorectal carcinoma with clinical and pathologic variables. Am J Surg 121: 552–556, 1971PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    Ackerman NB: The influence of mechanical factors on intestinal lymph flow and their relationship to operations for carcinoma of the intestine. Surg Gynecol Obstet 138: 766–682, 1974Google Scholar
  15. 15.
    Dutton JW, Hreno A, Hampson LG: Mortality and prognosis of obstrucing carcinoma of the large bowel. Am J Surg 131: 36–41, 1976PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Glenn F, McSherry CK: Obstruction and perforation in colorectal cancer. Am Surg. 173: 983–992, 1971Google Scholar
  17. 17.
    Gilbertsen VA, Nelms JM: The presentation of invasive cancer of the rectum. Cancer. 41: 1137–1139, 1978PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Gill PG, Morris PJ: The survival of patients with colorectal cancer treated at a regional hospital. Br J Surg 65: 17–20, 1978PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Sherlock S, Winawer SJ: The role of early diagnosis in controlling large bowel cancer. Cancer (suppl 5) 40: 2609–2615, 1977PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Hardcastle JD, Yellacott KD: Early diagnosis and detection of colorectal cancer. In: Recent Results in Cancer Research. - Colorectal cancer. Duncan W (ed). Heidelberg. Springer-Verlag, 1982, pp 86–100Google Scholar
  21. 21.
    McDermott FT, Hughes ESR, Pihl E, Milne BJ, Price AB: Prognosis in relation to symptom duration in colon cancer. B J Surg 68: 846–849, 1981CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Devlin HB, Plant JA, Morris D: The significance of the symptoms of carcinoma of the rectum. Surg Gynecol Obstet 137: 399–402, 1973PubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Holliday HW, Hardcastle JD: Delay in diagnosis and treatment of symptomatic colorectal cancer. Lancet 1: 309–311, 1979PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    Third report of an MRC working party: Clinieo-pathological features of prognostic significance in operable rectal cancer in 17 centres in the UK. Br J Cancer 50: 435–442, 1984Google Scholar
  25. 25.
    Block GE, Enker WE: Survival after operation for rectal carcinoma in patients over 70 years of age. Am Surg 174: 521–527, 1971Google Scholar
  26. 26.
    Freedman LS, Macaskill P, Smith AN: Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors for operable rectal cancer. Lancet 2: 733–736, 1984PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    McDermott FT, Hughes ESR, Pihl E, Milne BJ, Price AB: Comparative results of surgical management of single carcinomas of the colon and rectum: a series of 1939 patients managed by one surgeon. Br J Surg 68: 850–855, 1981PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    Zorzitto M, Germanson T, Cummings B, Boyd NF: A method of clinical prognostic staging for patients with rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 25: 759–765, 1982PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Coller FA, Kay EB, Maclntyre RS: Regional lymphatic metastasis in carcinoma of the colon. Am Surg 114: 56–63, 1941Google Scholar
  30. 30.
    Dionne L: The pattern of blood borne metastasis from carcinoma of the rectum. Cancer 18: 775–781, 1965PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    Slaney G: Results of the treatment of carcinoma in the colon and rectum. In: Modern Trends in Surgery. Irwine WT (ed). London. Butterworths 3rd Edn, 1971, pp 69–78Google Scholar
  32. 32.
    Dwight RW, Higgins GA, Keehn RJ: Factors influencing survival after resection in cancer of the colon and rectum. Am J Surg 117: 512–522, 1969PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. 33.
    Morson BC, Vaughan EG, Bussey HJR: Pelvic recurrence after excision of rectum for carcinoma. Br Med J 2: 13–18, 1963PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. 34.
    Gunderson LL, Sosin H: Areas of failure found at reoperation (second or symptomatic look) following ‘curative surgery’ for adenocarcinoma of the rectum. Cancer 34: 1278–1292, 1974PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    Nicholls RJ, Galloway DJ, Mason AY, Boyle P: Clinical local staging of rectal cancer. Br J Surg 72 (suppl): pp 51–52, 1985CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    Grinnell RS: The lymphatic and venous spread of carcinoma of the rectum. Am Surg 112: 138–149, 1940Google Scholar
  37. 37.
    Dukes CE, Bussey HJR: The spread of rectal cancer and its effect on prognosis. Br J Cancer 12: 309–320Google Scholar
  38. 38.
    Broders AC: Carcinoma: Grading and practical application. Arch Pathol 2: 376–381, 1926Google Scholar
  39. 39.
    Grinnell RS: The grading and prognosis of carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Am Surg 109: 500–533, 1939Google Scholar
  40. 40.
    Dukes CE: Cancer of the rectum; an analysis of 1000 cases. J Pathol Bacteriol 50: 527–539, 1940CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Blenkingsopp WK, Stewart-Brown S, Blesovsky L, Kearny G, Fielding LP: Histopathology reporting in large bowel cancer. J Clin Pathol 34: 509–513, 1981CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. 42.
    Quirke P, Dyson JED, Dixon MF, Bird CC, Joslin CAF: Heterogeneity of colorectal adenocarcinomas evaluated by flow cytometry and histopathology. Br J Cancer 51: 99–106, 1985PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    Qualheim RE, Gall EA: Is histopathologic grading of colon cancer a valid procedure? Arch Pathol 56: 466–472, 1953Google Scholar
  44. 44.
    Dukes CE: The classification of cancer of the rectum. J Pathol Bacteriol 35: 323–332, 1932CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. 45.
    Wolley RC, Schreiber K, Koss LG, Karas M, Sherman A: DNA distribution in human colon carcinoma and its relation to clinical behaviour. J Nat Cancer Inst 69: 15–22, 1982PubMedGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Symonds DA, Vickery AL: Mucinous carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Cancer 37: 1891–1900, 1976PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Wood CB, Gillis CR, Hole D, Malcolm AJH, Blumgart LH: Local tumour invasion as a prognostic factor in colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 68: 326–328, 1981PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. 48.
    Talbot IC: The pathology of colorectal cancer and its natural history. In: Recent Results in Cancer Reserach - Colorectal cancer. Duncan W (ed). Heidelberg. Springer-Verlag, 1982, pp 59–66Google Scholar
  49. 49.
    Pihl E, Malahy MA, Khankhanian N et al.: Immunomorphological features of prognostic significance in Dukes’ class B colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Res 37: 4145, 1977PubMedGoogle Scholar
  50. 50.
    Talbot IC, Ritchie S, Leighton MH, Hughes AO, Bussey HJR, Morson BC: The clinical significance of invasion of veins by rectal cancer. Br J Surg 67: 439–442, 1980PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. 51.
    Brown CE, Warren S: Visceral metastasis from rectal carcinoma. Surg Gynecol Obstet 66: 611–621, 1938Google Scholar
  52. 52.
    Taylor I: Colorectal liver metastases - to treat or not to treat. Br J Surg 72: 511–516, 1985PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. 53.
    Wood CB: Natural history of liver metastases. In: Liver Metastases. Van de Velde CJH, Sugarbaker PH (eds). Amsterdam. Martinus Nijhoff, 1984, pp 47–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. 54.
    Gold P, Freedman SO: Demonstration of tumour specific antigens in human colonic carcinomata by immunological tolerance and absorption techniques. J Exp Med 121: 439–462, 1965PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. 55.
    Minton JP, James KK, Hurturbise PE, Rinker L, Joyce S, Martin EW Jr: The use of serial carcinoembryonic antigen determination to predict recurrence of carcinoma of the colon and the time for second-look operation. Surg Gynecol Obstet 147: 208–210, 1978PubMedGoogle Scholar
  56. 56.
    MacCay AM, Patel S, Carter V, Lawrence DJR, Cooper EH, Neville AM: Role of serial plasma CEA assays in detection of recurrent and metastatic colorectal carcinomas. Br Med J 4: 382–385, 1974CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. 57.
    Moertel CG, Schutt AJ, Go VLW: Carcinoembryonic antigen test for recurrent colorectal carcinoma. Inadequacy for early detection. JAMA 239: 1065–1066, 1978PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. 58.
    Staab HJ, Anderer FA, Brümmendorf T, Stumpf E, Fischer R: Prognostic value of pre-operative serum CEA level compared to clinical staging. I Colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 44: 652–662, 1981PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. 59.
    deMello J, Struthers L, Turner R, Cooper EH, Giles GR and the Yorkshire Regional Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Group: Multivariate analysis as aids to diagnosis and assessment of prognosis in gastrointestinal cancer. Br J Cancer 48: 341–348, 1983CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. 60.
    Cooper EH, O’Quigley J: Biochemical markers in colorectal cancer. In: Recent Results in Cancer Research - Colorectal Cancer. Duncan W (ed). Heidelberg. Springer-Verlag, 1982, 67–76Google Scholar
  61. 61.
    Durdey P, Williams NS, Brown DA: Serum carcinoembryonic antigen and acute phase reactant proteins in the pre-operative detection of fixation of colorectal tumours. Br J Surg 71: 881–884, 1984PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. 62.
    Lockhart-Mummery JP: Two hundred cases of cancer of the rectum treated by perineal excision. Br J Surg 14: 110–124, 1926–1927CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. 63.
    Gabriel WB, Dukes C, Bussey HJR: Lymphatic spread in cancer of the rectum. Br J Surg 23: 395–413, 1935CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. 64.
    Astler VB, Coller FA: The prognostic significance of direct extension of carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Am. Surg 139: 846–852, 1954Google Scholar
  65. 65.
    Cox DR: Regression models and life tables. J Stat Soc Br 34: 187–220, 1972Google Scholar
  66. 66.
    Berge T, Ekeland G, Mellner C, Wenckert P: Carcinoma of the colon and rectum in a defined population. Acta Chir Scand (suppl) 438, 1972Google Scholar
  67. 67.
    Gilbertsen VA, Wangensteen OH: A survey of thirteen years experience with the second look program. Surg Gynecol Obstet 114: 438–442, 1962PubMedGoogle Scholar
  68. 68.
    Northover J: Carcinoembryonic antigen and recurrent colorectal cancer. GUT27: 117–122, 1986PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. 69.
    Arnott SJ: Radiotherapy of colorectal cancer. In: Recent Results in Cancer Research. Duncan W (ed). Heidelberg. Springer-Verlag, 1982, 83: 113–125Google Scholar
  70. 70.
    Arnott SJ: Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as an indicator for radical or palliative radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer. Cancer det Prev 6: 155–160, 1983Google Scholar
  71. 71.
    Whitehouse JMA: Chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. In: Recent Results in Cancer Research. Duncan W (ed). Heidelberg. Springer-Verlag, 1982, 83: 126–134Google Scholar
  72. 72.
    Moertel CG: Current concepts in cancer: Chemotherapy of gastrointestinal cancer. N Engl J Med 299: 1049–2052, 1978PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht. 1987

Authors and Affiliations

  • S. J. Arnott

There are no affiliations available

Personalised recommendations