Agricultural Labor and Technological Change in Jordan

  • Zulkuf Aydin
Chapter

Abstract

Only 9% of Jordan receives more than 200 mm of rainfall (Table 1; Figure 1) and is therefore potential agricultural land (NPC 1976). But these areas are generally mountainous and rocky. In the south especially, rainfall and the resulting productivity are highly variable (Qasem and Mitchell 1986; Barham 1979). Of the 364,000 ha of total cultivable land only 10% is irrigated (DOS 1985).

Keywords

Irrigate Area Land Tenure Irrigate Agriculture Family Labor Agricultural Census 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Abdulrahim, S. and Arabiat, S. 1986. Trends and Policies in the Animal Sector. Pages 73–84 in Agricultural Policy in Jordan. (Burrel, A., ed.). London: Ithaca Press.Google Scholar
  2. Abu Howayej. B. 1985. Farm Systems in Irrigated Areas. Pages 89–125 in Agricultural Sector of Jordan: Policy and Systems Studies (Zahlan, A.B., ed.). London: Ithaca Press.Google Scholar
  3. Abu Shaika, A. 1971. Land Tenure in Jordan: A Case Study of the Bani-Hassan Area. MA thesis, American University of Beirut.Google Scholar
  4. Anbar, A.H. 1980. Socio-Economic Aspects of the East Ghor Canal Project. PhD thesis, University of Southampton.Google Scholar
  5. Anbar, A.H. 1984. Changing Land Tenure Patterns in the East Jordan Valley. Paper presented at the workshop on Some Aspects of Agricultural Modernization and their Socio-Economic Impacts, 18–23 May, Amman.Google Scholar
  6. Arabiat, S., Nygaard, D. and Somel, K. 1983. Factors Affecting Wheat Production in Jordan. Aleppo: ICARDA.Google Scholar
  7. Aresvik, O. 1976. The Agricultural Development of Jordan. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
  8. Baer, G. 1957. Land Tenure in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Land Economics 23(3): 167–183.Google Scholar
  9. Baker, M. Jr. and Harza Engineering Company. 1955. Yarmouk Jordan Valley Project: Master Plan Report. Chicago, Illinois.Google Scholar
  10. Barham, N. 1979. Geographical Problems of Dry Farming in Jordan. PhD dissertation, Technische Universitat, Hanover.Google Scholar
  11. Birks, J.S. and Sinclair, C.A. 1978. Country Case Study: The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, International Migration Project. Durham: University of Durham.Google Scholar
  12. Birks, J.S. and Sinclair, C.A. 1980. The Socio-economic Determinants of Intra-regional Migration. Paper presented to the ECWA Conference on International Migration in the Arab World, 11–16 May, Nicosia, Cyprus.Google Scholar
  13. Clawson, M., Landsberg, H.H., and Alexander, L.T. 1971. The Agricultural Potential of the Middle East. New York: Elsevier.Google Scholar
  14. Dajani, J.S. 1979. A Baseline Socio-Economic Study of Southern Ghors and Wadi Araba. USAID: Amman.Google Scholar
  15. Dajani, J.S., Hazelton, J., Rhoda, R. and Sharry, D. 1980. An Interim Evaluation of the Jordan Valley Development Effort: 1973–1980. USAID. Mimeo.Google Scholar
  16. Dajani, J.S. and Murdock, M.S. 1978. Assessing Basic Human Needs in Rural Jordan. USAID. Mimeo.Google Scholar
  17. DOS (Department of Statistics). 1961. The East Jordan Valley: A Social and Economic Survey. Amman: DOS.Google Scholar
  18. DOS (Department of Statistics). 1973. Social and Economic Survey of the East Jordan Valley. Amman: DOS.Google Scholar
  19. DOS (Department of Statistics). 1980. Statistical Yearbook 1979. Amman: DOS.Google Scholar
  20. DOS (Department of Statistics). 1981. Results of the Agricultural Census in the Jordan Valley 1978. Amman: DOS.Google Scholar
  21. DOS (Department of Statistics). 1985. General Results of the Agricultural Census 1983. Amman: DOS.Google Scholar
  22. DOS (Department of Statistics). 1986. Five Year Plan for Economic and Social Development 1986–1990. Amman: DOS.Google Scholar
  23. Dorling, M.J. and Mutlu, S. 1985. Commercialization of New Indigenous Technology in Jordanian Agriculture. Geneva: International Labor Office.Google Scholar
  24. Duwayri, M. 1985. Farm Systems in Rainfed Areas. Pages 126–158 in Agricultural Sector of Jordan: Policy and Systems Studies (Zahlan, A.B., ed.). London: Ithaca Press.Google Scholar
  25. El-Hurani, M.H. 1985a. The Supply of Purchased Agricultural Inputs. Pages 274–287 in Agricultural Sector of Jordan: Policy and Systems Studies (Zahlan, A.B., ed.). London: Ithaca Press.Google Scholar
  26. El-Hurani, M.H. 1985b. The Supply of Agricultural Labor. Pages 68–87 in Agricultural Sector of Jordan: Policy and Systems Studies (Zahlan, A.B., ed.). London: Ithaca Press.Google Scholar
  27. El-Hurani, M.H. and Duwayri, M. 1986. Policies Affecting Field Crop Production in the Rainfed Sector. Pages 55–72 in Agricultural Policy in Jordan (Burrel, A., ed.). London: Ithaca Press.Google Scholar
  28. El-Sherbini, A.A. 1979. Food Security Issues in the Arab Near East. Report for the United Nations Economic Commission for Western Asia. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
  29. El-Zoobi, A.M. 1973. Socio-Economic Survey of the Operator Farmers in the Three Pilot Areas of the Project. Dryland Farming Project Jor/18 Karak. FAO/UNDP. Socio-Economic Series No. 8. Karak: Ministry of Agriculture.Google Scholar
  30. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 1967. Mediterranean Development Project. Jordan Country Report. Rome: FAO.Google Scholar
  31. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 1970. Dryland Farming Jordan: A Socioeconomic Study with Special Reference to Land Tenure Problems in Abu-naseir and Mubis Villages, Baq’a Valley. Technical Report 1. Rome: FAO.Google Scholar
  32. Gadi, A.R. et al. 1975. (Cost of Field Crops in Jordan.) In Arabic. Amman: Ministry of Agriculture.Google Scholar
  33. Goetze, N. 1977. Wheat Improvement Project on Jordan. AID Staff Papers. Amman: USAID.Google Scholar
  34. Gotsch, S.H. 1976. Wheat Price Policy and the Demand for Improved Technology in Jordan’s Rainfed Agriculture. Discussion Paper No. 2. Amman: The Ford Foundation.Google Scholar
  35. Haddad, N. and Arabiat, S. 1985. (Problems and Methods of Growing Lentils in Jordan.) In Arabic. Dirasat (Agricultural Sciences) 12.Google Scholar
  36. Haldorson, L. 1975. Availability of Goods and Services. Pages 162–142 in Jordan Wheat Research and Production (Goetze, N., ed.). Final Report to USAID. Oregon State University.Google Scholar
  37. Hezelton, J.E. 1974. The Impact of the East Ghor Canal Project and Land Consolidation, Distribution and Tenure. Amman: The Royal Scientific Society, Economic Research Department.Google Scholar
  38. Hezelton, J.E. 1978. Social Soundness Analysis of the Jordan Valley Farmers Association Credit Program. Amman: USAID.Google Scholar
  39. IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development). 1957. The Economic Development of Jordan. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.Google Scholar
  40. Kanaan, W. and Attieh, Y. 1972. Jordan: Agricultural Development. Amman: Ministry of Culture and Information.Google Scholar
  41. Khalidi, T. (ed.). 1984. Land Tenure and Social Transformation in the Middle East. Beirut: American University of Beirut.Google Scholar
  42. Kirman, F.X. 1980. The Impact of Labor Migration on the Jordanian Economy. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
  43. Kirman, F. 1982. Labor Exporting in the Middle East; The Jordanian Case. Development and Change 13: 63–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. Kirsch, J.E. 1975. Report to the Government of Jordan on Dryland Farming Extension Programs in the Irbid Project Area. UNDP/FAO Projects, Amman. Mimeo.Google Scholar
  45. Lanzendorfer, M. 1985. Agricultural Mechanization in Jordan. A Study of its Processes in a Socioeconomic Context. Socioeconomic Studies on Rural Development, Volume 62. Gottingen: Edition Heredot.Google Scholar
  46. Luke, H. 1932. The Handbook of Palestine and Transjordan. London: MacMillan.Google Scholar
  47. Mazur, M.P. 1979. Economic Growth and Development in Jordan. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
  48. McClelland, D.H. 1979. Worker Migration and Worker Remittances. Amman: USAID.Google Scholar
  49. MEED (Middle East Economic Digest). 1980. 24(28): 16–18.Google Scholar
  50. Mitchell, M. 1986. Cereal Production and Risk in the Rainfed Sector. Pages 41–54 in Agricultural Policy in Jordan (Burrel, A., ed.). London: Ithaca Press.Google Scholar
  51. MO A (Ministry of Agriculture). 1973. Agricultural Atlas of Jordan. (Prepared by B. Abu Howayej). Amman: MO A.Google Scholar
  52. MOA (Ministry of Agriculture). 1974. Report on Agricultural Zoning by the Department of Agricultural Research and Extension. Mimeo.Google Scholar
  53. MOP (Ministry of Planning). 1986. Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development 1986–1990. Amman: MOP.Google Scholar
  54. NPC (National Planning Council). 1976. Five-Year Plan for Social and Economic Development 1976–1980. Amman: NPC.Google Scholar
  55. Peckover, T.E.F. 1983. Comparisons of Machinery Utilization in the Rainfed Agricultural Areas of Jordan and Australia. The Jordan-Australia Dryland Farming Project, Madaba. Mimeo.Google Scholar
  56. Qasem, S. 1985. Agricultural Research and Extension. Pages 343–411 in the Agricultural Sector of Jordan: Policy and Systems Studies (Zahlan, A.B., ed.). London: Ithaca Press.Google Scholar
  57. Qasem, S. 1986a. Agricultural Land Use Policies. Pages 11–20 in Agricultural Policy in Jordan (Burrell, A., ed.). London: Ithaca Press.Google Scholar
  58. Qasem, S. 1986b. The Size of Agricultural Holding. Pages 21–29 in Agricultural Policy in Jordan (Burrell, A., ed.). London: Ithaca Press.Google Scholar
  59. Qasem, S. 1986c. The Productivity of Irrigated Agriculture. Pages 89–100 in Agricultural Policy in Jordan (Burrell, A., ed.). London: Ithaca Press.Google Scholar
  60. Qasem, S. and Mitchell, M. 1986. The Problems of Rainfed Agriculture. Pages 30–40 in Agricultural Policy in Jordan (Burrell, A., ed.). London: Ithaca Press.Google Scholar
  61. RSS (Royal Scientific Society). 1978. Report on the Study Group on Worker Migration Abroad. Amman: RSS.Google Scholar
  62. RSS (Royal Scientific Society). 1983. Workers Migration Abroad: Socioeconomic Implications for Households in Jordan. Amman: RSS, Economic Research Department.Google Scholar
  63. Saket, B. 1985. The Jordanian Economy. Pages 9–39 in Agricultural Sector of Jordan: Policy and Systems Studies (Zahlan, A.B., ed.). London: Ithaca Press.Google Scholar
  64. Salt, A. and Keeley, W. 1976. Manpower Developments in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan with Special Reference to East Jordan Valley. Washington, D.C.: US Department of Labor.Google Scholar
  65. Seccombe, I.J. 1980. Jordanian Labor Migration: The Impact on Domestic Development. MA thesis, University of Durham.Google Scholar
  66. Seccombe, I.J. 1981. Manpower and Migration: The Effects of International Migration on Agricultural Development in the East Jordan Valley, 1973–1980. Durham: University of Durham.Google Scholar
  67. Sharab, H. 1975. Agro-economic Aspects of Tenancy in the East Jordan Valley 1975. Amman: Royal Scientific Society, Agricultural Economic Research Division.Google Scholar
  68. Snobar, B.A. 1984. Some Special Aspects of Farm Mechanization in Jordan. Paper presented at the workshop on Some Aspects of Agricultural Modernization and their Socio-Economic Impacts, 18–23 May, Amman.Google Scholar
  69. Snobar, B.A. and Arabiat, S.M. 1983. Mechanization of Agriculture and Socioeconomic Development in Jordan. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jordan. Mimeo.Google Scholar
  70. Steitieh, A.M. and Musa, A.H. 1980. Vegetables Grown under Plastic Covers and Drip Irrigation Systems in the East Jordan Valley. Amman: University of Jordan.Google Scholar
  71. Steitieh, A.M. and Musa, A.H. 1983. Some Aspects of Technological Development in the Farming Systems of the East Jordan Valley 1977–1980. Dirasat (Agricultural Sciences) 10(1): 67–89.Google Scholar
  72. Taqieddin, N. 1985. Agricultural Credit and Finance. Pages 288–324 in Agricultural Sector of Jordan: Policy and Systems Studies (Zahlan, A.B., ed.). London: Ithaca Press.Google Scholar
  73. Taqieddin, N. 1986. Agricultural Credit. Pages 101–107 in Agricultural Policy in Jordan (Burrell, A., ed.). London: Ithaca Press.Google Scholar
  74. UNDP/FAO (United Nations Development Project/Food and Agriculture Organization). 1970. Dry-Land Farming: A Socioeconomic Study with Special Reference to Land Tenure Problems in Abu-Nasiev and Mublis Villages, Baq’a Valley. Report prepared for the Government of Jordan. Rome: FAO.Google Scholar
  75. UNRWA (United Nations Relief and Works Agency). 1957. Jordan Valley Land Tenure Survey. Amman: UNRWA.Google Scholar
  76. Warriner, D. 1962. Land Reform and Development in the Middle East 2nd edition. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© ICARDA 1990

Authors and Affiliations

  • Zulkuf Aydin
    • 1
  1. 1.Institute of Archaeology and AnthropologyYarmouk UniversityIrbidJordan

Personalised recommendations