Abstract
An objective observer tracking the literature relevant to the science of cancer treatment might conclude that all the important questions are now being engendered by advances in molecular biology. Whereas, in the last three decades, mathematicians, physicists and engineers led mankind in an exploration of the solar system, it will, so the molecular biologists argue, be a biology-driven space programme — one targeted at the innermost recesses of the cell itself — which will finally unravel the mysteries of the malignant state. However, even if the new biological revolution generates leaders with the vision of an Einstein or the imagination of an Arthur C. Clarke, it is unlikely that the power of molecular biology alone will give sufficient insights into how the disease might be cured even if it is fully understood.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Lomax, N. R. and Narayanan, V. L. (1988). Chemical Structures of Interest to the Division of Cancer Treatment, Vol. VI. (Bethesda: Drug Synthesis and Chemistry Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, National Cancer Institute )
De Pass, J. and Wood-Gush, G. (1990). In Pharmaceutical Industry Perspectives. (London: Barclays de Zoete Wedd)
Tisdale, M. J. (1991). Cancer cachexia. Br. J. Cancer, 63, 337–342
Bibby, M. C., Double, J. A., Ali, S. A., Fearon, K. C. H., Brennan, R. A. and Tisdale M. J. (1987). Characterisation of a transplantable adenocarcinoma of the mouse producing cachexia in recipient animals. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 78, 539–544
Tisdale, M. J. and Beck, S. A. (10991). Inhibition of tumour-induced lipolysis in vitro and cachexia and tumour growth in vivo by eicosapentaenoic acid. Biochem. Pharmacol., 41,103–107
Smoluk, G. D., Fahey, R. C., Calabro-Jones, P. M., Aguilera, J. A. and Ward, J. F. (1988). Radioprotection of cells in culture by WR-2721 and derivatives: form of the drug responsible for protection. Cancer Res., 48, 3641–3647
Barnes, J. M., Barnes, N. M., Costall, B. and Naylor, R. J. (1991). Development of 5HT3 receptor antagonists as anti-emetics. Pharm. J., 112–114
Brown, R. and Kaye, S. B. (1990). Drug resistance and the problem of treatment failure. In Ponder, B. A. J. and Waring, M. J. (eds.) The Science of Cancer Treatment, pp. 55 - 82. ( Lancaster: Kluwer Academic Publishers )
Marx, J. L. (1986). Drug resistance of cancer cells probed. Science, 234, 818–820
Pennock, G. D., Dalton, W. S., Roeske, W. R., Appleton, C. P., Mosley, K., Plezia, P., Miller, T. P. and Salmon, S. E. (1991). Systemic toxic effects associated with high-dose verapamil infusion and chemotherapy administration. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 83, 105–110
Foster, B. J., Grotzinger, K. R., McKoy, W. M., Rubinstein, L. V. and Hamilton, T. C. (1988). Modulation of induced resistance to adriamycin in two human breast cancer cell lines with tamoxifen or perhexilene maleate. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 22, 147–152
Twentyman, P. R., Fox, N. E. and White, D. J. G. (1987). Cyclosporin A and its analogues as modifiers of adriamycin and vincristine resistance in a multi-drug resistant human lung cancer cell line. Br. J. Cancer, 56, 55–57
Watanabe, Y., Takano, H., Kiue, A., Kohno, K. and Kuwano, M. (1991). Potentiation of etoposide and vincristine by two synthetic 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives in multidrug-resistant and atypical multidrug-resistant human cancer cells. Anti-cancer Drug Design, 6, 47–58
Pegg, A. E. (1990). Mammalian O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase: regulation and importance in response to alkylating carcinogenic and therapeutic agents. Cancer Res., 50, 6119–6129
Yarosh, D. B., Barnes, D. and Erickson, L. C. (1986). Transfection of DNA from a chloroethylnitrosourea-resistant tumour cell line (Mer+) to a sensitive tumour cell line (Mer-) results in a tumour cell line resistant to MNNG and CNU that has increased O6-methylguanine- DNA methyltransferease levels and reduced levels of DNA interstrand crosslinking. Carcinogenesis(London), 7, 1603–1606
Lee, S. M., Thatcher, N. and Margison, G. P. (1991). O6-Alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase depletion and regeneration in human peripheral lymphocytes following dacarbazine and fotemustine. Cancer Res., 51, 619–623
Dolan, M. E., Moschel, R. C. and Pegg, A. E. (1990). Depletion of mammalian O6- alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase activity by O6-benzylguanine provides a means to evaluate the role of this protein in protection against carcinogenic and therapeutic alkylating agents. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 5368–5372
Hickman, J. A., Stevens, M. F. G., Gibson, N. W., Langdon, S. P., Fizames, C., Lavelle, F., Atassi, G., Lunt, E. and Tilson, R. M. (1985). Experimental antitumour activity against murine tumor model systems of 8-carbamoyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)imidazo[5,l-d]-l,2,3,5- tetrazin-4(3H)-one (Mitozolomide), a novel broad spectrum agent. Cancer Res., 45, 3008–3013
Newlands, E. S., Blackledge, G., Slack, J. A., Goddard, C., Brindley, C. J., Holden, L. and Stevens, M. F. G. (1985). Phase I clinical trial of mitozolomide. Cancer Treatment Rep. 69, 801–805
Boyd, M. R. (1989). Status of the NCI preclinical antitumor drug discovery screen. Principles Pract. Oncol., 3, 1–12
Bagshawe, K. D. (1987). Antibody directed enzymes revive anticancer prodrugs concept. Br. J. Cancer, 56, 531–532
Coghlan, A. (1991). A second chance for antibodies. New Scientist, 9th February, 34–39
Robertson, M. (1986). Gene therapy: desperate appliances. Nature (London), 320, 213–214
Kinnon, C. and Levinsky, R. J. (1990). Gene therapy for cancer. Eur. J. Cancer, 26, 638–640
Wang, C. Y. and Huang, L. (1989). Highly efficient DNA delivery mediated by pH-sensitive immunoliposomes. Biochemistry, 28, 9508–9514
Yang, N.-S., Burkholder, J., Roberts, B., Martinell, B. and McCabe, D. (1990). In vivoand in vitrogene transfer to mammalian somatic cells by particle bombardment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87, 9568–9572
Kelly, S. A., Malik, S. and Balkwill, F. R. (1990). Cytokine therapy. In Ponder, B. A. J. and Waring, M. J. (eds.) The Science of Cancer Treatment, pp. 127–159. ( Lancaster: Kluwer Academic Publishers )
Wadler, S. and Schwartz, E. L. (1990). Antineoplastic activity of the combination of interferon and cytotoxic agents against experimental human malignancies: A review. Cancer Res., 50, 3473–3486
Coley, W. B. (1893). The treatment of malignant tumors by repeated innoculations of erysipelas with a report of ten original cases. Am. J. Med. Sci., 105, 487–511
Weisenthal, L. M., Dill, P. L. and Pearson, F. C. (1991). Effect of prior cancer chemotherapy on human tumor-specific cytotoxicity in vitroin response to immunopotentiating biologic response modifiers. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 83, 37–42
Satoh, M., Inagawa, H., Shimada, Y., Soma, G.-I., Oshima, H. and Mizuno, D. (1987). Endogenous production of tumor necrosis factor in normal mice and human cancer patients by interferons and other cytokines combined with biological response modifiers of bacterial origin. J. Biol. Response Modifiers, 6, 512–514
Okutomi, T., Inagawa, H., Nishizawa, T., Oshima, H., Soma, G.-I. and Mizuno, D. (1990). Priming effect of orally administered muramyl dipeptide on induction of endogenous tumor necrosis factor. J. Biol. Response Modifiers, 9, 564–569
Bibby, M.C., Phillips, R.M., Double, J.A. and Pratesi, G. (1991). Anti-tumour activity of flavone acetic acid (NSC-347512) in mice - influence of immune status. Br. J. Cancer, 63, 57–62
Futami, H., Hornung, R. L., Back, T. T., Bull, R., Grays, E. and Wiltrout, R. H. (1990). Systemic alkanization inhibits the ability of flavone acetic acid to augment natural killer activity, induce cytokine gene expression, and synergize with interleukin-2 for the treatment of murine renal cancer. Cancer Res., 50, 7926–7931
Urba, W., Longo, D. L., Lombardo, F. A., and Weiss, R. B. (1988). Enhancement of natural killer activity in human peripheral blood by flavone acetic acid. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 80, 521–525
Kerr, D. J., Kaye, S. B., Cassidy, J., Bradley, C., Rankin, E. M., Adams, L., Setanoians, A., Young, T., Forrest, G., Soukop, M. and Clavel, M. (1987). Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of flavone acetic acid. Cancer Res., 47, 6776–6781
Mayer, G. D., Krueger, R. F., Betts, R. F., Douglas, R. G., Breinig, M. C. and Morahan, P. S. (1980). In Stringfellow, D. A. (ed.) Interferon and Interferon Inducers: Clinical Applications. (New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. )
Srikishnan, T. (1990). Structural studies of immunomodulators. Part 2. Crystal structure and conformation of azimexon (BM 12.531) an immunostimulant and an anti-tumor drug. Anti- Cancer Drug Design, 5, 213–220
Larsson, E.-L., Joki, A. and Stålhandski, T. (1987). Mechanism of action of the new immunomodulator LS 2616 on T cell responses. Int. J. Immunopharmacol., 9, 425–431
Kalland, T., Aim, G. and Stålhandski, T. (1985). Augmentation of mouse natural killer cell activity by LS 2616, a new Immunomodulator. J. Immunol., 134, 3956–3961
Li, L. H., Wallace, T. L., Wierenga, W., Stulnick, H. I. and DeKoning, T. F. (1987). Antitumour activity of pyrimidinones, a class of small molecule biological response modifiers. J. Biol. Response Modifiers, 6, 44–55
Scherina, M., Ijzermans, J. N. M., Jeekel, J. and Marquet, R. L. (1990). The antitumour activity of the interferon inducer bropirimine is partially mediated by endogenous tumour necrosis factor α. Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 32, 251–255
Weistenthal, L. M., Dill, P. L. and Pearson, F. C. (1991). Effect of prior cancer chemotherapy on human tumor-specific cytotoxicity in vitroin response to immunopotentiating biologic response modifiers. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 83, 37–42
Moertel, C. G., Fleming, T. R., MacDonald, J. S., Haller, D. G., Laurie, J. A., Goodman P. J., Ungerleider, J. S., Emerson, W. A., Tormey, D. C., Glick, J. H., Veeder, M. H. and Mailliard, J. A. (1990). Levamisole and fluorouracil for adjuvant therapy of resected colon carcinoma. N. Eng. J. Med., 322, 352–358
Kalland, T. (1986). Effects of immunomodulator LS 2616 on growth and metastasis of the murine B16-F10 melanoma. Cancer Res., 46, 3018–3022
Vane, J. and Cuatrecasas, P. (1984). Genetic engineering and pharmaceuticals. Nature (London), 312, 303–305
Wüthrich, K. (1989) Protein structure determination in solution by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Science, 243, 45–50
Sternberg, M. J. E. and Zvelebil, M. J. J. M. (1990). Prediction of protein structure from sequence. Eur. J. Cancer, 26, 1163–1166
Blundell, T. (1990). Designer drags head for the market place. New Scientist, 9th June, 61–64
Workman, P. (1990). The cell membrane and cell signals: New targets for novel anticancer agents. Ann. Oncol., 1, 100–111
Powis, G., Hickman, J. A., Workman, P., Tritton, T. R., Abita, J. P., Berdel, W. E., Gescher, A., Moses, H. L. and Nicolson, G. L. (1990). The cell membrane and cell signals as targets in cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Res., 50, 2203–2211
Ptashne, M. (1986). Gene regulation by proteins acting nearby and at a distance. Nature (London), 322, 697–701
Maher, L. J., Wold, B. and Dervan, P. B. (1989). Inhibition of DNA binding proteins by oligonucleotide-directed triple helix formation. Science, 245, 725–730
. Strobel, S. A. and Dervan, P. B. (1991). Single-site enzymatic cleavage of yeast genomic DNA mediated by triple helix formation. Nature (London), 350, 172–174
Hélène, C. and Toulmé, J.-J. (1990). Specific regulation of gene expression by antisense, sense and antigene nucleic acids. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1049, 99–125
Stein, C. A. and Cohen, J. S. (1988). Oligonucleotides as inhibitors of gene expression: a review. Cancer Res., 48, 2659–2668
Rothenberg, M., Johnson, G., Laughlin, C., Green, I., Cradock, J., Sarver, N. and Cohen, J. S. (1989). Oligonucleotides as anti-sense inhibitors of gene expression: therapeutic implications. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 81, 1539–1544
Thurston, D. E. and Thompson, A. S. (1990). The molecular recognition of DNA. Chem. Britain, 26, 767–772
Clark, A. S., Stevens, M. F. G., Sansom, C. E. and Sehwalbe, C. H. (1990). Anti-tumour imidazotetrazines. Part XXI. Mitozolomide and temozolomide: probes for the major groove of DNA. Anti-Cancer Drug Design, 5, 63–68
Armstrong, R. W., Beau, J. N., Cheon, S. H., Christ, W. J., Fujioka, H., Ham, W. H., Hawkins, L. D., Jin H., Kang, S. H., Kishi, Y., Martinelli, M. J., McWhorter, W. W., Mizuno, M., Nakata, M., Stutz, A. E., Talamas, F. X., Taniguchi, M., Tino, J. A., Ueda, K., Uerishi, J., White, J. B. and Yonaga, M. (1989). Total synthesis of palytoxin carboxylic acid and palytoxin amide. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111, 7530–7533, and references quoted therein
Nicolaou, K. C., Skokotas, G., Furuya, S., Suemune, H. and Nicolaou, D. C. (1990). Golfomycin A, a novel designed molecule with DNA-cleaving properties and antitumour activity. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 29, 1064–1068
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Stevens, M.F.G. (1992). Is there a future for the small molecule in developmental cancer chemotherapy?. In: Waring, M.J., Ponder, B.A.J. (eds) The Search for New Anticancer Drugs. Cancer Biology and Medicine, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0385-2_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0385-2_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6659-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-0385-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive