The Precambrian Geology of the North China Craton: A Review and Update of the Key Issues

Chapter
First Online:
Part of the Modern Approaches in Solid Earth Sciences book series (MASE, volume 7)

Abstract

This paper reviews current thinking with respect to the main issues concerning the nature and evolution of the North China Craton (NCC). Because literature on the NCC is so voluminous, it of necessity focuses on specific aspects that have wider applicability to the nature of Precambrian cratons in general. The assembly of the craton is examined and opposing views evaluated. The overall distribution of Precambrian rocks is placed within the favoured model for subdividing the craton, and recent advances in determining the ages of key lithological associations are presented. The more controversial topic of where the NCC was placed in the Nuna/Columbia and Rodinia supercontinents is canvassed, although no definitive conclusions can be drawn. Finally, the removal of continental lithosphere from beneath the eastern part of the craton in the Phanerozoic is briefly examined, since this phenomenon has wider implications for the global preservation of Precambrian crust.

Keywords

North China Craton Detrital Zircon Precambrian Rock Mafic Granulite Supracrustal Rock 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Notes

Acknowledgements

I wish to thank two important ladies of Chinese Geology—both now retired—for first introducing me to the geology of China. Prof. Kaiyi Wang of the Chinese Academy of Sciences invited me to work in the North China Craton at Wutaishan and Prof Jinglan Liu of the Harbin Institute of Geology introduced me to the Central Asian Orogenic Belt via the Jiamusi Massif. This was in 1992—and I am pleased to say that I have had the most rewarding experience of working regularly in both areas over the past twenty years. I also want to acknowledge Fuyuan Wu, Guochun Zhao, Jinhui Yang and Jianbo Zhou for their friendship, encouragements and invaluable assistance over many years.

References

  1. Bai J (1993) The Precambrian geology and Pb–Zn mineralization in the northern margin of North China Platform. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, pp 47–89 (in Chinese with English abstract)Google Scholar
  2. Bai J, Dai FY (1998) Archean crust of China. In: Ma XY, Bai J (eds) Precambrian crust evolution of China. Springer–Geological Publishing House, Beijing, pp 15–86Google Scholar
  3. Bhowmik SK, Wilde SA, Bhandari A (2011) Zircon U-Pb/Lu-Hf and monazite chemical dating of the Tirodi biotite gneiss: implication for latest palaeoproterozoic to early mesoproterozoic orogenesis in the Central Indian Tectonic Zone. Geological Journal 46:1–23Google Scholar
  4. Cheng SU, Kusky T (2007) Komatiites from west Shandong, North China craton: implications for plume tectonics. Gondwana Res 12:77–83Google Scholar
  5. Cheng YQ (1994) Outline of regional geology of China. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, p 517Google Scholar
  6. Condie KC (2002) Breakup of a paleoproterozoic supercontinent. Gondwana Res 5:41–43Google Scholar
  7. Condie KC, Allen P, Narayana BL (1982) Geochemistry of the Archean low- to high-grade transition zone, southern India. Contrib Mineral Petrol 81:157–167Google Scholar
  8. Dalziel IWD (1991) Pacific margins of Laurentia and East Antarctic–Australia as a conjugate rift pair: evidence and implications for an Eocambrian supercontinent. Geology 19:598–601Google Scholar
  9. Dalziel IWD (1997) Neoproterozoic-paleozoic geography and tectonics: review, hypothesis, environmental speculation. Geological Society America Bulletin 108:16–42Google Scholar
  10. Davis GA, Qian X, Zheng Y, Yu H, Wang C, Mao TH, Gehrels GE, Muhammad S, Fryxell JE (1996) Mesozoic deformation and plutonism in the Yunmeng Shan: a Chinese metamorphic core complex north of Beijing, China. In: Yin A, Harrison TM (eds) The tectonic evolution of Asia. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 253–280Google Scholar
  11. Faure M, Lin W, Monie P, Bruguier O (2004) Palaeoproterozoic arc magmatism and collision in Liaodong Peninsula (north-east China). Terra Nova 16:75–80Google Scholar
  12. Faure M, Trap P, Lin W, Le Breton N, Bruguier O, Monie P (2006) Structure and tectonic evolution of the Lüliangshan (Shanxi Province, China): a key area for the understanding of the Paleoproterozoic. Trans-North China Belt. 2006 IAGR Annual convention and international conference, Hong Kong, (Abstracts), pp 53–54Google Scholar
  13. Faure M, Trap P, Lin W, Monie P, Bruguier O (2007) Polyorogenic evolution of the paleoproterozoic trans-north China belt, new insights from the Lüliangshan-Hengshan-Wutaishan and Fuping massifs. Episodes 30:1–12Google Scholar
  14. Gao S, Luo T-C, Zhang B-R, Zhang H-F, Han Y-W, Hu Y-K, Zhao Z-D (1998a) Chemical composition of the continental crust as revealed by studies in East China. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62:1959–1975Google Scholar
  15. Gao S, Zhang B-R, Jin Z-M, Kern H, Luo T-C, Zhao Z-D (1998b) How mafic is the lower continental crust? Earth Planet Sci Lett 161:101–117Google Scholar
  16. Gao S, Rudnick RL, Carlson RW, McDonough WF, Liu YS (2002) Re-Os evidence for replacement of ancient mantle lithosphere beneath the North China Craton. Earth Planet Sci Lett 198:307–322Google Scholar
  17. Gao S, Rudnick RL, Yuan H-L, Liu X-M, Liu Y-S, Xu W-L, Ling W-L, Ayers J, Wang X-C, Wang Q-H (2004) Recycling lower continental crust in the North China craton. Nature 432:892–897Google Scholar
  18. Geng YS, Wan YS, Shen QH, Li HM, Zhang RX (2000) Chronological framework of the early Precambrian important events in the Lüliang Area, Shanxi Province. Acta Geol Sin 74:216–223Google Scholar
  19. Geng YS, Du LL, Ren LD (2012) Growth and reworking of the early Precambrian continental crust in the North China Craton: constraints from zircon Hf isotopes. Gondwana Res 21:517–529Google Scholar
  20. Griffin WL, Zhang AD, O’Reilly SY, Ryan CG (1998) Phanerozoic evolution of the lithosphere beneath the Sino-Korean craton. In: Flower MFJ, Chung SL, Lo CH, Lee TY (eds) Mantle dynamics and plate interactions in East Asia, vol 100. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D. C., (Geodynamics Series) pp 107–126.Google Scholar
  21. Guan H, Sun M, Wilde SA, Zhou XH, Zhai MG (2002) SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronology of the fuping complex: implications for formation and assembly of the North China Craton. Precambr Res 113:1–18Google Scholar
  22. Guo JH, Sun M, Chen FK, Zhai MG (2003) SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronology of high-pressure granulites in the Sanggan area, North China Craton: Timing of Paleoproterozoic continental collision. In: Kehelpannala KVW (ed) Proceedings of the IGCP-440 and legends international symposium and field workshop on “The role of Sri Lanka in Rodinia and Gondwana assembly and breakup”. Centenary Publication, Geological Survey & Mines Bureau, Sri Lanka, pp. 56–61Google Scholar
  23. Guo JH, Sun M, Zhai MG (2005) Sm-Nd and SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronology of high-pressure granulites in the Sanggan area, North China Craton: timing of Paleoproterozoic continental collision. J Asian Earth Sci 24:629–642Google Scholar
  24. Guo JH, Zhao GC, Chen Y, Peng P, Windley BF, Sun M (2008) Highly silica- undersaturated sapphirine granulites from the Daqingshan area of the Western Block, North China Craton: Palaeoproterozoic UHT Metamorphism and Tectonic Implications. Gondwana 13, September 2008, China, pp. 63–64 (program & abstracts)Google Scholar
  25. He GP, Ye HW (1998) Two types of early proterozoic metamorphism in the Eastern Liaoning and Southern Jilin provinces and their tectonic implications. Acta Petrologica Sinica 14:152–162 (in Chinese with English abstract)Google Scholar
  26. He GP, Lu LZ, Ye HW, Jin SQ, Ye TS (1992) Metamorphic evolution of early precambrian rocks in the eastern Hebei and Inner Mongolia regions. Jilin University Press, ChangchunGoogle Scholar
  27. He YH, Zhao GC, Sun M, Wilde SA (2008) Geochemistry, isotope systematics and petrogenesis of the volcanic rocks in the Zhongtiao Mountain: an alternative interpretation for the evolution of the southern margin of the North China Craton. Lithos 102:157–178Google Scholar
  28. Hoffman FP (1991) Did breakout of Laurentia turn Gondwana inside-out? Science 252:1409–1411Google Scholar
  29. Howell DG (1995) Principles of Terranes analysis, second edition. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 232Google Scholar
  30. Hu NG (1994) Evolution of Helanshan complex. Xi’an Atlas Press, Xi’anGoogle Scholar
  31. Huang JQ (1977) The basic outline of China tectonics. Acta Geol Sin 52:117–135Google Scholar
  32. Huang X, Bai Z, DePaolo DJ (1986) Sm-Nd isotope study of early Archean rocks, Qianan, Hebei Province, China. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 50:625–631Google Scholar
  33. Jahn BM, Auvray B, Cornichet J, Bai YD, Shen QH, Liu DY (1987) 3.5 Ga old amphibolites from eastern Hebei Province, China: field occurrence, petrography, Sm–Nd isochron age and REE geochemistry. Precambr Res 34:311–346Google Scholar
  34. Kröner A, Compston W, Zhang GW, Guo AL, Todt W (1988) Ages and tectonic setting of late Archean greenstone–gneiss terrain in Henan Province, China, as revealed by single-grain zircon dating. Geology 16:211–215Google Scholar
  35. Kröner A, Cui WY, Wang SQ, Wang CQ, Nemchin AA (1998) Single zircon ages from high-grade rocks of the Jianping Complex, Liaoning Province, NE China. J Asian Earth Sci 16:519–532Google Scholar
  36. Kröner A, Wilde SA, Li JH, Wang KY (2005a) Age and evolution of a late Archaean to early Palaeozoic upper to lower crustal section in the Wutaishan/Hengshan/Fuping terrain of northern China. J Asian Earth Sci 24:577–595Google Scholar
  37. Kröner A, Wilde SA, O’Brien PJ, Li JH, Passchier CW, Walte NP, Liu DY (2005b) Field relationships, geochemistry, zircon ages and evolution of a late Archaean to Palaeoproterozoic lower crustal section in the Hengshan terrain of northern China. Acta Geol Sin 79:605–629Google Scholar
  38. Kröner A, Wilde SA, Zhao GC, O’Brien PJ, Sun M, Liu DY, Wan YS, Liu SW, Guo JH (2006) Zircon geochronology and metamorphic evolution of mafic dykes in the Hengshan complex of northern China: evidence for late Palaeoproterozoic extension and subsequent high-pressure metamorphism in the North China Craton. Precambr Res 146:45–67Google Scholar
  39. Kusky TM (2011) Geophysical and geological tests of tectonic models of the North China Craton. Gondwana Res 20:26–35Google Scholar
  40. Kusky TM, Li JH (2003) Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the North China Craton. J Asian Earth Sci 22:383–397Google Scholar
  41. Kusky TM, Li ZH, Glass A, Huang HA (2004) Archean ophiolites and ophiolite fragments of the North China Craton. In: Kusky TM (ed) Precambrian ophiolites and related rocks: developments in precambrian geology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 223–274Google Scholar
  42. Kusky TM, Li JH (2008) Note on the paper by G.C. Zhao, S. A. Wilde, S.Z. Li, M. Sun, M. L. Grant and X.P. Li, 2007, “U–Pb zircon age constraints on the Dongwanzi ultramafic–mafic body, North China, confirm it is not an Archean ophiolite”. Earth Planet Sci Lett 273:227–230Google Scholar
  43. Kusky TM, Li JH, Tucker RD (2001) The Archean Dongwanzi ophiolite complex, North China Craton: 2.505-billion-year-old oceanic crust and mantle. Science 292:1142–1145Google Scholar
  44. Kusky TM, Zhi XC, Li JH, Xia QX, Raharimahefa T, Huang XN (2007a) Chondritic osmium isotopic composition of Archean ophiolitic mantle, North China craton. Gondwana Res 12:67–76Google Scholar
  45. Kusky TM, Li JH, Santosh M (2007b) The Paleoproterozoic North Hebei Orogen: North China craton’s collisional suture with the Columbia supercontinent. Gondwana Res 12:4–28Google Scholar
  46. Li JH, Kusky TM (2007) A late Archean foreland fold and thrust belt in the North China Craton: implications for early collisional tectonics. In: Zhai MG, Xiao WJ, Kusky TM, Santosh M (eds) Tectonic evolution of China and adjacent crustal fragments. Gondwana Research 12:47–66Google Scholar
  47. Li SZ, Zhao GC (2007) SHRIMP U–Pb zircon geochronology of the Liaoji granitoids: constraints on the evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Jiao-Liao-Ji belt in the Eastern Block of the North China Craton. Precambr Res 158:1–16Google Scholar
  48. Li X, Zhang L, Powell CMc (1996) Positions of the East Asian cratons in the Neoproterozoic supercontinent Rodinia. Aust J Earth Sci 43:593–604Google Scholar
  49. Li JH, Qian XL, Zhai MG (1997) The tectonic division of North China granulite facies belt and its early Precambrian tectonic evolution. Scientia Geologica Sinica 32:254–266Google Scholar
  50. Li JH, Kröner A, Qian XL, O’Brien P (2000) Tectonic evolution of an early Precambrian high-pressure granulite belt in the North China Craton. Acta Geol Sin 74:246–258Google Scholar
  51. Li JH, Kusky TM, Huang XN (2002) Archean podiform chromitites and mantle tectonites in ophiolitic mélange, North China Craton: a record of early oceanic mantle processes. GSAToday 12:4–11Google Scholar
  52. Li SZ, Zhao GC, Sun M, Han ZZ, Hao DF, Luo Y, Xia XP (2005) Deformation history of the Paleoproterozoic Liaohe Group in the Eastern Block of the North China Craton. J Asian Earth Sci 24:659–674Google Scholar
  53. Li SZ, Zhao GC, Sun M, Han ZZ, Zhao GT, Hao DF (2006) Are the South and North Liaohe groups of North China Craton different exotic terranes? Nd isotope constraints. Gondwana Res 9:198–208Google Scholar
  54. Li SZ, Zhao GC, Wilde SA, Zhang J, Sun M, Zhang GW, Dai LM (2010) Deformation history of the Hengshan–Wutai–Fuping complexes: implications for the evolution of the Trans-North China Orogen. Gondwana Res 18:611–631Google Scholar
  55. Liu DY, Nutman AP, Compston W, Wu JS, Shen QH (1992) Remnants of 3800 crust in the Chinese Part of the Sino-Korean craton. Geology 20:339–342Google Scholar
  56. Liu SW, Pan PM, Xie QL, Zhang J, Li QG (2004) Archean geodynamics in the central zone, North China Craton: constraints from geochemistry of two contrasting series of granitoids in the Fuping and Wutai complexes. Precambr Res 130:229–249Google Scholar
  57. Liu SW, Zhao GC, Wilde SA, Shu GM, Sun M, Li QG, Tian W, Zhang J (2006) Th-U-Pb monazite geochronology of the Lüliang and Wutai Complexes: constraints on the tectonothermal evolution of the Trans-North China Orogen. Precambr Res 148:205–225Google Scholar
  58. Liu DY, Wan YS, Wu JS, Wilde SA, Zhou HY, Dong CY, Yin XY (2007) Eoarchean rocks and zircons in the North China Craton. In: van Kranendonk M, Smithies RH, Bennett V (eds) Earth’s oldest rocks. Elsevier Series ‘Developments in Precambrian Geology’ 15:251–273.Google Scholar
  59. Liu DY, Wilde SA, Wan YS, Wu JS, Zhou HY, Dong CY, Yin XY (2008) New U-Pb and Hf isotopic data confirm Anshan as the oldest preserved part of the North China Craton. Am J Sci 308:200–231Google Scholar
  60. Liu CH, Zhao GC, Sun M, Zhang J, He YH, Yin CQ, Wu FY, Yang JH (2011a) U-Pb and Hf isotopic study of detrital zircons from the Hutuo group in the Trans-North China Orogen and tectonic implications. Gondwana Res 20:106–121Google Scholar
  61. Liu CH, Zhao GC, Liu FL, Sun M, Zhang J, Yin CQ (2011b) Zircons U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopic and whole-rock geochemical constraints on the Gantaohe Group in the Zanhuang complex: implications for the tectonic evolution of the Trans-North China Orogen. Lithos 146–147:80–92Google Scholar
  62. Lu XP, Wu FY, Guo JH, Wilde SA, Yang JH, Liu XM, Zhang XO (2006) Zircon U–Pb geochronological constraints on the Paleoproterozoic crustal evolution of the Eastern block in the North China Craton. Precambr Res 146:138–164Google Scholar
  63. Luo Y, Sun M, Zhao GC, Li SZ, Xu P, Ye K, Xia XP (2004) LAICP- MS U–Pb zircon ages of the Liaohe Group in the Eastern Block of the North China Craton: constraints on the evolution of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt. Precambr Res 134:349–371Google Scholar
  64. Luo Y, Sun M, Zhao GC, Li SZ, Ayers JC, Xia XP, Zhang JH (2008) A comparison of U–Pb and Hf isotopic compositions of detrital zircons from the North and South Liaohe Groups: Constraints on the evolution of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, North China Craton. Precambr Res 163:279–306Google Scholar
  65. Ma XY, Wu ZW (1981) Early tectonic evolution of China. Precambr Res 14:185–202Google Scholar
  66. Ma XY, Bai J, Shuo ST, Lao QY, Zhang JS (1987) The early Precambrian tectonic framework of China and research methods. Geological Publishing Press, BeijingGoogle Scholar
  67. McKenzie D, Priestley K (2008) The influence of lithospheric thickness variations on continental evolution. Lithos 102:1–11Google Scholar
  68. McMenamin MAS, McMenamin DLS (1990) The emergence of animals: the Cambrian breakthrough. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 217Google Scholar
  69. Menzies MA, Fan WM, Zhang M (1993) Palaeozoic and Cenozoic lithoprobe and the loss of >120km of Archean lithosphere, Sino-Korean craton, China. In: Prichard HM, Alabaster T, Harris NBW, Neary CR (eds) Magmatic processes and plate tectonics. Geological Society London, Special Publication 76:71–81Google Scholar
  70. Metcalfe I (1996) Gondwanaland dispersion, Asian accretion and evolution of eastern Tethys. Aust J Earth Sci 43:605–623Google Scholar
  71. O’Brien PJ, Walte N, Li JH (2005) The petrology of two distinct granulite types in the Hengshan Mts, China, and tectonic implications. J Asian Earth Sci 24:615–627Google Scholar
  72. O’Reilly SY, Griffin WL, Poudjom Djomani YH, Morgan P (2001) Are lithospheres forever? Tracking changes in subcontinental lithospheric mantle through time. GSA Today 11:4–10Google Scholar
  73. Peng P, Zhai M-G, Zhang H-F, Guo J-H (2005) Geochronological constraints on the Paleoproterozoic evolution of the North China craton: SHRIMP zircon ages of different types of mafic dikes. International Geology Review 47:492–508Google Scholar
  74. Peng P, Zhai M-G, Guo J-H (2006) 1.80–1.75 Ga mafic dyke swarms in the central North China craton: implications for a plume-related break-up event. In: Hanski E, Mertanen S, Ramö T, Vuollo J (eds) Dyke Swarms—time markers of crustal evolution. A.A. Balkema PublishersGoogle Scholar
  75. Peng P, Zhai MG, Guo JH, Kusky T, Zhao TP (2007) Nature of mantle source contributions and crystal differentiation in the petrogenesis of the 1.78 Ga mafic dykes in the central North China craton. Gondwana Res 12:29–46Google Scholar
  76. Peng P, Zhai MG, Ernst RE, Guo JH, Liu F, Hu B (2008) The 1.78 Ga large igneous province in the North China craton: the Xiong’er volcanic province and the North China dyke swarm. Lithos 101:260–280Google Scholar
  77. Polat A, Kusky TM, Li JH, Fryer B, Kerrich R, Patrick K (2005) Geochemistry of Neoarchean (ca. 2.55–2.50 Ga) volcanic and ophiolitic rocks in the Wutaishan Greenstone Belt, Central Orogenic Belt, North China Craton: implications for geodynamic setting and continental growth. Geol Soc Am Bull 117:1387–1399Google Scholar
  78. Polat A, Herzberg C, Munker C, Rodgers R, Kusky T, Li JH, Fryer B, Delany J (2006) Geochemical and petrological evidence for a suprasubduction zone origin of Neoarchean (ca. 2.5 Ga) peridotites, central orogenic belt, North China craton. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 118:771–784Google Scholar
  79. Qian XL (1997) Tectonic correlations of the Precambrian evolution of the North China Craton with the baltic shield. In: Qian XL, You ZD, Halls HC (eds) Precambrian geology and metamorphic petrology. Utrcht, pp 43–58Google Scholar
  80. Qiao GS, Wang KY, Guo QF, Zhang GC (1987) Sm–Nd isotopic dating of the Paleoarchean rocks in Eastern Hebei, China. Scientia Geologica Sinica 22:158–165Google Scholar
  81. Rivers T, Corrigan D (2000) Convergent margin on southeastern Laurentia during the Mesoproterozoic: tectonic implications. Can J Earth Sci 37:359–383Google Scholar
  82. Rudnick RL, Gao S (2003) Composition of the continental crust. In: Rudnick RL (ed) Treatise on geochemistry 3. The crust, Elsevier, pp 1–64Google Scholar
  83. Santosh M, Sajeev K, Li JH (2006) Extreme crustal metamorphism during Columbia supercontinent assembly: Evidence from North China Craton. Gondwana Res 10:256–266Google Scholar
  84. Santosh M, Wilde SA, Li JH (2007) Timing of Paleoproterozoic ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism in the North China Craton: evidence from SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronology. Precambr Res 159:178–196Google Scholar
  85. Shen QH, Qian XL (1995) Archean rock assemblages, episodes and tectonic evolution of China. Acta Geoscientia Sinica 2:113–120Google Scholar
  86. Shen QH, Xu HF, Zhang ZQ, Gao JF, Wu JS, Ji CL (1992) Early Precambrian granulites in China. Geological Publishing House, BeijingGoogle Scholar
  87. Song B, Nutman AP, Liu DY, Wu JS (1996) 3800 to 2500 Ma crustal evolution in Anshan area of Liaoning Province, Northeastern China. Precambr Res 78:79–94Google Scholar
  88. Sun M, Armstrong RL, Lambert RStJ (1992) Petrochemistry and Sr, Pb and Nd isotopic geochemistry of early Precambrian rocks, Wutaishan and Taihangshan areas, China. Precambr Res 56:1–31Google Scholar
  89. Tam PY, Zhao GC, Zhou XW, Sun M, Guo JH, Li SZ, Yin CQ, Wu ML, He YH (2012) Metamorphic P–T path and implications of high-pressure pelitic granulites from the Jiaobei massif in the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, North China Craton. Gondwana Res 22:104–117Google Scholar
  90. Thompson AB, England PC (1984) Pressure–temperature–time paths of regional metamorphism, II. Their influences and interpretation using mineral assemblages in metamorphic rocks. J of Petrology 25:929–55Google Scholar
  91. Trap P, Faure M, Lin W, Monié P (2007) Late Paleoproterozoic (1900–1800 Ma) nappe stacking and polyphase deformation in the Hengshan-Wutaishan area: implications for the understanding of the Trans-North-China Belt. North China Craton. Precambr Res 156:85–106Google Scholar
  92. Trap P, Faure M, Lin W, Bruguier O, Monie P (2008) Contrasted tectonic styles for the Paleoproterozoic evolution of the North China Craton. Evidence for a ~ 2.1 Ga thermal and tectonic event in the Fuping Massif. J Struct Geol 30:1109–1125Google Scholar
  93. Trap P, Faure M, Lin W, Monie P, Meffre S, Melleton J (2009a) The Zanhuang Massif, the second and eastern suture zone of the Paleoproterozoic Trans-North China Orogen. Precambr Res 172:80–98Google Scholar
  94. Trap P, Faure M, Lin W, Monie P, Meffre S (2009b) The Lüliang Massif: a key area for the understanding of the Palaeoproterozoic. In: Evans D, Reddy S, Collins A. (eds). Palaeoproterozoic supercontinents and global evolution. Geological Society of London Special Publication 323:99–125Google Scholar
  95. Wan YS, Geng YS, Shen QH, Zhang RX (2000) Khondalite series-geochronology and geochemistry of the Jiehekou Group in the Lüliang area, Shanxi Province. Acta Petrologica Sinica 16:49–58Google Scholar
  96. Wan YS, Liu DY, Song B, Wu JS, Yang CH, Zhang ZQ, Geng YS (2005) Gechemical and Nd isotopic compositions of 3.8 Ga meta-quartz dioritic and tronhjemitic rocks from the Anshan area and their geological significance. J Asian Earth Sci 24:563–575Google Scholar
  97. Wan YS, Wilde SA, Liu DY, Yang CX, Song B, Yin XY (2006a) Further evidence for ~ 1.85 Ga metamorphism in the Central Zone of the North China Craton: SHRIMP U–Pb dating of zircon from metamorphic rocks in the Lushan area. Henan Province. Gondwana Res 9:189–197Google Scholar
  98. Wan YS, Song B, Liu DY, Wilde SA, Wu JS, Shi YR, Yin XY, Zhou HY (2006b) SHRIMP U–Pb zircon geochronology of Palaeoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks in the North China Craton: evidence for a major late Palaeoproterozoic tectonothermal event. Precambr Res 149:249–271Google Scholar
  99. Wan YS, Liu DY, Wang SJ, Dong CY, Yang EX, Wang W, Zhou HY, Du LL, Yin XY, Xie HQ, Ma MZ (2010) Juvenile magmatism and crustal recycling at the end of Neoarchean in western Shandong province, north China Craton: evidence from SHRIMP zircon dating. Am J Sci 310:1503–1552Google Scholar
  100. Wan YS, Liu DY, Wang W, Song TR, Kröner A, Dong CY, Zhou HY, Yin XY (2011) Provenance of Meso- to Neoproterozoic cover sediments at the Ming Tombs, Beijing, North China Craton: an integrated study of U–Pb dating and Hf isotopic measurement of detrital zircons and whole-rock geochemistry. Gondwana Res 20:219–242Google Scholar
  101. Wan YS, Wang SJ, Liu DY, Wang W, Kröner A, Dong CY, Yang EX, Zhou HY, Hangqian X, Ma MZ (2012) Redefinition of depositional ages of Neoarchean supracrustal rocks in western Shandong Province, China: SHRIMP U–Pb zircon dating. Gondwana Res 21:768–784Google Scholar
  102. Wang ZH (2009) Tectonic evolution of the Hengshan–Wutai–Fuping complexes and its implication for the Trans-North China Orogen. Precambr Res 170:73–87Google Scholar
  103. Wang J, Lu SN, Li HM, Wang RZ, Sun YF, Li HK, Li SQ (1995) Geochronological framework of metamorphic rocks in the middle part of Inner Mongolia. Bull. Tianjin Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources 29:1–76Google Scholar
  104. Wang KY, Li JL, Hao J, Li JH, Zhou SP (1996) The Wutaishan Orogenic belt within the Shanxi Province, northern China: a record of late Archaean collisional tectonics. Precambr Res 78:95–103Google Scholar
  105. Wang YJ, Fan WM, Zhang Y, Guo F (2003) Structural evolution and 40Ar/39Ar dating of the Zanhuang metamorphic domain in the North China Craton: constraints on Paleoproterozoic tectonothermal overprinting. Precambr Res 122:159–182Google Scholar
  106. Wang ZH, Wilde SA, Wang KY (2004) A MORB-arc basalt-adakite association in the 2.5 Ga Wutai greenstone belt: late Archean magmatism and crustal growth in the North China Craton. Precambr Res 131:323–343Google Scholar
  107. Wang ZH, Wilde SA, Wan JL (2010) Tectonic setting and significance of 2.3–2.1 Ga magmatic events in the Trans-North China Orogen: New constraints from the Yanmenguan mafic–ultramafic intrusion in the Hengshan–Wutai–Fuping area. Precambr Res 178:27–42Google Scholar
  108. Wilde SA, Zhao GC (2005) Archean to Paleoproterozoic evolution of the North China Craton. J Asian Earth Sci 24:519–522Google Scholar
  109. Wilde SA, Cawood PA, Wang K (1997) The relationship and timing of granitoid evolution with respect to felsic volcanism in the Wutai Complex, North China Craton. Proceedings of the 30th International Geological Congress: Precambrian Geology and Metamorphic Petrology 17:75–87. VSP Scientific Publisher, NetherlandsGoogle Scholar
  110. Wilde SA, Zhao GC, Sun M (2002) Development of the North China Craton during the Late Archaean and its final amalgamation at 1.8 Ga; some speculations on its position within a global Palaeoproterozoic Supercontinent. Gondwana Res 5:85–94Google Scholar
  111. Wilde SA, Zhou XH, Nemchin AA, Sun M (2003) Mesozoic Crust-Mantle interaction beneath the North China Craton: a consequence of the dispersal of Gondwanaland and accretion of Asia. Geology 31:817–820Google Scholar
  112. Wilde SA, Cawood PA, Wang KY, Nemchin A, Zhao GC (2004a) Determining Precambrian crustal evolution in China: a case-study from Wutaishan, Shanxi Province, demonstrating the application of precise SHRIMP U-Pb geochronology. In: Malpas J, Fletcher CJN, Ali JR, Aitchison JC (eds), Aspects of the tectonic evolution of China. Special Publication Geological Society of London 226:5–25Google Scholar
  113. Wilde SA, Zhao GC, Wang KY, Sun M (2004b) First precise SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages for the Hutou Group, Wutaishan: further evidence for the Palaeoproterozoic amalgamation of the North China Craton. Chin Sci Bull 49:83–90Google Scholar
  114. Wilde SA, Cawood PA, Wang KY, Nemchin AA (2005) Granitoid evolution in the late Archean Wutai complex, North China Craton. J Asian Earth Sci 24:597–613Google Scholar
  115. Wilde SA, Valley JW, Kita NT, Cavosie AJ, Liu DY (2008) SHRIMP U-Pb and CAMECA 1280 oxygen isotope results from ancient detrital zircons in the Caozhuang quartzite, Eastern Hebei, North China Craton: evidence for crustal recycling 3.8 Ga ago. Am J Sci 308:185–199Google Scholar
  116. Windley BF, Maruyama S, Xiao WJ (2010) Thinning of sub-continental lithospheric mantle under eastern China: the role of water and multiple subduction. Am J Sci 310:1250–1293Google Scholar
  117. Wu CH, Li HM (1998) The ages of zircons and rutiles from khondalite in the Huangtuyao area Inner Mongolia. Geology Review 44:618–626 (in Chinese)Google Scholar
  118. Wu CH, Zhong CT, 1998. The Paleoproterozoic SW–NE collision model for the central North China Craton. Progress in Precambrian Research 21:28–50 (in Chinese)Google Scholar
  119. Wu CH, Li SX, Gao JF (1986) Archean and Paleoproterozoic metamorphic regions in the North China Craton. In: Dong SB (ed) Metamorphism and crustal evolution of China. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, pp 53–89Google Scholar
  120. Wu JS, Geng YS, Shen QH, Liu DY, Li ZL, Zhao DM (1991) The early Precambrian significant geological events in the North China Craton. Geological Publishing House, BeijingGoogle Scholar
  121. Wu JS, Geng YS, Shen QH, Wan YS, Liu DY, Song B (1998) Archean geological characteristics and tectonic evolution of China-Korea Paleo-Continent. Geological Publishing House, BeijingGoogle Scholar
  122. Wu CH, Li HM, Zhong CT, Zhuo YC (2000) TIMS U–Pb single zircon ages for the orthogneisses and paragneisses of Fuping Complex. Progress in Precambr Res 23:130–139Google Scholar
  123. Wu FY, Walker RJ, Ren XW, Sun DY, Zhou XH (2003) Osmium isotopic constraints on the age of lithospheric mantle beneath northeastern China. Chem Geol 197:107–129Google Scholar
  124. Wu FY, Zhao GC, Wilde SA, Sun DY (2005a) Nd isotopic constraints on crustal formation in the North China Craton. J Asian Earth Sci 24:523–545Google Scholar
  125. Wu FY, Lin JQ, Wilde SA, Zhang XO, Yang JH (2005b) Nature and significance of the early cretaceous giant igneous event in eastern China. Earth Planet Sci Lett 233:103–119Google Scholar
  126. Wu FY, Han RH, Yang JH, Wilde SA, Zhai MG (2007a) Initial constraints on granitic magmatism in North Korea using U-Pb zircon geochronology. Chem Geol 238:232–248Google Scholar
  127. Wu FY, Yang JH, Wilde SA, Liu XM, Guo JH, Zhai MG (2007b) Detrital zircon U-Pb and Hf isotopic constraints on the crustal evolution of Northern Korea. Precambr Res 159:155–177Google Scholar
  128. Wu FY, Zhao GC, Sun DY, Wilde SA, Zhang GL (2007c) The Hulan group: its role in the evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt of NE China. J Asian Earth Sci 30:542–556Google Scholar
  129. Wu FY, Zhang YB, Yang JH, Xie LW, Yang YH (2008) Zircon U–Pb and Hf isotopic constraints on the Early Archean crustal evolution in Anshan of the North China Craton. Precambr Res 167:339–362Google Scholar
  130. Xiao LL, Wu CM, Zhao GC, Guo JH, Ren LD (2011) Metamorphic P–T paths of the Zanhuang amphibolitic gneisses and metapelitic gneisses: constraints on the tectonic evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Trans-North China Orogen. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 100:717–739Google Scholar
  131. Xu H, Dong Y (1992) Granite-Greenstone Belt in West Shandong. Geological Press, BeijingGoogle Scholar
  132. Yang ZS, Li SG, Yu BX, Gao DH, Gao CG (1988) Structural deformation and mineralization in the early Proterozoic Liaojitite suite, eastern Liaoning province, China. Precambr Res 39:31–38Google Scholar
  133. Yang JH, Wu FY, Wilde SA (2003) A review of the geodynamic setting of large-scale late Mesozoic mineralization in the North China Craton: an association with lithospheric thinning. Ore Geology Reviews 23:125–152Google Scholar
  134. Yang JH, Wu FY, Zhang YB, Zhang Q, Wilde SA (2004a) Identification of Mesoproterozoic zircons in a Triassic dolerite from the Liaodong Peninsula, Northeast China. Chin Sci Bull 49:1958–1962Google Scholar
  135. Yang JH, Wu FY, Chung SL, Wilde SA, Chu MF (2004b) Multiple sources for the origin of granites: geochemical and Nd/Sr-isotopic evidence from the Gudaoling granite and its mafic enclaves, northeast China. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 68:4469–4483Google Scholar
  136. Yang JH, Wu FY, Chung SL, Lo CH, Wilde SA, Zhao Y, Liu W, Zhai MG (2007a) Rapid exhumation and cooling of the Liaonan metamorphic core complex inferred from 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology: implications for late Mesozoic extension in the North China Craton. Bulletin Geological Society of America 119:1405–1414Google Scholar
  137. Yang JH, Sun JF, Chen FK, Wilde SA, Wu FY, Liu XM (2007b) Sources and petrogenesis of Late Triassic dolerite dykes in the Liaodong Peninsula: implications for post-collisional lithospheric thinning of the Eastern North China Craton. J of Petrology 48:1973–1997Google Scholar
  138. Yang JH, Wu FY, Wilde SA, Liu XM (2007c) Sources and petrogenesis of Late Triassic granitoids in the Liaodong Peninsula and their relationship to post-collisional lithospheric thinning of the southeast North China Craton. Chem Geol 242:155–175Google Scholar
  139. Yang JH, Wu FY, Wilde SA, Belousova E, Griffin WL (2008) Mesozoic decratonization of the North China block. Geology 36:467–470Google Scholar
  140. Yin A, Nie S (1996) Phanerozoic palinspastic reconstruction of China and its neighboring regions. In: Yin A, Harrison TM (eds) The tectonic evolution of Asia. Cambridge Univ. Press, NewYork, pp 285–442Google Scholar
  141. Yin CQ, Zhao GC, Sun M, Xia XP, Wei CJ, Leung WH (2009) LA-ICP-MS U–Pb zircon ages of the Qianlishan Complex: constrains on the evolution of the Khondalite Belt in the Western Block of the North China Craton. Precambr Res 174:78–94Google Scholar
  142. Yu JH, Wang DZ, Wang XY (1997) Ages of the Lüliang Group and its main metamorphism in the Lüliang Mountains, Shanxi: evidence from single grain zircon U–Pb ages. Geological Review 43:403–408Google Scholar
  143. Yuan XC (1996) Velocity structure of the Qinling lithosphere and mushroom cloud model: Science in China, Series D: Earth Sciences 39:235–244Google Scholar
  144. Zhai MG, Liu WJ (2003) Paleoproterozoic tectonic history of the north China Craton: a review. Precambr Res 122:183–199Google Scholar
  145. Zhai MG, Santosh M (2011) The early Precambrian odyssey of North China Craton: a synoptic overview. Gondwana Res 20:6–25Google Scholar
  146. Zhai MG, Bian AG, Zhao TP (2000) The amalgamation of the supercontinent of North China Craton at the end of Neo-Archaean and its breakup during late Palaeoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic. Science in China (Series D) 43:219–232Google Scholar
  147. Zhai MG, Shao JA, Hao J, Peng P (2003) Geological signature and possible position of the North China block in the supercontinent Rodinia. Gondwana Res 6:171–183Google Scholar
  148. Zhai MG, Guo JH, Liu WJ (2005) Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic continental evolution and tectonic history of the North China Craton: a review. J Asian Earth Sci 24:547–561Google Scholar
  149. Zhang FQ, Liu JZ, Ouyang ZY (1998) Tectonic framework of greenstones in the basement of the North China Craton. Acta Geophysica Sinica 41:99–107Google Scholar
  150. Zhang Q, Wang Y, Zhou GQ, Qian Q, Robinson PT (2004) Ophiolites in China: their distribution, ages and tectonic settings. In: Dilek Y, Robinson PT (eds) Ophiolites in Earth History. Geological Society of London Special Publication 218:541–566Google Scholar
  151. Zhang J, Zhao GC, Li SZ, Sun M, Liu SW, Wilde SA, Kröner A, Yin CQ (2007) Deformation history of the Hengshan Complex: implications for the tectonic evolution of the Trans-North China Orogen. J Struct Geol 29:933–949Google Scholar
  152. Zhang J, Zhao GC, Li SZ, Sun M, Liu SW, Yin CQ (2009) Deformational history of the Fuping Complex and new U-Th-Pb geochronological constraints: implications for the tectonic evolution of the Trans-North China Orogen. J Struct Geol 31:177–193Google Scholar
  153. Zhang J, Zhao GC, Li SZ, Sun M, Chan LS, Shen WL, Liu SW (in press) Structural pattern of the Wutai Complex and its constraints on the tectonic framework of the Trans-North China Orogen. Precambrian Res doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2011.08.009Google Scholar
  154. Zhang HF, Yang YH, Santosh M, Zhao XM, Ying JF, Xiao Y (2012) Evolution of the Archean and Paleoproterozoic lower crust beneath the Trans-North China Orogen and the Western Block of the North China Craton. Gondwana Res 22:73–85Google Scholar
  155. Zhao ZP (1993) Evolution of Precambrian crust of Sino-Korean Platform. Scientific Press, BeijingGoogle Scholar
  156. Zhao XX, Coe RS, Gilder SA, Frost GM (1996) Palaeomagnetic constraints on the Palaeogeography of China: implications for Gondwanaland. Aust J Earth Sci 43:643–672Google Scholar
  157. Zhao GC, Wilde SA, Cawood PA, Lu LZ (1998) Thermal evolution of the Archaean basement rocks from the eastern part of the North China Craton and its bearing on tectonic setting. Int Geol Review 40:706–721Google Scholar
  158. Zhao GC, Wilde SA, Cawood PA, Lu LZ (1999a) Thermal evolution of two types of mafic granulites from the North China craton: implications for both mantle plume and collisional tectonics. Geol Mag 136:223–240Google Scholar
  159. Zhao GC, Wilde SA, Cawood PA, Lu LZ (1999b) Tectonothermal history of the basement rocks in the western zone of the North China Craton and its tectonic implications. Tectonophysics 310:37–53Google Scholar
  160. Zhao GC, Cawood PA, Wilde SA, Lu LZ (2000a) Metamorphism of basement rocks in the Central Zone of the North China Craton: implications for Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution. Precambr Res 103:55–88Google Scholar
  161. Zhao GC, Wilde SA, Cawood PA, Lu LZ (2000b) Petrology and P–T path of the Fuping mafic granulites: Implications for tectonic evolution of the central zone of the North China Craton. J Metamorph Geol 18:375–391Google Scholar
  162. Zhao GC, Wilde SA, Cawood PA, Sun M (2001a) Archean blocks and their boundaries in the North China Craton: lithological, geochemical, structural and P-T path constraints and tectonic evolution. Precambr Res 107:45–73Google Scholar
  163. Zhao GC, Cawood PA, Wilde SA, Lu LZ (2001b) High-pressure granulites (retrograded eclogites) from the Hengshan Complex, North China Craton: petrology and tectonic implications. J of Petrology 42:1141–1170Google Scholar
  164. Zhao GC, Wilde SA, Cawood PA, Sun M (2002a) SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages of the Fuping Complex: implications for accretion and assembly of the North China Craton. Am J Sci 302:191–226Google Scholar
  165. Zhao GC, Sun M, Wilde SA (2002b) Reconstruction of a pre-Rodinia supercontinent: New advances and perspectives. Chin Sci Bull 47:1585–1588Google Scholar
  166. Zhao GC, Sun M, Wilde SA, Li SZ (2003). Assembly, accretion and break-up of the Palaeo-Mesoproterozoic supercontinent Columbia and its records in the North China Craton. In: Kehelpannala KVW (ed) The role of Sri Lanka in Rodinia and Gondwana assembly and breakup. Geological Survey & Mines Bureau, Sri Lanka, pp 53–55Google Scholar
  167. Zhao GC, Sun M, Wilde SA, Li SH (2004) A Paleo-Mesoproterozoic supercontinent: assembly, growth and breakup. Earth-Sci Rev 67:91–123Google Scholar
  168. Zhao GC, Sun M, Wilde SA, Li SZ (2005) Late Archean to Paleoproterozoic evolution of the North China Craton: key issues revisited. Precambr Res 136:177–202Google Scholar
  169. Zhao GC, Cao L, Sun M, Wilde SA, Choe WJ, Li SZ (2006a) Implications based on the first SHRIMP U-Pb dating on Precambrian granitoid rocks in North Korea. Earth and Planetary Sci Lett 251:365–379Google Scholar
  170. Zhao GC, Sun M, Wilde SA, Li SZ, Liu SW, Zhang J (2006b) Composite nature of the North China Granulite-Facies Belt: tectonothermal and geochronological constraints. Gondwana Res 9:337–348Google Scholar
  171. Zhao GC, Sun M, Wilde SA, Li SZ, Zhang J (2006c) Some key issues in reconstructions of Proterozoic supercontinents. J of Asian Earth Sci 28:3–19Google Scholar
  172. Zhao GC, Wilde SA, Li SZ, Sun M, Grant ML, Li XP (2007) U–Pb zircon age constraints on the Dongwanzi ultramafic–mafic body, North China, confirm it is not an Archean ophiolite. Earth Planet Sci Lett 255:85–93Google Scholar
  173. Zhao GC, Wilde SA, Sun M, Guo JH, Kröner A, Li SZ, Li XP, Zhang J (2008a) SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronology of the Huai’an Complex: constraints on the Late Archean to Paleoproterozoic magmatic and metamorphic events in the Trans-North China Orogen. Am J Sci 308:270–303Google Scholar
  174. Zhao GC, Wilde SA, Sun M, Li SZ, Li XP, Zhang J (2008b) SHRIMP U–Pb zircon ages of granitoid rocks in the Lüliang complex: implications for the accretion and evolution of the Trans-North China Orogen. Precambr Res 160:213–226Google Scholar
  175. Zhao GC, Wilde SA, Li SZ, Sun M, Grant ML, Li XP (2008c) Response to note on “U–Pb zircon age constraints on the Dongwanzi ultramafic–mafic body, North China, confirm it is not an Archean ophiolite” by Kusky and Li. Earth Planet Sci Lett 273:231–234Google Scholar
  176. Zhao GC (2009) Metamorphic evolution of major tectonic units in the basement of the North China Craton: key issues and discussion. Acta Petrol Sin 25: 1772–1792Google Scholar
  177. Zhao GC, Wilde SA, Guo JH, Cawood PA, Sun M, Li XP (2010a) Single zircon grains record two Paleoproterozoic collisional events in the North China craton. Precambr Res 177:266–276Google Scholar
  178. Zhao GC, Wilde SA, Zhang J (2010b) New evidence for seismic imaging for subduction during assembly of the North China craton: COMMENT. Geology 38:e206Google Scholar
  179. Zhao GC, Li SZ, Zhang J, Sun M, Xia XP (2010c) A comment on “Tectonic evolution of the Hengshan–Wutai–Fuping complexes and its implication for the Trans-North China Orogen”. Precambr Res 176:94–98Google Scholar
  180. Zheng J, O’Reilly SY, Griffin WL, Li F, Zhang M, Pearson NJ (2001) Relict refractory mantle beneath the eastern North China block: significance for lithosphere evolution. Lithos 57:43–66Google Scholar
  181. Zheng J, Griffin WL, O’Reilly SY, Lu FX, Wang CY, Zhang M, Wang FZ, Li HM (2004) 3.6 Ga lower crust in central China: New evidence on the assembly of the North China craton. Geology 32:229–232Google Scholar
  182. Zheng TY, Zhao L, Zhu RX (2009) New evidence from seismic imaging for subduction during assembly of the North China craton. Geology 37:395–398Google Scholar
  183. Zhou MF, Bai WJ (1992) Chromite deposit in China and their origin. Mineralia Deposita 27:192–199Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Applied Geology, The Institute for Geoscience ResearchCurtin UniversityPerthWestern Australia

Personalised recommendations