Historical Development of Lynch Syndrome

  • Henry T. Lynch
  • Stephen J. Lanspa
  • Carrie L. Snyder
  • Trudy G. Shaw
  • Patrick M. Lynch
Chapter
First Online:

Abstract

One hundred years have passed since Aldred Warthin published the first report of a family with the combination of nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and extracolonic cancers that is now recognized as Lynch syndrome. His work from 1913 was rediscovered in the 1960s, when more families with the syndrome, then called “cancer family syndrome,” were recognized. In the 1990s, causal mutations were identified in mismatch repair genes; this led to greater scientific acceptance of the disorder, as well as to the ability to determine which family members were at increased cancer risk and thereby in need of rigorous surveillance and management strategies. Since that time, our knowledge of the syndrome, albeit still incomplete, has continued to increase. However, a great deal of work still needs to be done in order to realize the potential of translation of this knowledge to clinical use.

Keywords

Lynch syndrome Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer Hereditary cancer Colorectal cancer Endometrial cancer 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. 1.
    Peltomäki P, Aaltonen L, Sistonen P et al (1993) Genetic mapping of a locus predisposing to human colorectal cancer. Science 260:810–812PubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    Lindblom A, Tannergard P, Werelius B, Nordenskjold M (1993) Genetic mapping of a second locus predisposing to hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Nat Genet 5:279–282PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    Leach FS, Nicolaides NC, Papadopoulos N et al (1993) Mutations of a mutS homolog in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cell 75:1215–1225PubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. 4.
    Miyaki M, Konishi M, Tanaka K et al (1997) Germline mutation of MSH6 as the cause of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Nat Genet 17:271–272PubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Akiyama Y, Sato H, Yamada T et al (1997) Germ-line mutation of the hMSH6/GTBP gene in an atypical hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer kindred. Cancer Res 57:3920–3923PubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    Nicolaides NC, Papadopoulos N, Liu B et al (1994) Mutations of two PMS homologues in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Nature 371:75–80PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Warthin AS (1913) Heredity with reference to carcinoma as shown by the study of the cases examined in the pathological laboratory of the University of Michigan, 1895–1913. Arch Intern Med 12:546–555Google Scholar
  8. 8.
    Boland CR (2005) Evolution of the nomenclature for the hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes. Fam Cancer 4:211–218PubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Lindor NM, Rabe K, Petersen GM et al (2005) Lower cancer incidence in Amsterdam-I criteria families without mismatch repair deficiency: familial colorectal cancer type X. JAMA 293:1979–1985PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Del Rio M, Molina F, Bascoul-Mollevi C et al (2007) Gene expression signature in advanced colorectal cancer patients select drugs and response for the use of leucovorin, fluorouracil, and irinotecan. J Clin Oncol 25:773–780PubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Simon R (2006) Development and evaluation of therapeutically relevant predictive classifiers using gene expression profiling. J Natl Cancer Inst 98:1169–1171PubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Teutsch SM, Bradley LA, Palomaki GE et al (2009) The Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention (EGAPP) initiative: methods of the EGAPP Working Group. Genet Med 11:3–14PubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Piñol V, Andreu M, Castells A et al (2004) Frequency of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer and other colorectal cancer familial forms in Spain: a multicentre, prospective, nationwide study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 16:39–45PubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    Hampel H, Frankel WL, Martin E et al (2008) Feasibility of screening for Lynch syndrome among patients with colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 26:5783–5788PubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Warthin AS (1925) The further study of a cancer family. J Cancer Res 9:279–286Google Scholar
  16. 16.
    Lynch HT, Krush AJ (1971) Cancer family “G” revisited: 1895–1970. Cancer 27:1505–1511PubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    Yan H, Papadopoulos N, Marra G et al (2000) Conversion of diploidy to haploidy: individuals susceptible to multigene disorders may now be spotted more easily. Nature 403:723–724PubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Douglas JA, Gruber SB, Meister KA et al (2005) History and molecular genetics of Lynch syndrome in Family G: a century later. JAMA 294:2195–2202PubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Lynch HT, Shaw MW, Magnuson CW, Larsen AL, Krush AJ (1966) Hereditary factors in cancer: study of two large midwestern kindreds. Arch Intern Med 117:206–212PubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Lynch HT, Krush AJ, Larsen AL, Magnuson CW (1966) Endometrial carcinoma: multiple primary malignancies, constitutional factors, and heredity. Am J Med Sci 252:381–390PubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Lynch HT, Krush AJ, Larsen AL (1967) Heredity and multiple primary malignant neoplasms: six cancer families. Am J Med Sci 254:322–329PubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Lynch HT, Swartz M, Lynch J, Krush AJ (1972) A family study of adenocarcinoma of the colon and multiple primary cancer. Surg Gynecol Obstet 134:781–786PubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Lynch HT, Harris RE, Lynch PM, Guirgis HA, Lynch JF, Bardawil WA (1977) Role of heredity in multiple primary cancer. Cancer 40:1849–1854PubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    Lynch HT, Bardawil WA, Harris RE, Lynch PM, Guirgis HA, Lynch JF (1978) Multiple primary cancers and prolonged survival: familial colonic and endometrial cancers. Dis Colon Rectum 21:165–168PubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Vasen HFA, Mecklin J-P, Meera Khan P, Lynch HT (1991) The International Collaborative Group on Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (ICG-HNPCC). Dis Colon Rectum 34:424–425PubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    Smyrk TC, Watson P, Kaul K, Lynch HT (2001) Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are a marker for microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Cancer 91:2417–2422PubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Vasen HFA, Watson P, Mecklin J-P, Lynch HT, ICG-HNPCC (1999) New clinical criteria for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC, Lynch syndrome) proposed by the International Collaborative Group on HNPCC. Gastroenterology 116:1453–1456PubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Boland CR, Hamilton SR et al (1997) A National Cancer Institute workshop on hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome: meeting highlights and Bethesda Guidelines. J Natl Cancer Inst 89:1758–1762PubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Umar A, Boland CR, Terdiman JP et al (2004) Revised Bethesda Guidelines for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome) and microsatellite instability. J Natl Cancer Inst 96:261–268PubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.
    Lynch PM, Lynch HT, Harris RE (1977) Hereditary proximal colonic cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 20:661–668PubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    Lynch HT, de la Chapelle A (2003) Genomic medicine: hereditary colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 348:919–932PubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    Järvinen HJ, Mecklin J-P, Sistonen P (1995) Screening reduces colorectal cancer rate in families with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 108:1405–1411PubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. 33.
    Vasen HFA, Abdirahman M, Brohet R et al (2010) One to 2-year surveillance intervals reduce risk of colorectal cancer in families with Lynch syndrome. Gastroenterology 138:2300–2306PubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. 34.
    Fusaro RM, Lynch HT, Pester J, Lynch PM (1980) Torre’s syndrome as phenotypic expression of cancer family syndrome. Arch Dermatol 116:986–987PubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    Lynch HT, Lynch PM, Pester JA, Fusaro RM (1982) Sebaceous neoplasia and visceral cancer (Torre’s syndrome) and its relationship to the cancer family syndrome. In: Lynch HT, Fusaro RM (eds) Cancer-associated genodermatoses. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    Fusaro RM, Lemon SJ, Lynch HT (1996) The Muir-Torre syndrome: a variant of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome. J Tumor Marker Oncol 11:19–31Google Scholar
  37. 37.
    Watson P, Lynch HT (1993) Extracolonic cancer in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cancer 71:677–685PubMedGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    Lynch HT, Smyrk TC, Watson P et al (1993) Genetics, natural history, tumor spectrum, and pathology of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer: an updated review. Gastroenterology 104:1535–1549PubMedGoogle Scholar
  39. 39.
    Hamilton SR, Liu B, Parsons RE et al (1995) The molecular basis of Turcot’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 332:839–847PubMedGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    Broaddus RR, Lynch PM, Lu KH, Luthra R, Michelson SJ (2004) Unusual tumors associated with the hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome. Mod Pathol 17:981–989PubMedGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Berends MJ, Cats A, Hollema H et al (2000) Adrenocortical adenocarcinoma in an MSH2 carrier: coincidence or causal relation? Hum Pathol 31:1522–1527PubMedGoogle Scholar
  42. 42.
    Watson P, Vasen HFA, Mecklin J-P et al (2008) The risk of extra-colonic, extra-endometrial cancer in the Lynch syndrome. Int J Cancer 123:444–449PubMedGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    Jensen UB, Sunde L, Timshel S et al (2010) Mismatch repair defective breast cancer in the hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome. Breast Cancer Res Treat 120:777–782PubMedGoogle Scholar
  44. 44.
    Walsh MD, Buchanan DD, Cummings MC et al (2010) Lynch syndrome-associated breast cancers: clinicopathologic characteristics of a case series from the colon cancer family registry. Clin Cancer Res 16:2214–2224PubMedGoogle Scholar
  45. 45.
    Soravia C, van der Klift H, Brundler MA et al (2003) Prostate cancer is part of the hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) tumor spectrum. Am J Med Genet 121A:159–162PubMedGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Morando F, Alaibac M, Romano A et al (2012) The liver: another organ involved in Muir Torre syndrome? Fam Cancer 11:7–12PubMedGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Schofield L, Grieu F, Goldblatt J, Amanuel B, Iacopetta B (2012) A state-wide population-­based program for the detection of Lynch syndrome based upon immunohistochemical and molecular testing of colorectal tumours. Fam Cancer 11:1–6PubMedGoogle Scholar
  48. 48.
    Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention (EGAPP) Working Group (2009) Recommendations from the EGAPP working group: genetic testing strategies in newly diagnosed individuals with colorectal cancer aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality from Lynch syndrome in relatives. Genet Med 11:35–41Google Scholar
  49. 49.
    Wagner A, van der Klift H, Franken P et al (2002) A 10 Mb paracentric inversion of chromosome arm 2p inactivates MSH2 and is responsible for HNPCC in a North-American kindred. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 35:49–57PubMedGoogle Scholar
  50. 50.
    Lynch HT, Coronel SM, Okimoto R et al (2004) A founder mutation of the MSH2 gene and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer in the United States. JAMA 291:718–724PubMedGoogle Scholar
  51. 51.
    Clendenning M, Baze ME, Sun S et al (2008) Origins and prevalence of the American founder mutation of MSH2. Cancer Res 68:2145–2153PubMedGoogle Scholar
  52. 52.
    Ligtenberg MJL, Kuiper RP, Chan TL et al (2009) Heritable somatic methylation and inactivation of MSH2 in families with Lynch syndrome due to deletion of the 3′ exons of TACSTD1. Nat Genet 41:112–117PubMedGoogle Scholar
  53. 53.
    Kovacs ME, Papp J, Szentirmay Z, Otto S, Olah E (2009) Deletions removing the last exon of TACSTD1 constitute a distinct class of mutations predisposing to Lynch syndrome. Hum Mutat 30:197–203PubMedGoogle Scholar
  54. 54.
    Lynch H, Riegert-Johnson D, Snyder C et al (2011) Lynch syndrome associated extracolonic tumors are rare in two extended families with the same EPCAM deletion. Am J Gastroenterol 106:1829–1836PubMedGoogle Scholar
  55. 55.
    Lynch HT, Harris RE, Bardawil WA et al (1977) Management of hereditary site-specific colon cancer. Arch Surg 112:170–174PubMedGoogle Scholar
  56. 56.
    Esteller M (2008) Epigenetics in cancer. N Engl J Med 358:1148–1159PubMedGoogle Scholar
  57. 57.
    Holliday R (1983) The inheritance of epigenetic defects. Nature 301:89–92Google Scholar
  58. 58.
    Hitchins MP, Ward RL (2009) Constitutional (germline) MLH1 epimutation as an aetiological mechanism for hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. J Med Genet 46:793–802PubMedGoogle Scholar
  59. 59.
    Hitchins M, Rapkins R, Chau-To K et al (2011) Dominantly inherited constitutional epigenetic silencing of MLH1 in a cancer-affected family is linked to a single nucleotide variant within the 5′UTR. Cancer Cell 20:200–213PubMedGoogle Scholar
  60. 60.
    Binder HJ (2001) Virtual virtual colonscopy? Gastroenterology 121:221–226Google Scholar
  61. 61.
    Lanspa SJ, Jenkins JX, Watson P et al (1993) Adenoma follow-up in at-risk Lynch syndrome family members. Anticancer Res 13:1793–1794PubMedGoogle Scholar
  62. 62.
    Vasen HFA, Taal BG, Nagengast FM et al (1995) Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer: results of long-term surveillance in 50 families. Eur J Cancer 31A:1145–1148PubMedGoogle Scholar
  63. 63.
    Love RR, Morrisey JF (1984) Colonoscopy in asymptomatic individuals with a family history of colorectal cancer. Arch Intern Med 144:2209–2211PubMedGoogle Scholar
  64. 64.
    Love RR (1986) Adenomas are precursor lesions for malignant growth in nonpolyposis hereditary carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Surg Gynecol Obstet 162:8–12PubMedGoogle Scholar
  65. 65.
    Lanspa SJ, Lynch HT, Smyrk TC et al (1990) Colorectal adenomas in the Lynch syndromes. Results of a colonoscopy screening program. Gastroenterology 98:1117–1122PubMedGoogle Scholar
  66. 66.
    Lanspa SJ, Jenkins JX, Cavalieri RJ et al (1994) Surveillance in Lynch syndrome: how aggressive? Am J Gastroenterol 89:1978–1980PubMedGoogle Scholar
  67. 67.
    Burke W, Petersen G, Lynch P et al (1997) Recommendations for follow-up care of individuals with an inherited predisposition to cancer: I. Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. JAMA 277:915–919PubMedGoogle Scholar
  68. 68.
    Edelstein DL, Axilbund J, Baxter M et al (2011) Rapid development of colorectal neoplasia in patients with Lynch syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 9:340–343PubMedGoogle Scholar
  69. 69.
    Polydorides AD, Mukherjee B, Gruber SB, McKenna BJ, Appelman HD, Greenson JK (2008) Adenoma-infiltrating lymphocytes (AILs) are a potential marker of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Am J Surg Pathol 32:1661–1666PubMedGoogle Scholar
  70. 70.
    Yurgelun MB, Goel A, Hornick JL et al (2012) Microsatellite instability and DNA mismatch repair protein deficiency in Lynch syndrome colorectal polyps. Cancer Prev Res 5:574–582Google Scholar
  71. 71.
    Järvinen HJ, Renkonen-Sinisalo L, Aktán-Collán K, Peltomäki P, Aaltonen LA, Mecklin J-P (2009) Ten years after mutation testing for Lynch syndrome: cancer incidence and outcome in mutation-positive and mutation-negative family members. J Clin Oncol 27:4793–4797PubMedGoogle Scholar
  72. 72.
    Mecklin J-P, Aarnio M, Läärä E et al (2007) Development of colorectal tumors in colonoscopic surveillance in Lynch syndrome. Gastroenterology 133:1093–1098PubMedGoogle Scholar
  73. 73.
    de Jong AE, Hendriks YMC, Kleibeuker JH et al (2006) Decrease in mortality in Lynch syndrome families because of surveillance. Gastroenterology 130:665–671PubMedGoogle Scholar
  74. 74.
    Hurlstone DP, Karajeh M, Cross SS et al (2005) The role of high-magnification-chromoscopic colonoscopy in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer screening: a prospective “back-to-back” endoscopic study. Am J Gastroenterol 100:2167–2173PubMedGoogle Scholar
  75. 75.
    Schmeler KM, Lynch HT, Chen L-M et al (2006) Prophylactic surgery to reduce the risk of gynecologic cancers in the Lynch syndrome. N Engl J Med 354:261–269PubMedGoogle Scholar
  76. 76.
    Ribic CM, Sargent DJ, Moore MJ et al (2003) Tumor microsatellite-instability status as a predictor of benefit from fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer. N Engl J Med 349:247–257PubMedGoogle Scholar
  77. 77.
    Sinicrope FA, Foster NR, Thibodeau SN et al (2011) DNA mismatch repair status and colon cancer recurrence and survival in clinical trials of 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 103:863–875PubMedGoogle Scholar
  78. 78.
    Boland CR, Goel A (2010) Microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 138:2073–2087PubMedGoogle Scholar
  79. 79.
    Burn J, Bishop T, Mecklin J-P et al (2008) Effect of aspirin or resistant starch on colorectal neoplasia in the Lynch syndrome. N Engl J Med 359:2567–2578PubMedGoogle Scholar
  80. 80.
    Burn J, Gerdes A-M, Macrae F et al (2011) Aspirin reduces cancer risk in carriers of ­hereditary colorectal cancer: the CAPP2 randomised controlled trial. Lancet 378:2081–2087PubMedGoogle Scholar
  81. 81.
    Hartmann LC, Sellers TA, Schaid DJ et al (2001) Efficacy of bilateral prophylactic mastectomy in BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst 93:1633–1637PubMedGoogle Scholar
  82. 82.
    Rebbeck TR, Lynch HT, Neuhausen SL et al (2002) Prophylactic oophorectomy in carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. N Engl J Med 346:1616–1622PubMedGoogle Scholar
  83. 83.
    Rebbeck TR, Friebel T, Lynch HT et al (2004) Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy reduces breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: the PROSE Study Group. J Clin Oncol 22:1055–1062PubMedGoogle Scholar
  84. 84.
    Lynch HT, Boland CR, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Amos C, Lynch JF, Lynch PM (2007) Who should be sent for genetic testing in hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes? J Clin Oncol 25:3534–3542PubMedGoogle Scholar
  85. 85.
    Lynch HT (2001) Family information service and hereditary cancer. Cancer 91:625–628PubMedGoogle Scholar
  86. 86.
    Lynch HT, Snyder CL, Lynch JF, Ghate S, Narod SA, Gong G (2009) Family information service participation increases the rates of mutation testing among members of families with BRCA1/2 mutations. Breast J 15(Suppl 1):S20–S24PubMedGoogle Scholar
  87. 87.
    Rubin DT, Gandhi RK, Hetzel JT et al (2009) Do colorectal cancer patients understand that their family is at risk? Dig Dis Sci 54:2473–2483PubMedGoogle Scholar
  88. 88.
    van Dijk DA, Oostindiër MJ, Kloosterman-Boele WM, Krijnen P, Vasen HFA, Hereditary Tumor Study Group of the Comprehensive Cancer Centre West (CCCW) (2007) Family history is neglected in the work-up of patients with colorectal cancer: a quality assessment using cancer registry data. Fam Cancer 6:131–134PubMedGoogle Scholar
  89. 89.
    Tranø G, Wasmuth HH, Sjursen W, Hofsli E, Vatten LJ (2009) Awareness of heredity in colorectal cancer patients is insufficient among clinicians: a Norwegian population based study. Colorectal Dis 11:456–461PubMedGoogle Scholar
  90. 90.
    Lynch HT, Follett KL, Lynch PM, Albano WA, Mailliard JL, Pierson RL (1979) Family history in an oncology clinic: implications for cancer genetics. JAMA 242:1268–1272PubMedGoogle Scholar
  91. 91.
    Tyler CV Jr, Snyder CW (2006) Cancer risk assessment: examining the family physician’s role. J Am Board Fam Med 19:468–477PubMedGoogle Scholar
  92. 92.
    Sifri RD, Wender R, Paynter N (2002) Cancer risk assessment from family history: gaps in primary care practice. J Fam Pract 51:856 (Abstract)PubMedGoogle Scholar
  93. 93.
    Guttmacher AE, Collins FS, Carmona RH (2004) The family history – more important than ever. N Engl J Med 351:2333–2336PubMedGoogle Scholar
  94. 94.
    Pirzadeh-Miller S, Bellcross C, Robinson L, Matloff ET (2011) Direct-to-consumer genetic testing: helpful, harmful, or pure entertainment? Commun Oncol 8:263–268Google Scholar
  95. 95.
    U.S. Government Accounting Office (2010) GAO report: direct-to-consumer genetic tests: misleading test results are further complicated by deceptive marketing and other questionable practices. http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-847T. Accessed 11 July 2011.
  96. 96.
    Udesky L (2011) The ethics of direct-to-consumer genetic testing. Lancet 376:1377–1378Google Scholar
  97. 97.
    Lovett KM, Liang BA, Mackey TK (2012) Risks of online direct-to-consumer tumor markers for cancer screening. J Clin Oncol 30:1411–1414PubMedGoogle Scholar
  98. 98.
    Hesse BW, Nelson DW, Kreps GL et al (2005) The impact of the internet and its implications for health care providers: findings from the first health information national trends survey. Arch Intern Med 165:2618–2624PubMedGoogle Scholar
  99. 99.
    Lovett K, Liang BA (2011) Direct-to-consumer cardiac screening and suspect risk evaluation. JAMA 305:2567–2568PubMedGoogle Scholar
  100. 100.
    Liang BA, Mackey T (2011) Direct to consumer advertising with interactive internet media: global regulation and public health issues. JAMA 305:824–825PubMedGoogle Scholar
  101. 101.
    Illes J, Kann D, Karetsky K et al (2004) Advertising, patient decision making, and self-­referral for computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Intern Med 164:2415–2419PubMedGoogle Scholar
  102. 102.
    Foo W, Young J, Solomon M (2009) Family history? The forgotten question in high risk colorectal cancer patients. Colorectal Dis 11:450–455PubMedGoogle Scholar
  103. 103.
    Järvinen HJ, Aarnio M, Mustonen H et al (2000) Controlled 15-year trial on screening for colorectal cancer in families with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 118:829–834PubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013

Authors and Affiliations

  • Henry T. Lynch
    • 1
  • Stephen J. Lanspa
    • 2
  • Carrie L. Snyder
    • 1
  • Trudy G. Shaw
    • 1
  • Patrick M. Lynch
    • 3
  1. 1.Department of Preventive Medicine and Public HealthCreighton UniversityOmahaUSA
  2. 2.Internal Medicine DepartmentCreighton UniversityOmahaUSA
  3. 3.Department of GI Medicine and NutritionMD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUSA

Personalised recommendations