Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Contaminants, Pollution and Potential Anthropogenic Impacts in Chagos/BIOT

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Coral Reefs of the United Kingdom Overseas Territories

Part of the book series: Coral Reefs of the World ((CORW,volume 4))

Abstract

A broad range of chemical contaminants and pollutants have been measured within the Chagos Archipelago. Contamination is amongst the lowest in the world. Whilst much data is in the open literature, the chapter also includes details of extensive pollution monitoring for the atoll Diego Garcia which hosts a military facility. Hydrocarbons present are primarily of a natural origin with negligible evidence of contamination from petroleum or combustion origins. Tar balls, however, have been reported on several beaches in the Archipelago. Analyses of faecal steroids provide negligible evidence of sewage contamination. ‘Persistent organic pollutants’ (POPs), including PCBs and pesticides, were generally below analytical detection limits, as were polyfluorinated compounds, brominated, chlorinated and organo-phosphorous flame retardants, fluorinated tensides, and surfactants (PFOS). Antifouling biocides and herbicides in Diego Garcia show negligible contamination. Metal concentrations are very low. Levels of most contaminants are typically comparable to those recorded in environments perceived to be pristine, for example, the Antarctic. In Diego Garcia, extensive monitoring includes regular analyses in accredited US laboratories of over one hundred metals and organic contaminants. Results generally reveal concentrations below detection limits. This is in agreement with the open literature surveys. These legislated assessments are designed to ensure both environmental and human health preservation. Whilst many detection limits are higher than those of the independent surveys, they generally confirm the pristine nature of the Archipelago. Beach surveys, however, revealed a surprisingly high number of pieces of debris throughout the Archipelago, mainly plastics of South East Asian origin. The number of litter pieces in Diego Garcia was less than in the other atolls, reductions being attributed to beach clean-up events. Microplastic contamination is shown to be both widespread and relatively high compared to other locations on a global scale, and there were significantly more microplastics at uninhabited atolls compared to the Diego Garcia, showing the potential for microplastics to accumulate in remote locations. Holothurian (sea cucumber) poaching has been another significant environmental pressure on the coral reefs of Chagos and is included in this review, in view of the reported ecological benefits of the group to reef health and resilience.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahrens L (2011) Polyfluoroalkyl compounds in the aquatic environment: a review of their occurrence and fate. J Environ Monit 13(1):20–31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrady AL (2011) Microplastics in the marine environment. Mar Pollut Bull 62:1596–1605

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Becker M, Meyssignac B, Letetrel C, Llovel W, Cazenave A, Delcroix T (2012) Sea level variations at tropical pacific islands since 1950. Global Planet Change 80–81:85–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Browne MA, Dissanayake A, Galloway TS, Lowe DM, Thompson RC (2008) Ingested microscopic plastic translocates to the circulatory system of the mussel, Mytilus edulis (L.). Environ Sci Technol 42:5026–5031

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Browne MA, Galloway TS, Thompson RC (2010) Spatial patterns of plastic debris along Estuarine shorelines. Environ Sci Technol 44:3404–3409

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Browne MA, Crump P, Niven SJ, Teuten E, Tonkin A, Galloway T, Thompson R (2011) Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines worldwide: sources and sinks. Environ Sci Technol 45:9175–9179

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cole M, Lindeque P, Halsband C, Galloway TS (2011) Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: a review. Mar Pollut Bull 62:2588–2597

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cripps GC (1994) Hydrocarbons in the Antarctic marine environment: monitoring and background. Int J Environ Anal Chem 55:3–13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Everaarts JM, Booij K, Fisher CV, Maas YEM, Nieuwenhuize J (1999) Assessment of the environmental health of the Chagos archipelago. Linn Soc Occas Publ 2:305–326

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowler SW (1990) PCBs in the environment: the Mediterranean marine ecosystem. In: Waid JS (ed) PCBs and the environment, vol III. CRS Press, Boca Ratón, pp 209–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Guitart C, Sheppard A, Frickers T, Price ARG, Readman JW (2007) Negligible risks to corals from antifouling booster biocides and triazine herbicides in coastal waters of the Chagos archipelago. Mar Pollut Bull 54:226–232

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirai H, Takada H, Ogata Y, Yamashita R, Mizukawa K, Saha M, Kwan C, Moore C, Gray H, Laursen D, Zettler ER, Farrington JW, Reddy CM, Peacock EE, Ward MW (2011) Organic micropollutants in marine plastics debris from the open ocean and remote and urban beaches. Mar Pollut Bull 62:1683–1692

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyssignac B, Becker M, Llovel W, Cazenave A (2012) An assessment of two-dimensional past sea level recontructions over 1950–2009 based on tide-gauge data and different input sea level grids. Surv Geophys 33:945–972. doi:10.1007/s10712-011-9171-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michio K, Kengoa K, Yasunoria K, Hitoshia M, Takayukia Y, Hideakia Y, Hiroshib S (2003) Effects of deposit feeder Stichopus japonicus on algal bloom and organic matter contents of bottom sediments of the enclosed sea. Mar Pollut Bull 47:118–125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Defence (2008) Marine environmental radioactivity surveys at nuclear submarine berths 2006. Ministry of Defence, London, Document Identifier: DSTL/PUB27329, pp 81–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols RJ, Marinova N, Lowe JA, Brown S, Vellinga P, de Gusmao D, Hinkel J, Tol RS (2011) Sea level rise and its possible impacts given a ‘beyond 4oC world’ in the twenty first century. Phil Trans R Soc A 369:161–181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Price ARG (1999) Broadscale coastal environmental assessment of the Chagos Archipelago. In: Sheppard CRC, Seaward MRD (eds) Ecology of the Chagos Archipelago. Westbury Publishing/Linnean Society, London, pp 285–296

    Google Scholar 

  • Price ARG, Harris A (2009) Decadal changes (1996–2006) in coastal ecosystems of the Chagos Archipelago determined from rapid assessment. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshwater Ecosyst 19:637–644

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Price ARG, Harris A, McGowan A, Venkatachalam AJ, Sheppard CRC (2010) Chagos feels the pinch: assessment of holothurian (sea cucumber) abundance, illegal harvesting and conservation prospects in British Indian Ocean Territory. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshwater Ecosyst 20:117–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Readman JW, Tolosa I, Bartocci J, Cattini C, Price ARG, Jolliffe A (1999) Contaminant levels and the use of molecular organic markers to characterize the coastal environment of the Chagos archipelago. Linn Soc Occas Publ 2:297–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Readman JW, Fillmann G, Tolosa I, Bartocci J, Villeneuve J-P, Cattini C, Mee LD (2002) Petroleum and PAH contamination of the Black Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 44:48–62

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shen L, Reiner EJ, Macpherson KA, Kolic TM, Sverko E, Helm PA, Bhavsar SP, Brindle ID, Marvin CH (2010) Identification and screening analysis of halogenated norhornene flame retardants in the Laurentian Great Lakes: Dechloranes 602, 603, and 604. Environ Sci Technol 44(2):760–766

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard CRC (2002) Island elevations, reef condition and sea level rise in atolls of Chagos, British Indian Ocean Territory. In: Linden O, Souter D, Wilhelmsson D, Obura D (eds) Cordio report 2002. Kalmar University, Kalmar, pp 202–211

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard CRC, Ateweberhan M, Bowen BW, Carr P, Chen CA, Clubbe C, Craig MT, Ebinghaus R, Eble J, Fitzsimmons H, Gaither MR, Gan C-H, Gollock M, Guzman A, Graham NAJ, Harris A, Jones R, Keshavmurthy S, Koldewey H, Lundini CG, Mortimer JA, Obura D, Pfeiffer M, Price ARG, Purkis S, Raines P, Readman JW, Riegl B, Rogers A, Schleyer M, Seaward MRD, Sheppard ALS, Tamelander J, Turner JR, Visram S, Vogler C, Vogt S, Yang JM-C, Yang S-Y, Readman JW, Riegl B, Rogers A, Schleyer M, Seaward MRD, Sheppard ALS, Tamelander J, Turner JR, Visram S, Vogler C, Vogt S, Yang JM-C, Yang S-Y, Yesson C (2012) Reefs and islands of the Chagos Archipelago, Indian Ocean: why it is the world’s largest no-take marine protected area. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshwat Ecosyst. doi:DOI: 10.1002/aqc.1248, Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engineering Concepts Inc and Shimabukuro, Endo & Yoshizaki Inc (2010) Sustainable yield and maximum safe water production study. US Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia, BIOT. Prepared for Department of the Navy, Hawaii, 242pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Spalding MD (2006) Illegal sea cucumber fisheries in the Chagos archipelago. SPC Bêche-de-Mer Inf Bull 23:32–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Stock NL, Furdui VI, Muir DCG, Mabury SA (2007) Perfluoroalkyl contaminants in the Canadian arctic: evidence of atmospheric transport and local contamination. Environ Sci Technol 41(10):3529–3536

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teuten EL, Rowland SJ, Galloway TS, Thompson RC (2007) Potential for plastics to transport hydrophobic contaminants. Environ Sci Technol 41:7759–7764

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson RC, Olsen Y, Mitchell RP, Davis A, Rowland SJ, John AWG, McGonigle D, Russell AE (2004) Lost at Sea: where is all the plastic? Science 304:838

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson RC, Moore C, vom Saal FS, Swan SH (2009) Plastics, the environment and human health: current consensus and future trends. Philoso Trans R Soc B 364:2153–2166

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tolosa I, Bayona JM, Albaiges J (1995) Spatial and temporal distri­bution, fluxes, and budgets of organochlorinated compounds in northwest Mediterranean sediments. Environ Sci Technol 29:2519–2527

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uthicke S, Welch D, Benzie JAH (2004) Slow growth and lack of recovery in overfished holothurians on the great barrier reef: evidence from DNA fingerprints and repeated large-scale surveys. Conserv Biol 18:1395–1404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vermeer M, Rahmstorf S (2009) Global sea level linked to global temperature. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106:21527–21532

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolschke H, Sturm R, Ebinghaus R (2011) Analysis of flame retardants and polyfluorinated compounds in sediment samples from the Chagos Archipelago. Report to the University Of Warwick and Save Our Seas Foundation. pp 18

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Some of this material was published previously in Sheppard et al. (2012) and is reproduced with permission of Wiley & Sons.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Plymouth Marine Laboratory, PL1 3DH, Plymouth, UK

    James W. Readman & Emily E. Readman

  2. NAVFACFE PWD DG Environmental, PSC 466 FPO AP, 5, 96595-0005, Olongapo, USA

    Francis DeLuna & AntenorNestor Guzman

  3. Institute of Coastal Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany

    Ralf Ebinghaus, Renate Sturm & Hendrik Wolschke

  4. Environment Department, York University, YO1 5DD, York, UK

    Andrew R. G. Price

  5. School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK

    Andrew R. G. Price, Anne L. S. Sheppard & Charles R. C. Sheppard

  6. School of Marine Science and Engineering, Plymouth University, PL4 8AA, Plymouth, UK

    Victoria A. Sleight, Richard C. Thompson, Andrew Tonkin & Robyn J. Wright

Authors
  1. James W. Readman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Francis DeLuna
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ralf Ebinghaus
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. AntenorNestor Guzman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Andrew R. G. Price
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Emily E. Readman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Anne L. S. Sheppard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Victoria A. Sleight
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Renate Sturm
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Richard C. Thompson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Andrew Tonkin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Hendrik Wolschke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Robyn J. Wright
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Charles R. C. Sheppard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to James W. Readman .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbit Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom

    Charles R.C. Sheppard

Appendix

Appendix

Pollutants and potential pollutants analysed routinely in Diego Garcia. Left column: substance. Middle column: locations (numbers in brackets indicate number in each type of location). Right column, frequency of analyses.

Monitoring by Labs in Diego Garcia

1 Water quality monitoring

Bacteriological: total and fecal coliform

Raw water storage tanks (5), Potable water storage tanks (2), Potable water distribution systems – various locations (13), End of non-potable water distribution systems (10), Entry to non-potable water distribution systems (4) granulated activated carbon at air ops water treatment system -influent and effluent streams (6)

Weekly

Calcium hardness

Potable water storage tanks (2), Raw water for nanofiltration systems (2), Product water from nanofiltration systems (2)

Weekly

Chloride

Groundwater monitoring wells (84)

Monthly

 

Raw water supply wells (104)

Weekly

 

Entry to potable water distribution systems (2), Entry to non-potable water distribution systems (5)

Daily

Chlorine residual

Potable water distribution systems (65)

Daily

 

Product water from nanofiltration systems (2)

Hourly

 

Non-potable water distribution systems (20)

Daily

Nitrates and nitrites

Entry to potable water distribution systems (2)

Annually

 

Entry to non-potable water distribution system (5)

 

pH

Potable water storage tanks (2)

Daily

 

Non-potable water distribution systems (5)

Weekly

Turbidity

Product water from nanofiltration systems (2)

Daily

 

Raw water storage tanks (5)

Daily

Conductivity

Groundwater monitoring wells (84)

Monthly

 

Raw water supply wells – P-1 (69)

Weekly

 

Raw water supply wells – others and modules (136)

4x weekly

 

Potable water storage tanks (2)

Daily

 

Non-potable water storage tanks (3)

Daily

 

Entry to potable water distribution systems (2)

Daily

 

Entry to non-potable water distribution systems (5)

Daily

2 Wastewater monitoring

Biochemical oxygen demand, BOD5

Air-ops wastewater treatment facility – influent and effluent streams (2)

 
 

R-site/cantonment wastewater treatment facility – influent and effluent streams (2)

Weekly

Total suspended solids, TSS

Air-ops wastewater treatment facility – influent and effluent streams (2)

Daily

 

R-site/cantonment wastewater treatment facility – influent and effluent streams (2)

 

pH

Air-ops facility – sewage lagoons (4)

Daily

 

R-site/cantonment facility – sewage lagoons (4)

 

Dissolved oxygen, DO

Air-ops wastewater treatment facility – sewage lagoons (4)

Daily

Observation: visual and odor

R-site/cantonment wastewater treatment facility – sewage lagoons (4)

 

Chlorine residual

Air-ops wastewater treatment facility – contact chamber (1)

Daily

Effluent discharge volume

R-site/cantonment wastewater treatment facility – contact chamber (1)

 

3 Diego Garcia Lagoon Seawater Monitoring – Ships in Lagoon (Approximately 10 ships per month)

Bacteriological: total and fecal coliform

One each from the seawater directly located nearest to the discharge port and 5 m away from the discharge port downwind (2)

Monthly

 

Baseline – approximately center of all ships berthed inside DG lagoon (1)

 

Physical and chemical: temperature, pH, Ammonia, Nitrites, Nitrates, Phosphates, Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen

One each from the seawater directly located nearest to the discharge port and 5 m away from the discharge port downwind (2)

Monthly

 

Baseline – approximately center of all ships berthed inside DG lagoon (1)

 

4 Solid Waste Management Center – Groundwater and Leachate monitoring

Physical and chemical: temperature, Conductivity, TSS, pH, BOD5

SWMC groundwater monitoring wells (6)

Monthly

 

SWMC leachate pond (1)

 

Inorganic nonmetallic: Ammonia, Nitrate, Chloride, Sulfate

SWMC Groundwater monitoring wells (6)

Semi-annual

 

SWMC Leachate pond (1)

 

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES SENT OFF-ISLAND, by certified labs of US EPA or US State with primacy of water program

5 Water quality monitoring

Dieldrin

Groundwater monitoring wells (8)

Annually

Not a requirement, but monitored to ensure it is  <  0.01 ppb, the maximum contaminant level set by U.S. EPA

End of non-potable water distribution system (8)

Annually

 

Granulated activated carbon at air ops water treatment system – influent and effluent streams (6)

Quarterly

Total Trihalomethanes, TTHM, Haloacetic Acid, HAA5

Potable water storage tanks (2)

Quarterly

 

End of potable water distribution systems (5)

 
 

End of non-potable water distribution systems (4)

 
 

Laboratory distilled water – blank sample (1)

 

Lead, Copper

End of potable water distribution systems (17)

Annually

 

End of non-potable water distribution systems (5)

 

Asbestos

Entry to potable water distribution systems (2)

Every 9 years

 

Entry to non-potable water distribution system (5)

 

Corrosivity

Entry to potable water distribution systems (2)

Once

 

Entry to non-potable water distribution system (5)

 

Radionuclides: Gross Alpha, Gross Beta, Combined Radium-226 and Radium-228

Representative sampling point for potable water distribution systems (2)

Every 4 years

 

Representative sampling point for non-potable water distribution systems (5)

 

Antimony, Arsenic, Barium, Beryllium, Cadmium, Chromium, Cyanide, Fluoride, Mercury, Nickel, Selenium, Sodium, Thallium

Point of entry to potable water distribution systems (2)

Annually

 

Point of entry to non-potable water distribution system (5)

 

Synthetic Organic Chemicals, Volatile: Benzene, Carbon tetrachloride, o-Dichlorobenzene, cis-1, 2-, Dichloroethylene, trans-1, 2-Dichloroethylene, 1,1-, Dichloroethylene, 1,1,1-Trichloroethane, 1, 2-, Dichloroethane, Dichloromethane, 1,1,2-, Trichloroethane, 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene, 1, 2-, Dichloropropane, Ethylbezene, Monochlorobenzene, para-Dichlorobenzene, Styrene, Tetrachloroethylene, Trichloroethylene, Toluene, Vinyl chloride, Xylene (total), Acrylamide and Epihydrochlorin

Entry to potable water distribution systems (2)

Every 3 years

 

Potable water distribution distribution system (5)

 

Synthetic Organic Chemicals, Pesticides/PCBs: Alachlor, Aldicarb, Aldicarb sulfone, Aldicarb sulfoxide, Atrazine, Carbofuran, Chlordane, 2, 4-D, 1, 2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane (DBCP), Endrin, Ehtylene dibromide(EDB), Heptachlor, Heptchlorepoxide, Hexachlorocyclopentadiene, Lindane, Methoxychlor, PCBs (as decachlorobiphenyls), Pentachlorophenol, Toxaphene, 2, 4, 5-TP (Silvex), Benzo[a]pyrene, Dalapon, Di-(2-ethyhexyl) adipate, Di-(2-ethyhexyl), phthalate, Dinoseb, Diquat, Endothal, Glyphosphate, Hexachlorobenzene, Oxamyl (Vydate), Picloram, Simazine and 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin)

Entry to potable water distribution systems (2)

Every 3 years

 

Entry to non-potable distribution system (5)

 

6 Solid Waste: Ash, Groundwater and Leachate quality monitoring

Volatile Organics: Acetone (2-Propanone), Acrylonitrile, Benzene, Bromochloromethane,Bromodichloromethane, Bromoform, Carbon Disulfide, Carbon tetrachloride, Chlorobenzene, Chloroethane, Chloroform, Dibromochloromethane, DBCP, EDB, o-Dichlorobenzene, p-Dichlorobenzene, trans-1,4-Dichloro-2-butene, 1,1-Dichloroethane, 1,2-Dichloroethane, 1,1-Dichloroethylene; 1,1-Dichloroethene, Cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene, trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene, 1,2-Dichloropropane, Cis-1,3-Dichloropropene, trans-1,3-dichloropropene, Ethylbenzene, 2-Hexanone, Methyl bromide, Methyl chloride, Methylene bromide, Methylene chloride, MEK, Methyl iodide, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, Styrene, 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane, Tetrachloroethylene, Toluene, 1,1,1-Trichloroethane, 1,1,2-Trichlorethane, Trichloroethylene, CFC-11, 1,2,3-Trichloropropane, Vinyl acetate, Vinyl chloride, Xylenes

Groundwater monitoring wells (6)

Semi annual

 

SWMC Leachate pond (1)

 

Inorganics: Antimony, Arsenic, Barium, Beryllium, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Nickel, Selenium, Silver, Thallium, Vanadium, Zinc

SWMC Groundwater monitoring wells (6)

Semi annual

 

SWMC Leachate pond (1)

 

Physical: reactivity (Reactive Cyanide and Sulfide), Ignitability, Corrosivity, Toxicity

SWMC Leachate pond (1)

Semi annual

Inorganics (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure): Arsenic, Barium, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Selenium, Silver, Mercury

SWMC Ash – one each from ash bin and ash as landfill cover material (2)

Semi-annual

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Readman, J.W. et al. (2013). Contaminants, Pollution and Potential Anthropogenic Impacts in Chagos/BIOT. In: Sheppard, C. (eds) Coral Reefs of the United Kingdom Overseas Territories. Coral Reefs of the World, vol 4. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5965-7_21

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation