Italian Soil Management from Antiquity to Nowadays

  • Giuseppe Corti
  • Stefania Cocco
  • Giorgia Brecciaroli
  • Alberto Agnelli
  • Giovanna Seddaiu
Chapter
Part of the World Soils Book Series book series (WSBS)

Abstract

This chapter begins with a short recollection of the general concepts of soil management and, thus, reports of the different methods to rate soil quality. Both these sections set the stage to a wide presentation of an historical overview of soil management that in Italy has been going on from the beginning of agriculture to nowadays. In this way, recent archaeological observations have allowed to proposed original theories about the genesis of badland landscapes, so diffuse in Italy. Particular attention has also been done on the impact of European directives on the soil and land management, taking into consideration all the directives promulgated from the beginning of the European Union. The chapter also reports of the land set-up systems devoted to soil and water conservation, many of them invented in Italy, and of the different soil managements adopted in different Italian physiographic agro-ecosystems: high-alpine environments, pre-alpine fringe, Po plain, Apennines, southern Italy and the two great islands of Sardinia and Sicily.

Keywords

European Union Soil Erosion Soil Quality Durum Wheat Olive Tree 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

References

  1. Aalen FHA (2001) Landscape development and change. In: Green B, Vos W (eds) Threatened landscapes, conserving cultural environments. Spon Press, LondonGoogle Scholar
  2. Abbate P (2004) Time out Guide: Rome. Tecniche Nuove, MilanoGoogle Scholar
  3. Acs S, Hanley N, Dallimer M, Robertson P, Wilson P, Gaston K, Armsworth PR (2010) The effect of decoupling on marginal agricultural systems: implications for farm incomes, land use and upland ecology. Land Use Policy 27:550–563CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Adamo P, Denaix L, Terribile F, Zampella M (2003) Characterization of heavy metals in contaminated volcanic soils of the Solofrana river valley (southern Italy). Geoderma 117:347–366CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Agence de l’eau Adour-Garonne (2004) Bilan sur la qualité de l’eau des principales rivières du bassin Adour-Garonne en 2003. Agence de l’eau Adour-Garonne. Internal reportGoogle Scholar
  6. Agnoletti M (2007) The degradation of traditional landscape in a mountain area of Tuscany during the 19 and 20th centuries: implications for biodiversity and sustainable management. For Ecol Manage 249:5–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Ajmone Marsan F, Pagliai M, Pini R (1994) Identification and properties of fragipan soils in the piemonte region (Italy). Soil Sci Soc Am J 58:891–900CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Albrecht M, Duelli P, Schmid B, Muller CB (2007) Interaction diversity within quantified insect food webs in restored and adjacent intensively managed meadows. J Anim Ecol 76:1015–1025CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Alexander D (1982) Difference between “calanchi” and “biancane” badlands in Italy. In: Bryan R, Yair A (eds) Badland geomorphology and piping. Geobook, NorwichGoogle Scholar
  10. Allen HD, Randall RE, Amable GS, Devereux BJ (2006) The impact of changing olive cultivation practices on the round flora of olive groves in the messala and psiloritis regions, Crete, Greece. Land Degrad Dev 17:249–273CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Alley RB (2000) The younger Dryas cold interval as viewed from central Greenland. Quatern Sci Rev 19:213–226CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. Alliance Environnement (2007) Evaluation of the application of cross compliance as foreseen under Regulation 1782/2003. Part II: Replies to evaluation questions. European commission, directorate-general for agriculture and rural developmentGoogle Scholar
  13. Allison FE (1973) Soil organic matter and its role in crop production. Elsevier, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  14. Amadei G (1994) Advantages and disadvantages of set-aside (Italy). Ponte 5:3–10Google Scholar
  15. Anderlini R (1981) 9000 anni di fertilità. Calderoni, BolognaGoogle Scholar
  16. Antrop M (2005) Why landscapes of the past are important for the future. Landscape Urban Planning 70:21–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. APAT (Agenzia per la Protezione dell’Ambiente e per i servizi Tecnici) (2007) Il suolo. La radice della vita. APAT, RomaGoogle Scholar
  18. Aragüés R, Tanji KK (2003) Water quality of irrigation return flows, Encyclopedia of water science. Marcel Dekker Inc., pp 502–506Google Scholar
  19. Areté (Research & Consulting in Economics), DEIAgra (Dipartimento di Economia ed Ingegneria Agrarie, Università di Bologna) 2008. Evaluation of the Set Aside Measure 2000 to 2006. Tender N°AGRI/2006-G4-16. Final Report, May 2008Google Scholar
  20. Arnaud-Fassetta G, Cossart E, Fort M (2005) Hydro-geomorphic hazards and impact of man-made structures during the catastrophic flood of June 2000 in the upper guil catchment (Queyras, Southern French Alps). Geomorphology 66:41–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Arrúe JL, López MV (1991) Laboreo de conservación; tendencias y prioridades de investigación (Conservation work; trends and priorities for investigation). Suelo y Planta 1:555–564Google Scholar
  22. Aru A, Baldaccini P, Vacca A, Delogu G, Dessena MA, Madrau S, Melis RT, Vacca S (1991) Nota illustrativa alla carta dei suoli della Sardegna. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Assessorato Regionale alla Programmazione Bilancio ed Assetto del Territorio, CagliariGoogle Scholar
  23. Aviron S, Nitsch H, Jeanneret P, Buholzer S, Luka H, Pfiffner L, Pozzi S, Schüp-Bach B, Walter T, Herzog F (2009) Ecological cross compliance promotes farmland biodiversity in Switzerland. Front Ecol Environ 7:247–252CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Bagnasco Gianni G (2005) Tarquinia, il deposito reiterato: una preliminare analisi dei comparando. In: Borghi JM, Chiesa F (eds.) Offerte dal regno vegetale e dal regno animale nelle manifestazioni del sacro. Atti dell’incontro di studio, giugno 2003. L’Erma di Bretschneider Publisher, Milano, pp 26–27Google Scholar
  25. Barbera G, Cullotta S, Pizzurro G (2004) Agroforestry systems of Mt Etna, Italy: biodiversity analysis at landscape, stand and specific level. In Marchetti M (ed.) Monitoring and indicators of forest biodiversity in Europe—from ideas to operationality. EFI Proceedings, vol 51. pp 481–492Google Scholar
  26. Barker G, Rasmussen T (2000) The peoples of Europe—the Etruscans. WileyGoogle Scholar
  27. Basile A, Mele G, Terribile F (2003) Soil hydraulic behaviour of a selected benchmark soil involved in the landslide of Sarno 1998. Geoderma 117:331–346CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Bauer A, Black AL (1994) Quantification of the effect of soil organic matter content on soil productivity. Soil Sci Soc Am J 58:185–193CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. Bazzoffi P (ed.) (2011) Environmental effectiveness of GAEC cross-compliance standards implemented in Italy. Ital J Agron 6 (supplement 1)Google Scholar
  30. Bazzoffi P, Ciancaglini A, Laruccia N (2011) Effectiveness of the GAEC cross-compliance standard short-term measures for runoff water control on sloping land (temporary ditches and grass strips) in controlling soil erosion. Ital J Agron 6(supplement 1):10–24Google Scholar
  31. Bazzoffi P, Jakab G (2006) Land levelling. In: Boardman J, Poesen J (eds) Soil erosion in Europe. Wiley, ChichesterGoogle Scholar
  32. Belhouchette H, Louhichi K, Therond O, Mouratiadou I, Wery J, van Ittersum M, Flichman G (2011) Assessing the impact of the nitrate directive on farming systems using a bio-economic modelling chain. Agric Syst 104:135–145CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Bernabò Brea M, Cardarelli A, Cremaschi M (eds.) (1997) Le Terramare. La più antica civiltà padana. Edizioni Electa, Milano—Elemond Editori AssociatiGoogle Scholar
  34. Bertolani Marchetti D, Dallai D, Trevisan Grandi G (1988) Ricerche palinologiche sugli insediamenti preistorici e protostorici di Tabina di Magreta. In: Cardarelli A (ed) Modena dalle Origini all’anno Mille. Studi di Archeologia e Storia I, ModenaGoogle Scholar
  35. Bignal EM, Mc Cracken DI, Corrie H (1995) Defining European low-intensity farming systems: the nature of farming. In Mc Cracken DI, Bignal EM, Wenlock SE (eds.) Farming on the edge: the nature of traditional farmland in Europe. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, PeterboroughGoogle Scholar
  36. Bloem J, Hopkins DW, Benedetti A (2006) Microbiological methods for assessing soil quality. CABI Publishing, OxfordshireGoogle Scholar
  37. Blum WEH, Büsing J, Montanarella L (2004) Research needs in support of the European thematic strategy for soil protection. Trends Anal Chem 23:680–685CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Blum WEH, Santelises AA (1994) A concept of sustainability and resilience based on soil functions: The role of the international society of soil science in promoting sustainable land use. In: Greenland DJ, Szabolcs I (eds) Soil resilience and sustainable land use. CAB Int, Wallingford, pp 535–542Google Scholar
  39. Boellstorff D, Benito G (2005) Impacts of set-aside policy on the risk of soil erosion in central Spain. Agric Ecosyst Environ 107:231–243CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. Bombino G, Denisi P, Tamburino V, Zema DA, Zimbone SM (2011) Sistemazioni ed ecosistemi di fiumara in Calabria: analisi di un caso-studio di valutazione dell’ ”Indice di funzionalità fluviale” Convegno di Medio Termine dell’Associazione Italiana di Ingegneria Agraria, Belgirate, settembre pp 22–24Google Scholar
  41. Bonciarelli F (1989) Fondamenti di Agronomia Generale. Edizioni Agricole, BolognaGoogle Scholar
  42. Borin M, Passoni M, Thiene M, Tempesta T (2010) Multiple functions of buffer strips in farming areas. Eur J Agron 32:103–111CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. Borselli L, Torri D, Øygarden L, De Alba S, Martínez-Casasnovas JA, Bazzoffi P, Jakab G (2006) Land levelling. In Boardman J, Poesen J (eds.) Soil erosion in Europe, Wiley, West SussexGoogle Scholar
  44. Bracchetti L, Carotenuto L, Catorci A (2012) Land-cover changes in a remote area of central Apennines (Italy) and management directions. Landscape Urban Planning 104:157–170CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Bresc H (1972) Les jardin de Palerme (1290–1460). In: Mélanges d’Archéologie et d’Histoire. Ecole Française de RomeGoogle Scholar
  46. Brevik EC, Hartemink AE (2010) History, philosophy, and sociology of soil science. In: Squires V, Verheye W (eds) Encyclopedia of life supporting system (EOLSS). UNESCO EOLSS Publishers, OxfordGoogle Scholar
  47. Buck RJ (1983) Agriculture and agricultural practice in Roman law. Franz Steiner Verlag Gmbh WiesbadenGoogle Scholar
  48. Buckley GP (ed) (1987) Biological habitat reconstruction. Belhaven Press, LondonGoogle Scholar
  49. Burghardt W (2006) Soil sealing and soil properties related to sealing. Geol Soc 266: 117–124 Special Publications, LondonGoogle Scholar
  50. Busacca P (2000) Il racconto del territorio–l’Etna tra le Aci e l’Alcantara. ed. Gangemi, RomaGoogle Scholar
  51. Busoni E, Colica A (2006) Influence of land use changes on landscape factors and characteristics of a Pliocene basin. Geografia Fisica e Dinamica Quater 29:139–152Google Scholar
  52. Camporeale G (2004) Gli Etruschi Storia e civiltà. UTET Università, TorinoGoogle Scholar
  53. Cannell RQ, Hawes JD (1994) Trends in tillage practices in relation to sustainable crop production with special reference to temperate climates. Soil Tillage Res 30:245–282CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. Capolongo D, Pennetta L, Piccarreta G, Boenzi F (2008) Spatial and temporal variations in soil erosion and deposition due to land-levelling in a semi-arid area of Basilicata (southern Italy). Earth Surf Proc Land 33:364–379CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. Carandini A, Cambi F, Celuzza M, Fentress E (eds.) (2002) Paesaggi d’Etruria—Valle dell’Albegna, Valle d’Oro, Valle del Chiarore, Valle del Tafone. Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura. Litosud s.r.l. Publisher, RomaGoogle Scholar
  56. Caravaca F, Masciandaro G, Ceccanti B (2002) Land use in relation to chemical and biochemical properties in semiarid Mediterranean environment. Soil Tillage Res 68:23–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. Caravello G, Crescini E, Tarocco S, Palmeri F (2006) Environmental modifications induced by the practice of “Artificial snow-making” in the Obereggen/Val D’Ega Area (Italy). J Mediterranean Ecol 7:31–39Google Scholar
  58. Cardini F, Montesano M (2006) Storia medievale. Le Monnier Università, FirenzeGoogle Scholar
  59. Carpenter SR, Caraco NF, Correll DL, Howarth RW, Sharpley AN, Smith VH (1998) Non-point pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecol Appl 8:559–568CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. Carter JC (1987) Agricoltura e pastorizia in Magna Grecia (tra Bradano e Basento). In: Pugliese Caratelli G (ed.) Magna Grecia. Lo sviluppo politico, sociale ed economico. Electa, MilanoGoogle Scholar
  61. Caruso G (1898) Agronomia—Secondo le lezioni date nella Regia Università di Pisa. Unione Tipografica Torinese, TorinoGoogle Scholar
  62. Castiglioni P (1878) Della popolazione di Roma: dalle Origini ai Nostri tempi. Anasthatic reprint. Kessinger Publishing, LLCGoogle Scholar
  63. Castrignanò A, De Giorgio D, Fornaro F, Vonella AV (2004) 3D Spatial variation of soil impedance as affected by soil tillage. ISCO 2004—13th international soil conservation organisation conference—Brisbane, July 2004. Paper no. 744Google Scholar
  64. Cavallin A, Marchetti M, Panizza M (1996) Geomorphology and environmental impact assessment: a methodological approach. In: Panizza M, Fabbri AG, Marchetti M, Patrono A (eds) Geomorphologic analysis and evaluation in environmental impact assessment, vol 32. ITC publication, EnschedeGoogle Scholar
  65. CEC (Commission of the European Communities) (2006) Communication from the commission to the council, the European parliament, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions. Thematic strategy for soil protection. Brussels, 22.9.2006, COM (2006) 231 finalGoogle Scholar
  66. Celant A (2002) Ricerche archeobotaniche nel villaggio eneolitico di Le Cerquete-Fianello (Maccarese, Fiumicino). In: Manfredini A (ed) Le dune, il lago, il mare. Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria, FirenzeGoogle Scholar
  67. Cerchiai L, Jannelli L, Longo F, Smith ME (2004) Die Griechen in Süditalien: Auf Spurensuche zwischen Neapel und Syrakus. Konrad Theiss Verlag, StuttgartGoogle Scholar
  68. Cesaro L, Povellato A (2001) Land use changes in Italy. A short analysis of the main driving forces for rangeland. Proceeding of the seminar “Land use changes and cover and water resources in the Mediterranean region” Medenine (Tunisia), April 2001, pp 20–21Google Scholar
  69. Chadwick OA, Chorover J (2001) The chemistry of pedogenic thresholds. Geoderma 100:321–353CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. Chapman T (2008) The Risorgimento—Italy 1915–71. Humanities-Ebooks.co.uk, Tirril Hall, Tirril, Penrith. ISBN 978-1-84760-062-2Google Scholar
  71. Chisci G, Zanchi C (1980) The influence of different tillage systems and different crops on soil losses on hilly silty-clayey soil. In: Morgan RPC (ed) Soil conservation—problems and prospects. Wiley, LononGoogle Scholar
  72. Cicirelli C, Arbore Livadie C, Boni M (2006) Dati preliminari sui manufatti metallici dell’insediamento protostorico in loc. Longola (Poggiomarino-Napoli). In: Materie prime e scambi nella preistoria italiana, Atti XXXIX Riunione Scientifica dell’Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria, Firenze Firenze, Novembre 2004, pp 25–27Google Scholar
  73. Clarke ML, Rendell HM (2006) Process–form relationships in Southern Italian badlands: erosion rates and implications for landform evolution. Earth Surf Proc Land 31:15–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  74. Commission of the European Communities (2006) Thematic strategy for soil protection. directive COM (2006) 231 and 232. BrusselsGoogle Scholar
  75. Conedera M, Krebs P, Tinner W, Pradella M, Torriani D (2004) The cultivation of Castanea sativa (Mill.) in Europe, from its origin to its diffusion on a continental scale. Vegetation Hist Archaeobotany 13:161–179Google Scholar
  76. Cornu S (2005) Pedogeneses d’hier et d’aujourd’hui, Thesis. Université d’Orléans, FranceGoogle Scholar
  77. Corpo Forestale dello Stato (2002) Corpo forestale delle Stato: Rapporto sul Terzo censimento delle discariche abusive del 22 ottobre 2002. Il censimento delle discariche abusive/Temi 2, Documento 31Google Scholar
  78. Corti G, Cavallo E, Cocco S, Biddoccu M, Brecciaroli G, Agnelli A (2011a) Evaluation of erosion intensity and some its consequences in vineyards from two hilly environments under a Mediterranean type of climate, Italy. In: Godone D, Stanchi S (eds.) Soil Erosion in Agriculture. Chapter 6. InTech Open Access Publisher, Rijeka, Croatia. ISBN 978-953-307-435-1Google Scholar
  79. Corti G, Cocco S, Basili M, Cioci C, Warburton J, Agnelli A (2011b) Soil formation in kettle holes from high altitudes in central Apennines, Italy. Geoderma 170:280–294CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  80. Costantini EAC, L’Abate G (2009) A soil aridity index to asses desertification risk for Italy. In: Faz Cano A, Mermut AR, Arocena JM, Ortiz Silla R (eds.) Land degradation and rehabilitation—dryland ecosystems. Adv GeoEcology 40 Catena Verlag, Reiskirchen, GermanyGoogle Scholar
  81. Costantini EAC, L’abate G, Urbano F (2004) Soil Regions of Italy. CRA-ISSDS, Firenze, pp. 8 [online] http://www.soilmaps.it/ita/downloads.html
  82. Costantini EAC, Urbano F, Aramini G, Barbetti R, Bellino F, Bocci M, Bonati G, Fais A, L’Abate G, Loj G, Magini S, Napoli R, Nino P, Paolanti M, Perciabosco M, Tascone F (2009) Rationale and methods for compiling an atlas of desertification in Italy. Land Degrad Dev 20:261–276CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  83. Costantinidis CA (1981) Bonifica ed irrigazione. Edagricole, BolognaGoogle Scholar
  84. Cremaschi M, Pizzi C, Valsecchi V (2006) Water management and land use in the terramare and a possible climatic co-factor in their abandonment: the case study of the terramara of poviglio Santa Rosa (northern Italy). Quatern Int 151:87–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. D’Angelo M, Enne G, Madrau S, Zucca C (2001) Land cover changes at landscape-scale in Sardinia (Italy): the role of agriculture policies on land degradation. A conocher land degradation. Kluwer Academic Publishers, DordrechtGoogle Scholar
  86. Dalal RC, Mayer RJ (1986) Long-term trends in fertility of soils under continuous cultivation and cereal cropping in southern Queensland. IV. Loss of organic carbon for different density functions. Aust J Soil Res 24:301–309CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  87. Davidson DA (2000) Soil quality assessment: recent advances and controversies. Prog Environ Sci 2:342–350Google Scholar
  88. Davidson EA, Janssens IA (2006) Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change. Nature 440:165–173CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  89. Dazzi C, Monteleone S (2002) Soil emergency and landscape anthropization: the pedodiversity loss due to entisolization. (In Italian) In: Proceedings of the Italian society of soil science congress: “L’emergenza suolo”. Bollettino SISS (Società Italiana della Scienza del Suolo), vol 51, pp 557–570Google Scholar
  90. Dazzi C, Monteleone S (2007) Anthropogenic processes in the evolution of a soil chronosequence on marly-limestone substrata in an Italian Mediterranean environment. Geoderma 141:201–209CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  91. de Graaff J, Duarte F, Fleskens L, de Figueiredo T (2010) The future of olive groves on sloping land and ex-ante assessment of cross compliance for erosion control. Land Use Policy 27:33–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  92. De Martino F (1979) Storia economica di Roma antica. La Nuova Italia Publisher, FirenzeGoogle Scholar
  93. Degens BP, Harris JA (1997) Development of a physiological approach to measuring the catabolic diversity of soil microbial communities. Soil Biol Biochem 29:1309–1320CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  94. Denef K, Six J, Bossuyt H, Frey SD, Elliott ET, Merckx R, Paustian K (2001) Influence of dry–wet cycles on the interrelationship between aggregate, particulate organic matter, and microbial community dynamics. Soil Biol Biochem 33:1599–1611CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  95. Dexter AR (2002) Soil structure: the key to soil function. Adv GeoEcology 35:57–69Google Scholar
  96. Di Pasquale G, Garfì G, Migliozzi A (2004) Landscape dynamics in South-eastern Sicily in the last 150 years: the case of the Iblei mountains. In: Mazzoleni S, Di Pasquale G, Mulligan M, Di Martino P, Rego F (eds) Recent dynamics of the mediterranean vegetation and landscape. Wiley, ChichesterGoogle Scholar
  97. Di Rita F, Celant A, Magri D (2010) Holocene environmental instability in the wetland north of the Tiber delta (Rome, Italy): sea-lake-man interactions. J Paleolimnol 44:51–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  98. Diamond J (2005) Collapse—how societies choose to fail or succeed. Viking Press, Penguin Group USA. Inc., New YorkGoogle Scholar
  99. Diodato N, Mazza G, Amendola E (2000) L’alluvione del 5 maggio 1998 in Campania: Appunti di storia climatico-ambientale. Nimbus 19/20: 8–14Google Scholar
  100. Dipartimento Protezione Civile, Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri (2012) http://www.protezionecivile.gov.it
  101. Doran JW, Coleman DC, Bezdicek DF, Stewart BA (1994) Defining soil quality for a sustainable environment. In: Doran JW, Coleman DC, Bezdicek DF, Stewart BA (eds.) Defining soil quality for a sustainable environment. Soil Science Society of America Special Publication No. 35. Soil Science Society of America, MadisonGoogle Scholar
  102. Doran JW, Parkin TB (1994) Defining and assessing soil quality. In: Doran JW, Coleman DC, Bezdicek DF, Stewart BA (eds.) Defining soil quality for a sustainable environment. Soil Science Society of America Special Publication No. 35. Soil Science Society of America, MadisonGoogle Scholar
  103. Dramis F, Gentili B, Coltorti M, Cherubini C (1982) Osservazioni geomorfologiche sui calanchi marchigiani. Geografia Fisica e Dinamica del Quaternario 5:38–45Google Scholar
  104. Dudal R (2004) The sixth factor of soil formation. In: Proceedings of the international conference on soil classification 2004. Petrozavodsk, Russia, August 2004, pp 3–5Google Scholar
  105. Duiker SW (2006) Soil Management. In: Haering KC, Evanylo GE (eds.) The mid-atlantic nutrient management handbook. Mid-Atlantic regional water program. Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia Land Grant Universities and USDA’s Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service (CSREES)Google Scholar
  106. Duran Zuazo VH, Aguilar Ruiz J, Martínez Raya A, Franco Tarifa D (2005) Impact of erosion in the taluses of subtropical orchard terraces. Agric Ecosyst Environ 107:199–210CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  107. ENCA (2008) Safeguarding environmental benefits of set-aside—the European commission’s proposal on the CAP health check. Sustainable Landuse and Agriculture Interest Group, BrusselsGoogle Scholar
  108. Eswaran H (1994) Soil resilience and sustainable land management in the context of AGENDA21. In: Greenland DJ, Szabolcs I (eds) Soil resilience and sustainable land use. CAB Int, WallingfordGoogle Scholar
  109. European Commission (2002) Implementation of council directive 91/676/EEC concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources, synthesis from Year 2000 member states reports. p 7Google Scholar
  110. European Commission (2006) Thematic strategy for soil protection. COM (2006)231 final, 22.9.2006. Brussels, BelgiumGoogle Scholar
  111. Fabietti G, Biasioli M, Barberis R, Ajmone-Marsan F (2010) Soil contamination by organic and inorganic pollutants at the regional scale: the case of Piedmont, Italy. J Soils Sediments 10:290–300CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  112. Fairchild Ruggles D (2008) Islamic Gardens and Landscapes. University of Pennsylvania PressGoogle Scholar
  113. FAO (2000) Global assessment of soil degradation (GLASOD). FAO, RomeGoogle Scholar
  114. FAO (2003) Compendium of agricultural-environmental indicators 1989–91 to 2000. United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization, RomeGoogle Scholar
  115. FAO/ISRIC/ISSS (1998) World reference base for soil resources. World Soil Resources Rep., vol 84. FAO, RomaGoogle Scholar
  116. FAO-COAG (2003) Development of a framework for good agricultural practices. FAO, Rome. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/006/y8704e.htm
  117. Ferrari L (1976) Tecniche moderne di sistemazione del suolo. Edagricole, BolognaGoogle Scholar
  118. Fisher M, Pedrotti W (1997) Le città italiane nel Medioevo. Giunti Editore, FirenzeGoogle Scholar
  119. Foley JA, Ramankutty N, Brauman KA, Cassidy ES, Gerber JS, Johnston M, Mueller ND, O’Connell C, Ray DK, West PC, Balzer C, Bennett EM, Carpenter SR, Hill J, Monfreda C, Polasky S, Rockström J, Sheehan J, Siebert S, Tilman D, Zaks DPM (2011) Solutions for a cultivated planet. Nature 478:337–342CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  120. Follieri M, Coccolini G, Catullo A (1977) Strutture lignee di un abitato dell’età del Bronzo nel lago di Mezzano (Viterbo). Annali di Botanica 35–36, 175–183Google Scholar
  121. Foss JE, Timpson ME, Ammos JT, Lee SY (2002) Paleosols of the Pompeii area. In: Frederick WJ, Meyer G (eds.) The natural history of pompeii. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
  122. Fossombroni V (1835) Memorie idraulico-storiche sopra la Val di Chiana. Tip. Fumi, MontepulcianoGoogle Scholar
  123. Fowler P (2002) Farming in the first millennium AD: British agriculture between Julius Caesar and William the Conqueror. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
  124. Franco I, Contin M, Bragato G, De Nobili M (2004) Microbiological resilience of soils contaminated with crude oil. Geoderma 121:17–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  125. Freppaz M, Lunardi S, Bonifacio E, Scalenghe R, Zanini E (2002) Ski slopes and stability of soil aggregates. In: Pagliai M, Jones R (eds) Advances in geoecology 35 sustainable land management-environmental protection. Catena Verlag, GermanyGoogle Scholar
  126. Fromm H, Winter K, Filser J, Hantschel R, Beese F (1993) The influence of soil type and cultivation system on the spatial distribution of the soil fauna and microorganisms and their interactions. Geoderma 60:109–118CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  127. Gardner RAM, Gerrard AJ (2003) Runoff and soil erosion on cultivated rainfed terraces in the middle hills of Nepal. Appl Geogr 23:23–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  128. Gay SH, Osterburg B (2005) Land use implications of the 2003 reform of the common agricultural policy in the European Union. German Association of Agricultural EconomistsGoogle Scholar
  129. Gentile AR (1999) Towards the development of a system of policy relevant indicators on soil. European Soil Forum, BerlinGoogle Scholar
  130. Ghiglieri G, Oggiano G, Fidelibus MD, Alemayehu T, Barbieri G, Vernier A (2009) Hydrogeology of the Nurra Region, Sardinia (Italy): basement-cover influences on groundwater occurrence and hydrogeochemistry. Hydrogeol J 17:447–466CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  131. Giardini L, Borin M (1996) Effetti del set-aside annuale sul contenuto di azoto nitrico nella falda sottosuperficiale. Rivista di Agronomia 30:205–211Google Scholar
  132. Giardini L, Borin M, Fantinato L, Giupponi C (1994) Studi e ricerche per la razionale utilizzazione a scopo agricolo delle risorse idriche del Bacino del Fiume Po. Fase pluriennale di gestione. Indagine sull’interazione fra usi agricoli e qualità delle acque. Ministero delle Risorse Agricole, Alimentari e Forestali—Consorzio di Bonifica di Secondo Grado per il Canale Emiliano RomagnoloGoogle Scholar
  133. Giraudi C (1995) I detriti di versante ai margini della Piana del Fucino (Italia Centrale): significato paleoclimatico ed impatto antropico. Il Quaternario, Ital J Quat Sci 8: 203–210Google Scholar
  134. Giupponi C, Ramanzin M, Sturaro E, Fuser S (2006) Climate and land use changes, biodiversity and agri-environmental measures in the Belluno province, Italy. Environ Sci Policy 9:163–173CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  135. Glob PV (1951) Ard og plow I Nordens oldtid (Ard and Ploush in Prehistoric Scandinavia). Jysk arkaeologisk selskab I, AarhusGoogle Scholar
  136. Goodchild RG (1998) EU policies for the reduction of nitrogen in water: the example of the nitrates directive. Environ Pollut 102:737–740CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  137. Goudie A (2006) The human impact on the natural environment, 6th edn. Blackwell Publishing, United KingdomGoogle Scholar
  138. Govers G, Quine TA, Desmet PJJ, Walling DE (1996) The relative contribution of soil tillage and overland flow erosion to soil redistribution on agricultural land. Earth Surf Landforms 21:929–946CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  139. Govers G, Vandaele K, Desmet J, Poesen J, Bunte K (1994) The role of tillage in soil redistribution on hillslopes. Eur J Soil Sci 45:469–478CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  140. Grant CD, Watts CW, Dexter AR, Frann BS (1995) An analysis of fragmentation of remoulded soils with regard to self-mulching behaviour. Aust J Soil Sci 33:569–583CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  141. Gray NF (1987) Nematophagous fungi with particular reference to their ecology. Biol Rev 62:245–304CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  142. Green BH, Vos W (2001) Managing old landscapes and making new ones. In: Green BH, Vos W (eds) Threatened landscapes: conserving cultural landscapes. Spon Press, LondonGoogle Scholar
  143. Gregory AS, Watts CW, Griffiths BS, Hallett PD, Kuan HL, Whitmore AP (2009) The effect of long-term soil management on the physical and biological resilience of a range of arable and grassland soils in England. Geoderma 153:172–185CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  144. Gregory AS, Watts CW, Whalley WR, Kuan HL, Griffiths BS, Hallett PD, Whitmore AP (2007) Physical resilience of soil to field compaction and the interactions with plant growth and microbial community structure. Eur J Soil Sci 58:1221–1232CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  145. Griffiths BS, Ritz K, Bardgett RD, Cook R, Christensen S, Ekelund F et al (2000) Ecosystem response of pasture soil communities to fumigation-induced microbial diversity reductions: an examination of the biodiversity–ecosystem function relationship. Oikos 90:279–294CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  146. Grimm M, Jones RJA, Rusco E, Montanarella L (2003) Soil erosion risk in Italy: a revised USLE approach. European soil bureau research report no. 11, EUR 20677 EN, (2002), Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, p 28Google Scholar
  147. Grossman MR (2000) Nitrates from agriculture in Europe: the EC nitrates directive and its implementation in England. Boston College Environ Affairs Law Rev 27:567–630Google Scholar
  148. Grove JM, Switsur R (1994) Glacial geological evidence for the medieval warm period. Clim Change 26:143–169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  149. Guo LB, Gifford RM (2002) Soil carbon stocks and land use change: a meta analysis. Glob Change Biol 8:345–360CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  150. Hadas A, Sagiv B, Haruvy N (1999) Agricultural practices, soil fertility management modes and resultant nitrogen leaching rates under semi-arid conditions. Agric Water Manage 42:81–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  151. Hairsine PB, Rose CW (1992a) Modelling water erosion due to overland flow using physical principles: I uniform flow. Water Res Res 28:245–250CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  152. Hairsine PB, Rose CW (1992b) Modelling water erosion due to overland flow using physical prionciples: II rill flow. Water Res Res 28:237–244CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  153. Hammad AA, Haugen LE, Børresen T (2004) Effects of stonewalled terracing techniques on soil-water conservation and wheat production under Mediterranean conditions. Environ Manage 34:701–710CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  154. Harrison RM (1996) Pollution: causes, effects and control, 3rd edn. Royal Society of Chemistry, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
  155. Hartemink AE (2006) Soil fertility decline: definitions and assessment. In: Lal R (ed) Encyclopedia of soil science, 2nd edn. Taylor and Francis, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  156. Haynes RJ, Fraser PM, Williams PH (1995) Earthworm population size and composition and microbial biomass: effect of pastoral and arable management in Canterbury, New Zealand. In: The significance and regulation of soil biodiversity. Kluwer Academic Publishers, NetherlandsGoogle Scholar
  157. Haynes S (2005) Etruscan civilization: a cultural history. Getty PublicationsGoogle Scholar
  158. Heathwaite AL, Johnes PJ, Peters NE (1996) Trends in nutrients. Hydrol Process 10:263–293CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  159. Henke R (2004) Il riorientamento delle politiche di sostegno all’agricoltura nell’UE. PAGRI-1-2/2004Google Scholar
  160. Hermavan B, Cameron KC (1993) Structural changes in a silt loam under long-term conventional or minimum tillage. Soil Tillage Res 26:139–150CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  161. Herrick JE (2000) Soil quality: an indicator of sustainable land management? Appl Soil Ecol 15:75–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  162. Herrick JE, Wander MM (1998) Relationships between soil organic carbon and soil quality in cropped and rangeland soils: the importance of distribution, composition and soil biological activity. In: Lal R, Kimble JM, Follett RF, Stewart BA (eds) Soil processes and the carbon cycle. Advances in soil science. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 405–426Google Scholar
  163. Hillel D (1991) Out of the earth: civilization and the life of the soil. University of California Press, CaliforniaGoogle Scholar
  164. Hodge I, Latacz-Lohmann U, McNally S, Renwick A, Rush C (2003) Beyond money for nothing; beyond set aside? EuroChoices 2:26–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  165. Hodge I, Reader M, Revoredo C (2006) Project to assess future options for set aside. report for the department for environment, food and rural affairs, University of Cambridge, Department of Land EconomyGoogle Scholar
  166. Hudec B, Kaufmann C, Landgrebe-Trinkunaite R, Naumann S (2007) Evaluation of soil protection aspects in certain programmes of measures adopted by member states. Contract No. 07010401/2006/443994/ATA/B1. Final report. European Commission, Environment Directorate-General, BrusselsGoogle Scholar
  167. IEEP (Institute for European and Environmental Policy) (2007) Evaluation of the application of Cross Compliance as foreseen under Regulation 1782/2003. Part I: descriptive final report. deliverable prepared for DG agricultureGoogle Scholar
  168. IEEP (Institute for European and Environmental Policy) (2008) The environmental benefits of set aside in the EU—a summary of evidence. Institute for European Environmental Policy, study prepared for DEFRA, February 2008Google Scholar
  169. il Glabro R (known as Rodolfo il Glabro in Italy, as Raoul Le Chauve in France, as Glaber Rodulfus in Latin language) (1991) Cronache dell’anno mille (storie). Cavallo G, Orlandini G (eds.) with Latin parallel text. Fondazione Lorenzo Valla/Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, MilanoGoogle Scholar
  170. INEA (Istituto Nazionale di Economia Agraria) (1999a) Le misure agroambientali in Italia. Analisi e valutazione del reg. CEE 2078/92 nel quadriennio 1994-97. Rapporto nazionale. Osservatorio sulle Politiche Strutturali, RomaGoogle Scholar
  171. INEA (Istituto Nazionale di Economia Agraria) (1999b) Le misure agroambientali in Italia. Analisi e valutazione del reg. CEE 2078/92 nel quadriennio 1994-97. Rapporti regionali. Osservatorio sulle Politiche Strutturali, RomaGoogle Scholar
  172. INEA (Istituto Nazionale di Economia Agraria) (2000) Rapporto sulle politiche agricole dell’Unione Europea 1998–99. Istituto Nazionale di Economia Agraria, RomaGoogle Scholar
  173. INEA (Istituto Nazionale di Economia Agraria) (2000b) Le politiche comunitarie per lo sviluppo rurale. Verso la nuova programmazione 2000–2006. Istituto Nazionale di Economia Agraria, RomaGoogle Scholar
  174. Inoue Y, Baasansuren J, Watanabe M, Kamei H, Lowe DJ (2009) Interpretation of pre-AD 472 Roman soils from physicochemical and mineralogical properties of buried tephric paleosols at Somma Vesuviana ruin, Southwest Italy. Geoderma 152:243–251CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  175. Isselin-Nondedeu F, Rey F, Bédécarrats A (2006) Contributions of vegetation cover and cattle hoof prints towards seed runoff control on ski pistes. Ecol Eng 27:193–201CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  176. ISTAT (Istituto Italiano di Statistica) (2000) V Censimento nazionale dell’agricoltura. Dataset available on line at http://censagr.istat.it/
  177. ITPA (Istituto di Tecnica e Propaganda Agraria) (1970) Guida breve dell’Agricoltura Italiana. Tipografia Dell’Orso, RomaGoogle Scholar
  178. Jamieson B, Stethem C (2002) Snow avalanche hazards and management in Canada: challenges and progress. Nat Hazards 26:35–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  179. Jashemski WF (1973) The discovery of a large vineyard at Pompeii. University of Maryland excavation, 1970. Ame J Archaeol 77:27–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  180. Jones RJA, Montanarella L (2001) Subsoil compaction: a hidden form of soil sealing in Europe, INCO-COPERNICUS project on subsoil compaction, 3rd Workshop, Busteni, Romania, pp 14–19 June 2001Google Scholar
  181. Jones-Walters L (2008) European policy review: biodiversity in multifunctional landscapes. J Nature Conserv 16:117–119CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  182. Jongeneel R, Brouwer F, Farmer M, Müssner R, Roest KD, Poux C, Fox G, Meister A, Karaczun Z, Winsten J, Ortéga C (2007) Compliance with mandatory standards in agriculture. A comparative approach of the EU vis-á-vis the United States, Canada and New Zealand. LEI, WageningenGoogle Scholar
  183. Kareiva P, Watts S, McDonald RC, Boucher T (2007) Domesticated nature: shaping landscapes and ecosystems for human welfare. Science 316:1866–1869CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  184. Kay BD, Rasiah V, Perfect E (1994) Structural aspects of soil resilience. In: Greenland DJ, Szabolcs I (eds) Soil resilience and sustainable land use. CAB Int, UK, pp 449–468Google Scholar
  185. Keller K, Bolker BM, Bradfordc DF (2004) Uncertain climate thresholds and optimal economic growth. J Environ Econ Manage 48:723–741CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  186. Keller W (1999) La civiltà etrusca. Garzanti Libri, MilanoGoogle Scholar
  187. Khanal NR, Watanabe T (2006) Abandonment of agricultural land and its consequences. A case study in the sikles area, gandaki basin Nepal Himalaya. Mountain Res Dev 26:32–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  188. Kleinhenz C, Barker JW (2004) Medieval Italy: an encyclopedia, Volume 2 ed. RoutledgeGoogle Scholar
  189. Krupenikov IA (1992) History of soil science from its inception to the Present. Oxonian Press, New DelhiGoogle Scholar
  190. Kuan HL, Hallett PD, Griffiths BS, Gregory AS, Watts CW, Whitmore AP (2007) The biological and physical stability and resilience of a selection of Scottish soils to stresses. Eur J Soil Sci 58:811–821CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  191. Lal R (1994) Tillage effects on soil degradation, soil resilience, soil quality, and sustainability. Soil Tillage Res 27:1–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  192. Lal R, Mahboubi AA, Fausey NR (1994) Long-term tillage and rotation effects on properties of a central Ohio soil. Soil Sci Soc Am J 58:517–552CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  193. Lal R, Reicosky DC, Hanson JD (2007) Evolution of the plow over 10,000 years and the rationale for no-tillage farming. Soil Tillage Res 93:1–12CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  194. Lal R, Stewart BA (1990) Advances in soil science, soil degradation. Springer, New York, p 349Google Scholar
  195. Lami F (1938) La bonifica della collina tipica toscana da G.B. Landeschi a C. Ridolfi. Barbèra, FirenzeGoogle Scholar
  196. Landeschi GB (1995) Saggi di Agricoltura. ETS, PisaGoogle Scholar
  197. Landi R (1984) Sistemazioni collinari. L’Italia agricola 117: 122–142Google Scholar
  198. Landi R (1989) Revision of land management systems in Italian hilly areas. In: Schwertmann U, Rickson RJ, Auwerswald K (eds.) Soil erosion protection measures in Europe. Soil Technology Series 1. Catena Werlag, Cremlingen, GermanyGoogle Scholar
  199. Langmaack M (1999) Earthworm communities in arable land influenced by tillage, compaction, and soil. Zeitschrift für Ökologie und Naturschutz 8:11–21Google Scholar
  200. Lasanta T, García-Ruiz JM, Pérez-Rontomé C, Sancho-Marcén C (2000) Runoff and sediment yield in a semi-arid environment: the effect of land management after farmland abandonment. Catena 38:265–278CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  201. Legout C, Leguédois S, Le Bissonnais Y, Malam Issa O (2005) Splash distance and size distribution for various soil. Geoderma 124:279–292CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  202. Lenucci V (2005) Gestire il set aside, un problema in più. L’informatore Agrario 21: 20–26Google Scholar
  203. Lerche G (1994) Ploughing implements and tillage practices in Denmark from the Viking period to about 1,800: Experimentally substantiated. Commission for research on the history of agricultural implements and field structures, vol. 8. Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters: Poul Kristensen, HerningGoogle Scholar
  204. Lindstrom MJ, Nelson WW, Schumacher TE (1992) Quantifying tillage erosion rates due to moldboard plowing. Soil Tillage Res 24:243–255CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  205. Lo Jacono C (2004) Storia del mondo musulmano (VII-XVI secolo). Einaudi Editori, TorinoGoogle Scholar
  206. Lo Papa G, Palermo V, Dazzi C (2011) Is land-use change a cause of loss of pedodiversity? The case of the Mazzarrone study area. Sicily Geomorphology 135:332–342CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  207. Lobry de Bruyn LA (1999) How do farmers measure and monitor soil fertility? Aclep Newsletter 8:6–11Google Scholar
  208. Lombard M (2004) The golden age of Islam. Markus Wiener Publishers, USAGoogle Scholar
  209. López-Bellido RJ, López-Bellido L (2001) Efficiency of nitrogen in wheat under Mediterranean conditions: effect of tillage, crop rotation and N fertilization. Field Crops Res 71:31–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  210. Lopez-Mosquera ME, Barros R, Sainz MJ, Carral E, Seoane S (2005) Metal concentrations in agricultural and forestry soils in Northwest Spain: implications for disposal of organic wastes on acid soils. Soil Use Manage 21:298–305Google Scholar
  211. Lorenzoni P, Mirabella A, Bidini D, Lulli L (1995) Soil genesis on trachytic and leucititic lavas of Cimini volcanic complex (Latium, Italy). Geoderma 68:79–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  212. Loudon JC (1825) An encyclopædia of agriculture; comprising the theory and practice of the valuation, transfer, laying out, improvement, and management of landed property; and the cultivation and economy of the animal and vegetable productions of agriculture, including all the latest improvements; a general history of agriculture in all countries; and a statistical view of its present state, with suggestions for its future progress in the British Isles. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green; Spottiswoode Printer, LondonGoogle Scholar
  213. Louwagie G, Gay SH, Sammeth F, Ratinger T (2011) The potential of European Union policies to address soil degradation in agriculture. Land Degrad Dev 22:5–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  214. Loveland P, Webb J (2003) Is there a critical level of organic matter in the agricultural soils of temperate regions: a review. Soil Tillage Res 70:1–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  215. Ludwig B, Boiffin J, Chadoeuf J, Auzet AV (1995) Hydrological structure and erosion damage caused by concentrated flow in cultivated catchments. Catena 25:227–252CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  216. Lulli L, Bidini D, Quantin P (1988) A climo and litho soil-sequence on the vico volcano (Italy). Cahiers ORSTOM, Séries Pédologie XXIV: 49–60Google Scholar
  217. Mallory JP (1997) Terramare culture. Encyclopedia of indo-European culture. Fitzroy Dearborn, ChicagoGoogle Scholar
  218. Mann ME, Zhang Z, Rutheford S, Bradley RS, Hughes MK, Shindell D, Amman C, Faluvegi G, Ni F (2009) Global signatures and dynamical origins of the little ice age and medieval climate anomaly. Science 326:1256–1260CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  219. Martínez-Casasnovas JA, Concepcion Ramos M, Cots-Folch R (2010) Influence of the EU CAP on terrain morphology and vineyard cultivation in the Priorat region of NE Spain. Land Use Policy 27:11–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  220. Marzaioli R, D’Ascoli R, De Pascale RA, Rutigliano FA (2010) Soil quality in a Mediterranean area of Southern Italy as related to different land use types. Appl Soil Ecol 44:205–212CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  221. Masciandaro G, Ceccanti B, Gallardo-Lancho JF (1998) Organic matter properties in cultivated versus set-aside arable soils. Agric Ecosyst Environ 67:267–274CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  222. Matson PA, Parton WJ, Power AG, Swift MJ (1997) Agricultural intensification and ecosystem properties. Science 277:504–509CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  223. Mattison EHA, Norris K (2005) Bridging the gaps between agricultural policy, land-use and biodiversity. Trends Ecol Evol 20:610–616CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  224. Mazzanti R, Rodolfi G (1989) Evoluzione del rilievo nei sedimenti argillosi e sabbiosi dei cicli neogenici e quaternari italiani. In: La Gestione delle Aree Franose. Edizioni delle AutonomieGoogle Scholar
  225. Mazzoleni S, Di Pasquale G, Mulligan M, Di Martino P, Rego F (eds) (2004) Recent dynamics of mediterranean vegetation and landscape. Wiley, LondonGoogle Scholar
  226. Menotti F (2004) Living on the lake in prehistoric Europe—150 years of lake-dwelling research. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, LondonGoogle Scholar
  227. Merckx R, Diels J, Vanlauwe B, Sanginga N, Denef K, Oorts K (2001) Soil organic matter and soil fertility. In: Tian G, Ishida F, Keatinge D (eds.) Sustaining soil fertility in West Africa. Soil Science Society of America Special Publication No 58, Madison pp 69–89Google Scholar
  228. Mercuri AM, Accorsi CA, Bandini Mazzanti M (2002) The long term history of Cannabis and its cultivation by Romans in central Italy, shown by pollen records from Lago Albano and Lago Nemi. Vegetation Hist Archaeobotany 11:263–276CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  229. Mercuri AM, Accorsi CA, Bandini Mazzanti M, Bosi G, Cardarelli A, Labate D, Marchesini M, Trevisan Grandi G (2006) Economy and environment of Bronze Age settlements—Terramaras—on the po plain (Northern Italy): first results from the archaeobotanical research at the Terramara di Montale. Vegetation Hist Archaeobotany 1:43–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  230. Monteiro AT, Fava F, Hiltbrunnerc E, Della Marianna G, Bocchia S (2011) Assessment of land cover changes and spatial drivers behind loss of permanent meadows in the lowlands of Italian Alps. Landscape Urban Planning 100:287–294CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  231. Montgomery DR (2007) Dirt: the erosion of civilizations. University of California Press, BerkeleyGoogle Scholar
  232. Moretti S, Rodolfi G (2000) A typical “calanchi” landscape on the Eastern Apennine margin (Atri Central Italy): geomorphological features and evolution. Catena 40:217–228CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  233. Morgan RPC (1987) Sensitivity of European soils to ultimate physical degradation. In: Bath H, L’Hermite P (eds) Scientific basis for soil protection in the European community. Elsevier Applied Science, LondonGoogle Scholar
  234. Morgan RPC (2005) Soil erosion and conservation, 3rd edn. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, OxfordGoogle Scholar
  235. Moss HStLB (1980) The Birth of the Middle Ages—395–814. Greenwood PressGoogle Scholar
  236. Munkholm LJ, Schjønning P (2004) Structural vulnerability of a sandy loam exposed to intensive tillage and traffic in wet conditions. Soil Tillage Res 79:79–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  237. Nisbet R, Rottoli M (1997) Le analisi dei macroresti vegetali dei siti dell’età del bronzo. In: Bernabò Brea M, Cardarelli A, Cremaschi M (eds.) Le Terramare. La Più Antica Civiltà Padana. Electa, MilanoGoogle Scholar
  238. Nortcote KH (1986) Soil classification in Australia. In: Moore AW (ed.) CSIRO Division of Soils, Divisional Report No. 84Google Scholar
  239. OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) (1993) OECD core set of indicators for environmental performance reviews. Environmental Monographs No. 83, ParisGoogle Scholar
  240. Oliva A (1948) Le sistemazioni dei terreni. Edagricole, BolognaGoogle Scholar
  241. Oppermann R, Neumann A, Huber S (2008) Die Bedeutung der obligatorischen Flächenstillegung für die biologische Vielfalt. Naturschutzbund Deutschland, BerlinGoogle Scholar
  242. Oréade-Brèche (2002) Evaluation de l’impact des mesures communautaires concernant le gel des terres. Rapport final d’évaluation pour le EU DG-Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentGoogle Scholar
  243. Orwin KH, Wardle DA (2004) New indices for quantifying the resistance and resilience of soil biota to exogenous disturbances. Soil Biol Biochem 36:1907–1912CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  244. Oster JD (1994) Irrigation with poor quality water. Agric Water Manag 25:271–297CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  245. Osterburg B, Isermeyer F, Lassen B, Röder N (2010) Impact of economic and political drivers on grassland use in the EU. Grassland Sci Europe 15:14–28Google Scholar
  246. O’Sullivan MF, Henshall JK, Dickson JW (1999) A simplified method for estimating soil compaction. Soil Tillage Res 49:325–335CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  247. Pagliai M (2008) La prevenzione della degradazione del suolo per una gestione sostenibile. In: Proceedings of the Congress “Conservazione e fertilità del suolo, cambiamenti climatici e protezione del paesaggio”. Roma, pp 10–11 Decembre 2008Google Scholar
  248. Pagliai M, Raglione M, Panini T, Maletta M, La Marca M (1995) The soil structure after 10 years of conventional and minimum tillage of two Italian soils. Soil Tillage Res 34:209–223CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  249. Pagliuca S (2004) Infiltrazione di acque salmastre in aree costiere. In: Scandella P, Macella G (eds) Irrigazione sostenibile—La buona pratica irrigua, Progetto Editoriale PANDA—Ministero delle Politiche Agricole e Forestali, vol. 5, Edizioni L’Informatore Agrario, Verona, ISBN: 88-7220-195-0Google Scholar
  250. Pallottino M (1975) The etruscans. Indiana University PressGoogle Scholar
  251. Papini R, Valboa G, Favilli F, L’Abate G (2011) Influence of land use on organic carbon pool and chemical properties of Vertic Cambisols in central and southern Italy. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 140: 1-2/68-79Google Scholar
  252. Perini R (1984) Scavi archeologici nella zona palafitticola di Fiavé-Carera, Parte I, Campagne 1969–1976. Servizio Beni Culturali della Provincia Autonoma di TrentoGoogle Scholar
  253. Piccarreta M, Capolongo D, Boenzi F, Bentivenga M (2006) Implication of decadal changes in precipitation and land use policy to soil erosion in Basilicata, Italy. Catena 65:138–151CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  254. Pimm SL (1984) The complexity and stability of ecosystems. Nature 307:321–326CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  255. Pinto-Correia T, Vos W (2004) Multifunctionality in Mediterranean landscapes—past and future. In: Jongman RHG (ed) The new dimensions of the European landscape. Springer, Wageningen, pp 135–164CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  256. Piorr A, Ungaro F, Ciancaglini A, Happe K, Sahrbacher A, Sattler C, Uthes S, Zander P (2009) Integrated assessment of future CAP policies: land use changes, spatial patterns and targeting. Environ Sci Policy 12:1122–1136CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  257. Pliny the Elder (1855) The natural history. In: Bostock J, Riley HT (eds.) Taylor and Francis, London (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin//ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+toc)
  258. Poli-Marchese E, Patti G (2000) Carta della vegetazione dell’Etna: note illustrative. Istituto di Biologia ed Ecologia Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Catania, S.EL.C.A., FirenzeGoogle Scholar
  259. Posthumus H, De Graaff J (2005) Cost-benefit analysis of bench terraces, a case study in Peru. Land Degrad Dev 16:1–11CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  260. Povellato A (2004) Potential effects of cross- compliance in Italian agriculture, paper presented at the seminar “Evaluation of cross-compliance”. Concerted action “developing cross compliance in the EU: background, lessons and opportunities” (Qlk5-Ct-2002-02640). Granada, Spain (19–20 April)Google Scholar
  261. Pulina G, d’Angelo M, Dettori S, Caredda S, Enne G (1997) Attività agropastorali e degrado ambientale nel bacino del Mediterraneo. Genio Rurale LIX 6: 48–53Google Scholar
  262. Ramos MC, Cots-Folch R, Martínez-Casanovas JA (2007) Sustainability of modern land terracing for vineyard plantation in a Mediterranean mountain environment—the case of the Priorat region (NE Spain). Geomorphology 86:1–11CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  263. Rejesus RM, Hornbaker RH (1999) Economic and environmental evaluation of alternative pollution-reducing nitrogen management practices in central Illinois. Agric Ecosyst Environ 75:41–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  264. Rendell HM (1986) Soil erosion and land degradation in southern Italy. In: Fantechi R, Margaris NS (eds.) Desertification in Europe, Commission of the European Communities, BrusselsGoogle Scholar
  265. Ricci F, De Sanctis A (2004) Studio della dinamica temporale del paesaggio della Riserva dei Calanchi di Atri tramite rilievi su foto aeree. Riserva naturale dei Calanchi d’Atri—WWFGoogle Scholar
  266. Richter DD (2007) Humanity’s transformation of earth’s soil: pedology’s new frontier. Soil Sci 172:957–967CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  267. Ridolfi C (2006) Delle Colmate di Monte, Articoli dal Giornale Agrario Toscano 1828–1830. FM Edizioni, San MiniatoGoogle Scholar
  268. Rivoira G, Roggero PP, Bullitta S (1989) Influenza delle tecniche di miglioramento dei pascoli sui fenomeni erosivi dei terreni in pendio. Rivista di Agronomia 4: 372–377Google Scholar
  269. Robinson DA, Phillips CP (2001) Crust development in relation to vegetation and agricultural practice on erosion susceptible, dispersive clay soils from central and southern Italy. Soil Tillage Res 60:1–2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  270. Rodenwaldt E, Lehmann H (1962) Die antiken Emissari von Cosa-Ansedonia, ein Beitrag zur Frage der Entwässerung der Maremmen in Etruskischer Zeit. Paperback, Springer, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  271. Rodolfi G, Frascati F (1979) Cartografia di base per la programmazione in aree marginali (area rappresentativa dell’alta Val d’Era). In: Memorie Illustrative della Carta Geomorfologia. Annali Istituto Sperimentale per lo Studio e la Difesa del Suolo 10:37–80Google Scholar
  272. Rodrigues SM, Pereira ME, Ferreira da Silva E, Hursthouse AS, Duarte AC (2009) A review of regulatory decisions for environmental protection: part I—challenges in the implementation of national soil policies. Environ Int 35:202–213CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  273. Roggero PP, Bagella S, Deligios P, Ledda L, Gutierrez M (2011) Gestione dell’abbandono dei seminativi italiani in aree svantaggiate. Situazione dei seminativi nel quadro dell’agricoltura italiana. Firenze, Accademia dei GeorgofiliGoogle Scholar
  274. Roggero PP, Toderi M (eds.) (2002) Le misure agroambientali: applicazione nelle Marche e analisi di un caso di studio sull’inquinamento da nitrati di origine agricola. Quaderni 5B, Assam, AnconaGoogle Scholar
  275. Romeo R (1969) Cavour e il suo tempo. Volume 1- L’attività agricola e i suoi problemi. LaterzaGoogle Scholar
  276. Ronchi V (1971) Cenni storici sulla agricoltura delle bonifiche del Basso Piave (Venezia). In: Proceeding of the national conference of agriculture history, vol 2. pp 507–595Google Scholar
  277. Rottoli M (1997) I legni della terramara di Castione Marchesi. In: Bernabò Brea M, Cardarelli A, Cremaschi M (eds.) Le Terramare. La Più Antica Civiltà Padana. Electa, MilanoGoogle Scholar
  278. Ruiu PA, Pampiro F, Pintus A (1995) Analisi della rinovazione in diverse tipologie di sughereta del Nord-Sardegna. Collana Biologica 4. Tempio PausaniaGoogle Scholar
  279. Rusco E, Maréchal B, Tiberi M, Bernacconi C, Ciabocco G, Ricci P, Spurio E (2009) Case Study—Italy. Sustainable agriculture and soil conservation (SoCo Project). JRC technical notes. EUR 24131 EN/9—2009Google Scholar
  280. Sadori L, Giraudi C, Petitti P, Ramrath A (2004) Human impact at Lago di Mezzano (central Italy) during the Bronze Age: a multidisciplinary approach. Quatern Int 113:5–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  281. Samouëlian A, Cornu S (2008) Modelling the formation and evolution of soils, towards an initial synthesis. Geoderma 145:401–409CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  282. Sandor JA (1998) Steps toward soil care: ancient agricultural terraces and soils. Transactions of 16th international congress of soil science, Montpellier, FranceGoogle Scholar
  283. Sandor JA, Gersper PL, Hawley JW (1990) Prehistoric agricultural terraces and soils in the Mimbres area, World Archaeology, 22: 70–86 New MexicoGoogle Scholar
  284. Sang-Arung J, Mihara M, Horaguchi Yamaji Y (2006) Soil erosion and participatory remediation strategy for bench terraces in Northern Thailand. Catena 65:258–264CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  285. Sani E (1962) La bonificazione Parmigiana-Moglia. Edizioni AGE, Reggio EmiliaGoogle Scholar
  286. Scalenghe R, Certini G, Corti G, Zanini E, Ugolini FC (2004) Segregated ice and liquefaction effects on compaction of fragipans. Soil Sci Soc Am J 68:204–214Google Scholar
  287. Scaramellini G, Varotto M (eds) (2008) Terraced Landscapes of the Alps: Atlas. Marsilio, VeneziaGoogle Scholar
  288. Scarciglia F, De Rosa R, Vecchio G, Apollaro C, Robustelli G, Terraset F (2008) Volcanic soil formation in Calabria (southern Italy): The cecita lake geosol in the late quaternary geomorphological evolution of the sila uplands. J Volcanol Geoth Res 177:101–117CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  289. Schmidl A, Jacomet S, Oeggl K (2007) Distribution patterns of cultivated plants in the Eastern Alps (Central Europe) during Iron Age. J Archaeol Sci 34:243–254CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  290. Schneeberger N, Bürgi M, Hersperger AM, Ewald KC (2007) Driving forces and rates of landscape change as a promising combination for landscape change research—an application on the northern fringe of the Swiss Alps. Land Use Policy 24:349–361CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  291. Sereni E (1986) Storia del paesaggio agrario italiano. Editori La TerzaGoogle Scholar
  292. Sereni E (1997) History of the Italian Agricultural Landscape. Translated by R. Burr Litchfield. Princeton University Press (originally published in 1961 as “Storia del paesaggio agrario italiano”, translation based on the Biblioteca Universale Laterza Edition, 1989)Google Scholar
  293. Serpieri A (1948) La bonifica nella storia e nella dottrina. Edizioni Agricole, BolognaGoogle Scholar
  294. Seybold CA, Herrick JE, Brejda JJ (1999) Soil resilience: a fundamental component of soil quality. Soil Sci 164:224–234CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  295. Shalevet J (1994) Using water of marginal quality for crop production: major issues. Agric Water Manag 25:233–269CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  296. Shepherd TG (2003) Assessing soil quality using visual soil assessment. In: Currie LD, Hanly JA (eds.) Tools for nutrient and pollutant management: applications to agriculture and environmental quality. Occasional Report No. 17. Fertilizer and Lime Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston NorthGoogle Scholar
  297. Shepherd TG (2009a) Visual soil assessment. Volume 1. Field guide for pastoral grazing and cropping on flat to rolling country. 2nd edn. Horizons Regional Council, Palmerston North, New ZealandGoogle Scholar
  298. Shepherd TG (2009b) Visual soil assessment. Volume 3. Field guide for pastoral grazing on hill country. 2nd edn. Horizons Regional Council, Palmerston North, New ZealandGoogle Scholar
  299. Shepherd TG (2010a) Visual soil assessment—field guide for maize. FAO, RomeGoogle Scholar
  300. Shepherd TG (2010b) Visual soil assessment—field guide for pasture. FAO, RomeGoogle Scholar
  301. Shepherd TG, Stagnari F, Pisante M, Benites J (2008a) Visual soil assessment—field guide for wheat. FAO, RomeGoogle Scholar
  302. Shepherd TG, Stagnari F, Pisante M, Benites J (2008b) Visual soil assessment—field guide for vineyards. FAO, RomeGoogle Scholar
  303. Shepherd TG, Stagnari F, Pisante M, Benites J (2008c) Visual soil assessment—field guide for olive orchards. FAO, RomeGoogle Scholar
  304. Shepherd TG, Stagnari F, Pisante M, Benites J (2008d) Visual soil assessment—field guide for annual crops. FAO, RomeGoogle Scholar
  305. Shepherd TG, Stagnari F, Pisante M, Benites J (2008e) Visual soil assessment—field guide for orchards. FAO, RomeGoogle Scholar
  306. Shi ZH, Cai CF, Ding SW, Wang TW, Chow TL (2004) Soil conservation planning at the small watershed using RUSLE with GIS: a case study in the three gorge area of China. Catena 55:33–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  307. Shortle JS, Abler DG, Ribando M (2001) Agriculture and water quality. In: Shortle JS, Abler DG (eds) Environmental policies for agricultural pollution control. CABI Publishing, NYCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  308. Sicre M-A, Jacob J, Ezat U, Rousse S, Kissel C, Yiou P, Eiriksson J, Knudsen KL, Jansen E, Turon J-L (2008) Decadal variability of sea surface temperatures of North Iceland over the last 2,000 years. Earth Planet Sci Lett 268:137–142CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  309. Smith CA (1976) Exchange systems and the spatial distribution of elites: the organization of stratification in agrarian societies. In: Smith CA (ed.) Regional analysis social systems, vol 2 New York, Academic Google Scholar
  310. Sombroek WG (1994) The work of FAO’s land and water division in sustainable land use, with notes on soil resilience and land use mapping criteria. In: Greenland DJ, Szabolcs I (eds) Soil resilience and sustainable land use. CAB Int, UK, pp 521–534Google Scholar
  311. Sonneveld MPW, Bouma J (2003) Methodological considerations for nitrogen policies in the Netherlands including a new role for research. Environ Sci Policy 6:501–511CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  312. Sonnino A, Colonna N, Sciortino M (1998) Evoluzione delle coltivazioni in Basilicata e degrado del territorio. Atti del II Forum Internazionale Politiche europee per combattere la desertificazione nel bacino mediterraneo. MateraGoogle Scholar
  313. Sparks DL (2006) Historical aspects of soil chemistry. In: Warkentin BP (ed) Footprints in the soil: people and ideas in soil history. Elsevier, AmsterdamGoogle Scholar
  314. Spugnoli P, Soverini E, Palancar TC, Pagliai M, Jones R (2002) Effects of irrigation with brackish water on soil trafficability and workability. Adv Geoecology 35:267–278Google Scholar
  315. SSSA (1997) Glossary of soil science terms. Soil Science Society of America, MadisonGoogle Scholar
  316. Stanchi S, Freppaz M, Agnelli A, Reinsch T, Zanini E (2011) Properties, best management practices and conservation of terraced soils in Southern Europe (from Mediterranean areas to the Alps): A review. Quaternary International. In press, doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2011.09.015
  317. Stoate C, Báldi A, Beja P, Boatman ND, Herzon I, van Doorn A, de Snoo GR, Rakosy L, Ramwell C (2009) Ecological impacts of early 21st century agricultural change in Europe—a review. J Environ Manage 91:22–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  318. Strijker D (2005) Marginal lands in Europe–causes of decline. Basic Appl Ecol 6:99–106CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  319. Strunk H (2003) Soil degradation and overland flow as causes of gully erosion on mountain pastures and in forests. Catena 50:185–198CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  320. Szabolcs I (1994a) Introduction to the symposium on “stressed ecosystems and soil resilience.” In: Proceedings 15th world congress of soil science, Acapulco, Mexico. July 10–16 1994, pp 218–220Google Scholar
  321. Taddei F (1957) Le bonifiche toscane. Tipografia Giuntina, FirenzeGoogle Scholar
  322. Tappeiner U, Tappeiner G, Hilbert A, Mattanovich E (2003) The EU agricultural policy and the environment: evaluation of the Alpine region. Blackwell, BerlinGoogle Scholar
  323. Tempesta T (2010) The perception of agrarian historical landscapes: a study of the Veneto plain in Italy. Landscape Urban Planning 97:258–272CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  324. Terranova R (1989) Il paesaggio costiero terrazzato delle Cinque Terre in Liguria. Studi e Ricerche di Geografia 12:1–58Google Scholar
  325. Terribile F, di Gennaro A, Aronne G, Basile A, Buonanno M, Mele G, Vingiani S (2000a) I suoli delle aree di crisi di Quindici e Sarno: aspetti pedogeografici in relazione ai fenomeni franosi. Quaderni di Geologia Applicata 7:81–95Google Scholar
  326. Terribile F, Basile A, De Mascellis R, di Gennaro A, Mele G, Vingiani S (2000b) I suoli delle aree di crisi di Quindici e Sarno: proprietà e comportamenti in relazione ai fenomeni franosi. Quaderni di Geologia Applicata 7: 59–79Google Scholar
  327. Terribile F, di Gennaro A (1996) Rapporto conclusivo U.O.T. Convenzione Regione Campania. Carta dei suoli (1:50.000) dell’Agro Nocerino SarneseGoogle Scholar
  328. Tilman D, Cassman KG, Matson PA, Naylor R, Polasky S (2002) Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature 418:671–677CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  329. Tisdale SL, Nelson WL, Beaton JD, Havlin JL (1993) Soil fertility and fertilizers, 5th edn. MacMillan Publishing Company, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  330. Tobias CR, Anderson IC, Camel AC, Macko SA (2001) Nitrogen cycling through a fringing marsh-aquifer ecotone. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 210:25–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  331. Tobor-Kapłon MA, Bloem J, Römkens PFAM, De Ruiter PC (2005) Functional stability of microbial communities in contaminated soils. Oikos 111:119–129CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  332. Tozzi P (1972) Storia padana antica, il territorio fra Adda e Mincio. Editore Ceschina, MilanoGoogle Scholar
  333. Tremolada P, Villa S, Bazzarin P, Bizzotto E, Comolli R, Vighi M (2008) Pops in mountain soils from the Alps and Andes: suggestions for a ‘precipitation effect’ on altitudinal gradients. Water Air Soil Pollut 188:93–109CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  334. Trinchera A, Pinzari F, Benedetti A, Sequi P (1999) Use of biochemical indexes and changes in organic matter dynamics in a Mediterranean environment: a comparison between soils under arable and set-aside managements. Org Geochem 30:453–459CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  335. Troeh FR, Hobbs JA, Donahue RL (2004) Soil and water conservation for productivity and environmental protection, 4th edn. Prentice Hall, NJGoogle Scholar
  336. Tsuyuzaki S (1994) Environmental deterioration resulting from skiresort construction in Japan. Environ Conserv 21:121–125CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  337. Urracci GR, Carletti A, Seddaiu G, Ledda L, Doro L, De Sanctis G, Roggero PP (2010) Fertilisation management and nitrate leaching in intensive Mediterranean dairy systems. In: Proceedings of the conference “Managing livestock manure for sustainable agriculture”, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp 24–25 November 2010Google Scholar
  338. Vacca A, Loddo S, Ollesch G, Puddu R, Serra G, Tomasi D, Aru A (2000) Measurement of runoff and soil erosion in three areas under different land use in Sardinia (Italy). Catena 40:69–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  339. Vacca S, Capra GF, Coppola E, Rubino M, Madrau S, Colella A, Langella A, Buondonno A (2009) From andic non-allophanic to non-andic allophanic Inceptisols on alkaline basalt in Mediterranean climate—A toposequence study in the Marghine district (Sardinia, Italy). Geoderma 151:157–167CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  340. van Andel TH, Zangger E, Demitrack A (1990) Land use and soil erosion in prehistoric and historical Greece. J Field Archaeol 17:379–396CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  341. Van Buskirk J, Willi Y (2004) Enhancement of farmland biodiversity within set-aside land. Conserv Biol 18:987–994CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  342. Van der Knijff JM, Jones RJA, Montanarella L (1999) Soil erosion risk assessment in Italy. European Soil Bureau. EUR 19044 ENGoogle Scholar
  343. Van Dijk AIJ, Bruijnzeel LA (2003) Terrace erosion and sediment transport model: a new tool for soil conservation planning in bench-terraced steeplands. Environ Model Softw 18:839–850CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  344. Van Dijk AIJ, Bruijnzeel LA (2004) Runoff and soil loss from bench terraces. 1. An event-based model of rainfall infiltration and surface runoff. Eur J Soil Sci 55:299–316CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  345. Van Oost K, Govers G, Desmet P (2000) Evaluating the effects of changes in landscape structure on soil erosion by water and tillage. Landscape Ecol 15:577–589CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  346. Van Oost K, Govers G, Van Muysen WA (2003a) A process-based conversion model for caesium-137 derived erosion rates on agricultural land: an integrated spatial approach. Earth Surf Proc Land 28:187–207CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  347. Van Oost K, Van Muysen W, Govers G, Hechrath G, Quine T, Poesen J (2003b) Simulation of the redistribution of soil by tillage on complex topographies. Eur J Soil Sci 54:63–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  348. Veek G, Zhou L, Ling G (1995) Terrace construction and productivity on loessal soils in Zhongyang County, Shanxi Province, PRC. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 85:450–467CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  349. Ventura M, Scandellaria F, Ventura F, Guzzon B, Rossi Pisa P, Tagliavini M (2008) Nitrogen balance and losses through drainage waters in an agricultural watershed of the po valley (Italy). Eur J Agron 29:108–115CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  350. Vogiatzakis IN, Pungetti G, Mannion AM (eds.) (2008) Mediterranean island landscapes. natural and cultural approaches. Landscape Series, vol 9 SpringerGoogle Scholar
  351. Vos W, Klijn J (2000) Trends in European landscape development: prospects for a sustainable future. In: Klijn J, Vos W (eds) From landscape ecology to landscape science. Kluwer, DordrectGoogle Scholar
  352. Vos W, Meekes H (1999) Trends in European cultural landscape development: perspectives for a sustainable future. Landscape Urban Planning 46:3–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  353. Wada S, Toyota K (2007) Repeated applications of farmyard manure enhance resistance and resilience of soil biological functions against soil disinfection. Biol Fertil Soils 3:349–356Google Scholar
  354. Watson AM (1974) The Arab agricultural revolution and its diffusion, 700–1,100. J Econ Hist 34:8–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  355. Wertz S, Degrange V, Prosser JI, Poly F, Commeaux C, Guillaumaud N, Le Roux X (2007) Decline of soil microbial diversity does not influence the resistance and resilience of key soil microbial functional groups following a model disturbance. Environ Microbiol 9:2211–2219CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  356. White KD (1970) Roman Farming. Cornell University Press, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  357. Winiwarter A (2006) Soil scientists in ancient Rome. In: Warkentin BP (ed) Footprints in the soil, people and ideas in soil history. Elsevier, AmsterdamGoogle Scholar
  358. Wood S, Sebastian K, Scherr S (2000) Pilot analysis of global ecosystem: agroecosystems. IFPRI and WRI, WashingtonGoogle Scholar
  359. Yaalon DH (2007) Landscape processes always involve soil change. Bioscience 57:918–919CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  360. Yaalon DH, Arnold RW (2000) Attitudes toward soils and their societal relevance: then and now. Soil Sci 165:5–12CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  361. Yadav SN, Peterson W, Easter KW (1997) Do farmers overuse nitrogen fertilizer to the detriment of the environment? Environ Resource Econ 9:323–340Google Scholar
  362. Zalidis GC, Crisman TL, Gerakis PA (ed.) (2002) Restoration of Mediterranean wetlands. hellenic ministry of the environment, physical planning and public works, Athens & Greek Biotope/Wetland Centre, Thermi, GreeceGoogle Scholar
  363. Zamagni V (1993) The economic history of Italy, 1860–1990. Oxford University Press New York ISBN 0-19-829289-9Google Scholar
  364. Zanchi G, Thiel D, Green T, Lindner M (2007) “Afforestation in Europe”, specific targeted research project no. SSPE-CT-2004-503604Google Scholar
  365. Zhang B, Horn R, Hallett PD (2005) Mechanical resilience of degraded soil amended with organic matter. Soil Sci Soc Am J 69:864–871CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  366. Zilioli DM, Bini C, Wahsha M, Ciotoli G (2011) The pedological heritage of the Dolomites (Northern Italy): features, distribution and evolution of the soils, with some implications for land management. Geomorphology 135:232–247CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  367. Zornoza R, Guerrero C, Mataix-Solera J, Scow KM, Arcenegui V, Mataix-Beneyto J (2009) Changes in soil microbial community structure following the abandonment of agricultural terraces in mountainous areas of Eastern Spain. Appl Soil Ecol 42:315–323CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  368. Zucca C, Canu A, Della Peruta R (2006) Effects of land use and landscape on spatial distribution and morphological features of gullies in an agropastoral area in Sardinia (Italy). Catena 68:87–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  369. Zucca C, Canu A, Previtali F (2010) Soil degradation by land use change in an agropastoral area in Sardinia (Italy). Catena 83:46–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013

Authors and Affiliations

  • Giuseppe Corti
    • 1
  • Stefania Cocco
    • 1
  • Giorgia Brecciaroli
    • 1
  • Alberto Agnelli
    • 2
  • Giovanna Seddaiu
    • 3
  1. 1.Dipartimento di Scienze AgrarieAlimentari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle MarcheAnconaItaly
  2. 2.Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie ed AmbientaliUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaPerugiaItaly
  3. 3.Dipartimento di AgrariaUniversità degli Studi di SassariSassariItaly

Personalised recommendations