Abstract
A factor is anything that has the potential to influence or change a feature, or to affect the way in which a feature is managed. These influences may exist, or have existed, at any time in the past, present or future. Factors can be natural or anthropogenic in origin, and they can be internal (on-site) or external (off-site). This chapter introduces the concept and application of factors in management planning. Factors will be revisited at several key stages in the planning process for each feature: the selection of attributes for features, the selection of performance indicators for features and the management rationale. To avoid unnecessary repetition, a master list of all the factors is prepared at an early stage in the plan. The list should contain all the factors that have affected, are affecting, or may in the future affect, any of the features on a site. Once a master list has been prepared, it can be used to ensure that all the relevant factors are considered for each feature. The management of habitats and species is nearly always about controlling factors, or taking remedial action following the impact of a factor. Control means the removal, maintenance, adjustment or application of factors, either directly or indirectly. Factors can have a positive or negative influence. Some factors, for example, invasive alien species, will always be negative. Others, such as grazing, can be positive or negative. Our ability to achieve conservation objectives will always be constrained by our ability to control factors. We can never be certain that we have identified all the factors, and we should not assume that we fully understand the implications of each factor. However, management planning is a process, and we can only react to what is known and understood at any given time. Time will reveal our errors and failures, and then we can take different actions.
Keywords
Planning Process Invasive Alien Species Secondary Factor Dune Slack Mobile DuneReferences
- Alexander, M. (1996). A Guide to the Production of Management Plans for Nature Conservation and Protected Areas. Countryside Council for Wales, Bangor, Wales.Google Scholar
- Alexander, M. (2003). CCW Guide to Management Planning for SSSIs, Natura 2000 Sites and Ramsar Sites. Countryside Council for Wales, Bangor, Wales.Google Scholar
- Alexander, M. (2005). The CMS Guide to Management Planning. The CMS Consortium, Talgarth, Wales.Google Scholar
- Brasnett, N. V. (1953). Planned Management of Forests. George Allen and Unwin, LondonGoogle Scholar
- Eurosite (1996). Management Plans for Protected and Managed Natural and Semi-natural Areas. Eurosite, Tilburg, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
- Eurosite (1999). Toolkit for Management Planning. Eurosite, Tilburg, The NetherlandsGoogle Scholar
- MacArthur, R. H. and Wilson, E. O. (1967). The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press Princeton, NJ, USA.Google Scholar
- Margoluis, R. and Salafsky, N. (1998). Measures of Success: Designing, Managing, and Monitoring Conservation and Development Projects. Island Press, Washington DC.Google Scholar
- NCC (1983). A Handbook for the Preparation of Management Plans. Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough, UK.Google Scholar
- NCC (1988). Site Management Plans for Nature Conservation, A Working Guide. Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough, UK.Google Scholar
- Peterken, G. F. (1996). Natural Woodland, Ecology and Conservation in Northern Temperate Regions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.Google Scholar
- Quammen, D. (1996). The Song of the Dodo. Pimlico, London, UK.Google Scholar
- Rodwell, J. (1992). British Plant Communities, Volume 3 Grasslands and Montane Communities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
- Stankey, G. H., McCool, S. F. and Stokes, G.L. (1984). Limits of acceptable change: A new framework for managing the Bob Marshall Wilderness. Western Wildlands, 10(3), 33–37Google Scholar
- Wildlife Conservation Society (2006a). Living Landscapes Technical Manual 2 Creating Conceptual Models – A Tool for Thinking Strategically, New York.Google Scholar
- Williams, C. B. (1964). Patterns in the Balance of Nature. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
- Wood, J. B. and Warren, A. (ed.) (1976). A Handbook for the Preparation of Management Plans – Conservation Course Format, Revision 1. University College London, Discussion Papers in Conservation, No. 18. London.Google Scholar
- Wood, J. B. and Warren, A. (ed.) (1978). A Handbook for the Preparation of Management Plans – Conservation Course Format, Revision 2. University College London, Discussion Papers in Conservation, No. 18. London.Google Scholar