Integration of Membrane Processes for Optimal Wastewater Management

Chapter
First Online:

Abstract

Wastewater generation poses a serious challenging problem in both industrial and domestic sectors worldwide. As a result, many proposals have been raised from academia and industry to cope with the problem. Recently, the wastewater management focuses on minimization of water consumption, recycle, reuse, and regeneration of wastewater streams as an effective mitigation of the problem. Integrated membrane systems with conventional processes have been shown to be an attractive option for the evaluation of wastewater treatment to achieve desired water quality. This chapter presents optimal integration of membrane processes for wastewater treatment through superstructure optimization. State space representation presents a systematic approach to construct rich flow sheet alternatives of enviable processes in a concise manner. These alternatives accordingly can be evaluated simultaneously by the derivation of a mathematical programming model. Mixed integer nonlinear program (MINLP) models are presented for two cases of integrated membrane processes for the treatment of wastewater streams.

Keywords

Unit Operation Reverse Osmosis Distillation Column Splitter Node Reactive Distillation 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. 1.
    Dunn RF, El-Halwagi M (2003) Process integration technology review: background and applications in the chemical process industry. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 78:1011–1021CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    Schaefer K, Exall K, Marsalek J (2004) Water reuse and recycling in Canada: a status and need assessment. Can Water Resour J 3:195–208CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    Kuo WJ, Smith R (1997) Effluent treatment system design. Chem Eng Sci 3:4273–4290Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    Starthmann H (2001) Membrane separation processes, Current relevance and future opportunities. AIChE J 47:1077–1087CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Eddy Metcalf (1991) Wastewater engineering treatment, disposal, and reuse. Irwin/McGraw-Hill, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    Baker RW (2004) Membrane technology and applications, 2nd edn. Wiley, New YorkCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Wenten IG (2002) Recent development in membrane science and its industrial applications. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 24:1009–1024Google Scholar
  8. 8.
    Grossmann IE, Daichendt MM (1996) New trends in optimization-based approaches to process synthesis. Compt Chem Eng 6:665–683CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Westerberg AW (2004) A retrospective on design and process synthesis. Compt Chem Eng 28:447–458CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Viswanathan J, Grossmann IE (1993) Optimal feed locations and number of trays for distillation columns with multiple feeds. Ind Eng Chem Res 32:2942–2949CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Ciric AM, Gu D (1994) Synthesis of nonequilibrium reactive distillation processes by MINLP optimization. AIChE J 9:1479–1487CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Kookos IK (2003) Optimal design of membrane/distillation column hybrid processes. Ind Eng Chem Res 8:1731–1738CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    El-Halwagi MM (1992) Synthesis of reverse osmosis networks for waste reduction. AIChE J 38:1185–1198CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    El-Halwagi MM (1993) Optimal design of membrane-hybrid systems for waste reduction. Sep Sci Technol 28:283–307CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Srinivas BK, El-Halwagi MM (1993) Optimal design of pervaporation systems for waste reduction. Compt Chem Eng 17:957–970CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Yeomans H, Grossmann IE (1999) A systematic modeling framework of superstructure optimization in process synthesis. Compt Chem Eng 6:709–731CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    El-Halwagi MM, Manousiouthakis V (1989) Synthesis of mass exchange networks. AIChE J 8:1233–1244CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Papalexandri KP, Pistikopoulos EN (1996) Generalized modular representation framework for process synthesis. AIChE J 4:1010–1032CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Ismail SR, Pistikopoulos EN, Papalexandri KP (1999) Modular representation synthesis framework for homogeneous azeotropic separation. AIChE J 45:1701–1720CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Proios P, Pistikopoulos EN (2006) Hybrid generalized modular/collocation framework for distillation column synthesis. AIChE J 3:1038–1056CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Linke P, Kokossis AC (2004) Advanced process systems design technology for pollution prevention and waste treatment. Adv Environ Res 8(2):229–245CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Linke P, Kokossis AC (2003) Attainable reaction and separation processes from a superstructure-based method. AICHE 49(6):1451–1470CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Mehta VL, Kokossis AC (2000) Nonisothermal synthesis of homogeneous and multiphase reactor networks. AIChE J 11:2256–2273CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    Saif Y, Elkamel A, Pritzker M (2009) Superstructure optimization for the synthesis of chemical process flowsheets: application to optimal hybrid membrane systems. Eng Optim 41:327–350CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Vyhmeister E, Saavedra A, Cubillos FA (2004) Optimal synthesis of reverse osmosis systems using genetic algorithms. In: European symposium on computer-aided process engineering-14, LappeenrantaGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    Maskan F, Wiley DE, Johnston LPM, Clements DJ (2000) Optimal design of reverse osmosis module networks. AIChE J 46:946–954CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Lu YY, Hu YD, Xu DM, Wu LY (2006) Optimum design of reverse osmosis seawater desalination system considering membrane cleaning and replacing. J Membr Sci 282:7–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    Lu YY, Hu YD, Zhang XL, Wu LY, Liu QZ (2007) Optimum design of reverse osmosis system under different feed concentration and product specification. J Membr Sci 287:219–229CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Evangellsta F (1985) A short cut method for the design of reverse osmosis desalination plants. Ind Eng Chem Process Des Dev 24:211–223CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.
    Weber W (1972) Physiochemical processes for water quality. Wiley, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    Adams JQ, Clark RM (1991) Evaluating the costs of packed-tower aeration and GAC for controlling selected organics. AWWA 1:49–57Google Scholar
  32. 32.
    Dzombak DA, Roy SB, Fang H (1993) Air-stripper design and costing computer program. AWWA 10:63–72Google Scholar
  33. 33.
    Shah MR, Noble RD, Clough DE (2004) Pervaporation-air-stripping hybrid process for removal of VOCs from groundwater. J Membr Sci 241:257–263CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. 34.
    Suk DE, Matsuura T (2006) Membrane-based hybrid processes: a review. Sep Sci Technol 41:595–626CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    Wijmans JG, Kamaruddin HD, Segelke SV, Wessling M, Baker RW (1997) Removal of dissolved VOCs from water with an air stripper/membrane vapor separation system. Sep Sci Technol 14:2267–2287CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    Hines AL, Maddox RN (1985) Mass transfer, fundamentals and applications. Prentice-Hall, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Billet R, Schultes M (1991) Modeling of pressure drop in packed columns. Chem Eng Technol 14:89–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    Billet R, Schultes M (1993) Predicting mass transfer in packed columns. Chem Eng Technol 16:1–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. 39.
    Billet R, Schultes M (1999) Prediction of mass transfer columns with dumped and arranged packing, updated summary of the calculation method of Billets and Schultes. Trans IChemE 77:498–504CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    Hickey PJ, Gooding CH (1994) Modeling spiral wound modules for the pervaporative removal of volatile organic compounds from water. J Membr Sci 88:47–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Saif Y, Elkamel A, Pritzker M (2008) Optimal design of RO network for wastewater treatment and minimization. Chem Eng Proc 47:2163–2174CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. 42.
    Saif Y, Elkamel A, Pritzker M (2008) Global optimization of reverse osmosis network for wastewater treatment and minimization. Ind Eng Chem Res 47:3060–3070CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    Elkamel A, Saif Y, Pritzker M (2009) Optimal design of a hybrid air stripping/pervapouration system for removal of multicomponent VOCs from groundwater. Int J Proc Sys Eng 1:46–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. 44.
    Bagajewicz MJ, Manousiouthakis V (1992) Mass/heat-exchange network representation of distillation networks. AIChE J 11:1769–1800CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. 45.
    Brooke A, Kendrik D, Meeraus A (1992) GAMS user’s guide. Boyd & Fraser Publishing Co, DanversGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Daichendt MM, Grossmann IE (1996) Integration of hierarchical decomposition and mathematical programming for the synthesis of process network. Compt Chem Eng 22:147–175CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooCanada
  2. 2.Department of Chemical EngineeringPetroleum InstituteAbu DhabiUAE

Personalised recommendations