Abstract
This chapter reflects on the major findings of the lead authors of this book regarding traditional forest-related knowledge (TFRK) using five criteria for distinguishing the unique character of traditional knowledge: (1) its attention to sustainability; (2) relationships to land; (3) identity; (4) reciprocity; and (5) limitations on market involvement. Following an explanation of these criteria, we discuss the definition of “traditional forest-related knowledge,” with some remarks about its resilience. We then consider threats to the maintenance of TFRK, how other definitions of sustainability differ from that used in TFRK, and how relationships that holders of this knowledge have to their land have been weakened and their identities challenged. We highlight how the key role of reciprocity, or the sharing of the utilization of land, is undermined by individualistic motives which are promoted by the global expansion of modern markets (for commodities, ecosystems services and for knowledge itself), which also challenge the policies of traditional knowledge holders to keep market influences under control. We then focus on two notable, but often ignored, contributions of TFRK (and the holders of this knowledge) to forest management today, specifically the preservation of biodiversity, and traditional knowledge-based shifting cultivation practices and their importance for both sustainable management of forests and food security. Finally, we consider enabling conditions for the preservation and development of TFRK, and examine the role of the scientific community in relation to TFRK and principles for successful collaboration between traditional knowledge holders and scientists.
This chapter is the outcome of a meeting of the lead authors of this book held in at the headquarters of the International Union of Forest Research Organizations in Mariabrunn, Austria, November 8–10, 2010 (Fig. 15.1).
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Notes
- 1.
“A cumulative body of knowledge, practice and belief, handed down through generations by cultural transmission and evolving by adaptive processes, about the relationship between living beings (including humans) with one another and with their forest environment” (UN 2004, adapted from Berkes et al. 2000).
- 2.
Transhumance refers to the seasonal movement of people with their livestock typically as for example in the Himalayan and Alpine regions when herds are moved to higher pastures in summer and to lower valleys where herders have permanent settlements in the winter.
- 3.
CBD Traditional Knowledge Information Portal: http://www.cbd.int/tk/about.shtml/
- 4.
See Traditional Knowledge Digital Library. Available online at: http://www.tkdl.res.in/tkdl/langdefault/common/home.asp?GL=Eng. Cited 10 April 2011.
- 5.
- 6.
- 7.
Etic (not to be confused with ethic) implies an outside perspective on the culture or system, using prior (and in this context, scientific) knowledge and one’s own (here: research) vocabulary to describe and understand in a neutral or objective way. Emic means that the researcher looks at a culture or system from the inside in the sense that she or he assembles a description that can be recognized and verified by those within the system who hold the knowledge.
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Trosper, R.L. et al. (2012). The Unique Character of Traditional Forest-Related Knowledge: Threats and Challenges Ahead. In: Parrotta, J., Trosper, R. (eds) Traditional Forest-Related Knowledge. World Forests, vol 12. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2144-9_15
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