Forest Management and the Water Cycle pp 247-261 | Cite as
Tree Species’ Tolerance to Water Stress, Salinity and Fire
Abstract
According to climate change predictions, water availability might change dramatically in Europe and adjacent regions. This change will undoubtedly have an adverse effect on existing tree species and affect their ability to cope with a lack or an excess of water, changes in annual precipitation patterns, soil salinity and fire disturbance. The following chapter will describe tree species and provenances used in European forestry practice which are the most suitable to deal with water stress, salinity and fire. Each chapter starts with a brief description of each of the stress factors and discusses the predictions of the likelihood of their occurrence in the near future according to the climate change scenarios. Tree species and their genotypes able to cope with particular stress factor, together with indication of their use by forest managers are then introduced in greater detail.
Keywords
Tree Species Salt Tolerance Drought Tolerance Soil Salinity Forest FireReferences
- Armstrong W, Brandle R, Jackson MB (1994) Mechanisms of flood tolerance in plants. Acta Botanica Neerl 43:307–358Google Scholar
- Barrett-Lennard EG (2002) Restoration of saline land through revegetation. Agric Water Manage 53:213–226CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Beritognolo I, Sabatti M, Brosché M et al (2008) Functional genomics to discover genes for salt tolerance in annual and perennial plants. In: Abdelly C, Öztürk M, Ashraf M et al (eds) Biosaline agriculture and high salinity tolerance. Birkhäuser Verlag, SwitzerlandGoogle Scholar
- Bond WJ, van Wilgen BW (1996) Fire and plants. Chapman & Hall, LondonCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bond WJ, Midgley JJ (2003) The evolutionary ecology of sprouting in woody plants. Int J Plant Sci 164:S103–S114CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bond WJ, Keeley JE (2005) Fire as a global ‘herbivore’: the ecology and evolution of flammable ecosystems. Trends Ecol Evol 20:387–394PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Breda N, Badeau V (2008) Forest tree responses to extreme drought and some biotic events: Towards a selection according to hazard tolerance? CR Geosci 340:651–662CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Brugnoli E, Lauteri M (1991) Effects of salinity on stomatal conductance, photosynthetic capacity, and carbon isotope discrimination of salt-tolerant (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and salt-sensitive (Phaseolus-vulgaris L) C3 non-halophytes. Plant Physiol 95:628–635PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Buijse AD, Coops H, Staras M et al (2002) Restoration strategies for river floodplains along large lowland rivers in Europe. Freshw Biol 47:889–907CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cha-um S, Kirdmanee C (2008) Assessment of salt tolerance in eucalyptus, rain tree and thai neem under laboratory and the field conditions. Pak J Bot 40:2041–2051Google Scholar
- Chartzoulakis KS (2005) Salinity and olive: growth, salt tolerance, photosynthesis and yield. Agric Water Manage 78:108–121CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chen SL, Lia JK, Fritz E et al (2002) Sodium and chloride distribution in roots and transport in three poplar genotypes under increasing NaCl stress. Forest Ecol Manag 168:217–230CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Christensen JH, Hewitson B, Busuioc A et al (2007) Regional climate projections. In: Solomon SD, Qin D, Manning M et al (eds) Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climatechange. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NYGoogle Scholar
- Ciais P, Reichstein M, Viovy N et al (2005) Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003. Nature 437:529–533PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Climent J, Tapias R, Pardos JA et al (2004) Fire adaptations in the Canary Islands pine (Pinus canariensis). Plant Ecol 171:185–196CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Crawford RMM, Jeffree CE, Rees WG (2003) Paludification and forest retreat in Northern Oceanic Environments. Ann Bot 91:213–226PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Dale G, Dieters M (2007) Economic returns from environmental problems: breeding salt- and drought-tolerant eucalypts for salinity abatement and commercial forestry. Ecol Eng 31:175–182CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Drew MC (1997) Oxygen deficiency and root metabolism: injury and acclimation under hypoxia and anoxia. Ann Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 48:223–250CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- FAO (2000) The state of food and agriculture 2000: Lessons from the past 50 years. Agricultural and Developmental Economics Working Papers 32. UN FAO Economic and Social Development DepartmentGoogle Scholar
- Ferrio JP, Florit A, Vega A et al (2003) Delta C-13 and tree-ring width reflect different drought responses in Quercus ilex and Pinus halepensis. Oecologia 137:512–518PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gignoux J, Clobert J, Menaut JC (1997) Alternative fire resistance strategies in savanna trees. Oecologia 110:576–583CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gilette HP (1950) A creeping drought under way. Water Sewage Works 97:104–105Google Scholar
- Glenn EP, Brown JJ (1998) Effects of soil salt levels on the growth and water use efficiency of Atriplex canescens (Chenopodiaceae) varieties in drying soil. Am J Bot 85:10–16PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Glenz C, Schlaepfer R, Iorgulescu I et al (2006) Flooding tolerance of Central European tree and shrub species. Forest Ecol Manag 235:1–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Imada S, Yamanaka N, Tamai S (2009) Effects of salinity on the growth, Na partitioning, and Na dynamics of a salt-tolerant tree, Populus alba L. J Arid Environ 73:245–251CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- James SR (1989) Hominid use of fire in the lower and middle pleistocene: a review of the evidence. Curr Anthropol 30:1–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kont A, Jaagus J, Aunap R (2003) Climate change scenarios and the effect of sea-level rise for Estonia. Global Planet Change 36:1–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kozlov MV, Niemelä P (2003) Drought is more stressful for northern populations of Scots pine than low summer temperatures. Silva Fenn 37:175–180Google Scholar
- Kozlowski TT (1997). Responses of woody plants to flooding and salinity. Tree Physiology Monographs 1Google Scholar
- Kreuzwieser J, Buchholz J, Rennenberg H (2003) Emission of methane and nitrous oxide by Australian mangrove ecosystems. Plant Biol 5:423–431CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Maximov NA, Yapp RH (1929) The plant in relation to water; a study of the physiological basis of drought resistance. G. Allen & Unwin Ltd., LondonGoogle Scholar
- Monteverdi CM, Lauteri M, Valentini R (2008) Biodiversity of plant species and adaptation to drought ans salt conditions. Selection of species for sustainable reforestation activity to combat desertification. In: Abdelly C, Öztürk M, Ashraf M et al (eds) Functional genomics to discover genes for salt tolerance in annual and perennial plants. Birkhäuser Verlag, SwitzerlandGoogle Scholar
- Mueller RC, Scudder CM, Porter ME et al (2005) Differential tree mortality in response to severe drought: evidence for long-term vegetation shifts. J Ecol 93:1085–1093CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Neary DG, Klopatek CC, DeBano LF et al (1999) Fire effects on belowground sustainability:a review and synthesis. Forest Ecol Manag 122:51–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nefabas LL, Gambiza J (2007) Fire-tolerance mechanisms of common woody plant species in a semiarid savanna in south-western Zimbabwe. Afr J Ecol 45:550–556CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Neuwirth B, Schweingruberb FH, Winigera M (2006) Spatial patterns of central European pointer years from 1901 to 1971. Dendrochronologia 24:79–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nilsen ET, Orcutt DM, Hale MG (1996) The physiology of plants under stress. Wiley, New YorkGoogle Scholar
- Ogaya R, Penuelas J (2007) Species-specific drought effects on flower and fruit production in a Mediterranean holm oak forest. Forestry 80:351–357CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pausas JG, Blade C, Valdecantos A et al (2004) Pines and oaks in the restoration of Mediterranean landscapes of Spain: new perspectives for an old practice – a review. Plant Ecol 171:209–220CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pausas JG, Verdu M (2005) Plant persistence traits in fire-prone ecosystems of the Mediterranean basin: a phylogenetic approach. Oikos 109:196–202CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pausas JG, Keeley JE, Verdu M (2006) Inferring differential evolutionary processes of plant persistence traits in Northern Hemisphere Mediterranean fire-prone ecosystems. J Ecol 94:31–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pedersen BS (1998) The role of stress in the mortality of midwestern oaks as indicated by growth prior to death. Ecology 79:79–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pennisi E (2008) Plant genetics: getting to the root of drought responses. Science 320:173–173PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pensa M, Aalto T, Jalkanen R (2004) Variation in needle-trace diameter in respect of needle morphology in five conifer species. Trees-Struct Funct 18:307–311CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pensa M, Jalkanen R, Liblik V (2007) Variation in Scots pine needle longevity and nutrient conservation in different habitats and latitudes. Can J Forest Res-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere 37:1599–1604CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pichler P, Oberhuber W (2007) Radial growth response of coniferous forest trees in an inner Alpine environment to heat-wave in 2003. Forest Ecol Manag 242:688–699CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Schume HG, Hager H (2004) Soil water depletion and recharge patterns in mixed and pure forest stands of European beech and Norway spruce. J Hydrol 289:258–274CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sellin A (2001) Hydraulic and stomatal adjustment of Norway spruce trees to environmental stress. Tree Physiol 21:879–888PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Singh B (1998) Biomass production and nutrient dynamics in three clones of Populus deltoides planted on Indogangetic plains. Plant Soil 203:15–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Späth V (2002) Hochwassertoleranz von Waldba¨umen in der Rheinaue. AFZ Der Wald 15:807–810Google Scholar
- Tanji KK (2002) Salinity in the soil environment. In: Läuchli A, Lüttge U (eds) Salinity: environment-plant-molecules. Kluwer, DordrechtGoogle Scholar
- Valladares F, Sanchez-Gomez D (2006) Ecophysiological traits associated with drought in Mediterranean tree seedlings: individual responses versus interspecific trends in eleven species. Plant Biol 8:688–697PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Vartapetian BB, Jackson MB (1997) Plant adaptations to anaerobic stress. Ann Bot 79:3–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Vines RG (1968) Heat transfer through bark, and the resistance of trees to fire. Aust J Bot 16:499–514CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wilhite DA, Buchanan-Smith M (2005) Drought as hazard: understanding the natural and social context. In: Wilhite DA (ed) Drought and water crises: science, technology, and management issues. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FLCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wilson BG, Witkowski ETF (2003) Seed banks, bark thickness and change in age and size structure (1978–1999) of the African savanna tree, Burkea africana. Plant Ecol 167:151–162CrossRefGoogle Scholar