Biochemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores

From Poisons to Spices
Chapter
First Online:
Part of the Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology book series (COLE, volume 16)

Abstract

Fossil evidences from some of the earliest terrestrial communities indicate that insect herbivory began near the close of the Silurian, around 420 million years ago (MYA), by early insects with primitive piercing and sucking mouthparts (Labandeira, 1998). During the Early Permian (∼280 MYA), plant foliar feeding and skeletonization evolved on some seed-bearing plants. Approximately 200 MY later, specialized associations between plants and their insect herbivores, such as feeding by hispine Chrysomelid beetles on ginger, occurred in the late Cretaceous (Wilf et al., 2000). Many arthropods living prior to the Jurassic (∼200 MYA) were polyphagous, but shifts in arthropod feeding from polyphagy to specialized ­oligophagous feeding and subsequently monophagy occurred ­during this period. The occurrence of plant alkaloid and terpenoid metabolites at a ­similar point in the fossil record suggests that plants began to actively evolve these compounds for defensive purposes. These compounds, along with the phenolics, are collectively known as defensive allelochemicals or antiherbivory compounds (Whittaker, 1970).

Keywords

Salicylic Acid Jasmonic Acid Chlorogenic Acid Insect Herbivory Ursolic Acid 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of EntomologyKansas State UniversityManhattanUSA

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