Skip to main content

Counting Eggs? Smallholder Experiments and Tryouts as Success Indicators of Adoption of Soil Fertility Technologies

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:

Abstract

The aim of this chapter is to analyse how successfully smallholders test–apply new soil fertility concepts and to understand the diverse adaptive strategies they rely on. Through in-depth interviews and participant observation in western Kenya, we analysed success stories in the form of use-as-you-learn applications, i.e. “experiments”, following a participatory research initiative. The nature and prevalence of smallholder use-as-you-learn “experiments”, referred to here as tryouts, is a useful indicator of future application of research concepts and technologies, whether they can be gainful and sustainable. Smallholder experimentation can work best when integrated into research agendas or in cases when researchers dedicate themselves to participatory research full-time and long enough. This chapter concludes that co-research initiatives are crucial for successful soil fertility research and also shows that the hunt for signs of success of research among smallholders is a crucial beginning point for any scaling-out initiative.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   309.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   399.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   499.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ayuke FO, Rao MR, Swift MJ, Opondo-Mbai ML (2004) Effect of organic and inorganic nutrient sources on soil mineral nitrogen and maize yields in western Kenya. In: Bationo A (ed) Managing nutrient cycles to sustain soil fertility in sub-Saharan Africa. Academic Science, Nairobi, pp 66–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentley J (2006) Folk experiments. Agric Hum Values 23(4):451–462

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bentley JW, Baker PS (2005) Understanding and getting the most from farmers’ local knowledge. In: Gonsalves J, Becker T, Braun A, Campilan D, De Chavez H, Fajber E, Kapiriri M, Rivaca-Caminade J, Vernooy R (eds) Participatory research and development for sustainable agriculture and natural resource management: a sourcebook. Volume 1: understanding participatory research and development. International Potato Centre-Users’ Perspectives with Agricultural Research and Development, Laguna. Philippines and International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada, pp 58–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Fertiliser Use Recommendation Project (1987) Final report, Annex III, vol 5. Busia District. Ministry of Agriculture, Nairobi (Annex)

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankfort-Nachmias C, Nachmias D (2005) Research methods in the social sciences, 5th edn. Arnold, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Giller KE (2000) Translating science into action for agricultural development in the tropics: an example from decomposition studies. Appl Soil Ecol 14:1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • Giller KE, Misiko M, Tittonell P (2007) Managing organic resources for soil amendment. LEISA LEUSDEN 22(4): 16–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Misiko M (2001) The potential of community institutions in dissemination and adoption of agricultural technologies in Emuhaya, Kenya. MA thesis, University of Nairobi, Nairobi (Chapter 4)

    Google Scholar 

  • Misiko M (2007a) Fertile ground? Soil fertility management and the African smallholder. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Misiko M (2007b) Participatory analyses of the “Strengthening ‘Folk Ecology’ Project” activities: a report on the January–March 2007 fieldwork. TSBF-CIAT, Nairobi, Kenya, 14 Mar 2007

    Google Scholar 

  • Netting RMcC (1993) Smallholders, householders: farm families and the ecology of intensive, sustainable agriculture. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA

    Google Scholar 

  • Ojiem JO, Palm CA, Okwuosa EA, Mudeheri MA (2004) Effect of combining organic and inorganic phosphorus sources on maize grain yield in humic-nitisol in western Kenya. In: Bationo A (ed) Managing nutrient cycles to sustain soil fertility in sub-Saharan Africa. Academic Science, Nairobi, pp 347–357

    Google Scholar 

  • Republic of Kenya (1997) Busia district development plan 1997–2001. Government Printers, Nairobi

    Google Scholar 

  • Republic of Kenya (2005) Ministry of Agriculture Strategic Plan 2005–2009. Ministry of Agriculture, Nairobi

    Google Scholar 

  • Tittonell P, Vanlauwe B, Leffelaar PA, Rowe EC, Giller KE (2005) Exploring diversity in soil fertility management of smallholder farms in western Kenya: I. Heterogeneity at region and farm scale. Agric Ecosyst Environ 110:149–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • TSBF (2001) Integrating soils, systems and society, strategic directions for TSBF. Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Programme, Nairobi, Kenya

    Google Scholar 

  • UNDP (1991) Agricultural extension. United Nation Development Program, New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren DM, Brokensha D, Slikkerveer LJ (1993) Indigenous knowledge systems: the cultural dimension of development. Kegan Paul International, London

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Special gratitude goes to all farmers of western Kenya, especially those who made this study a success, and to the invaluable financial support of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and TSBF-CIAT.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Misiko .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this paper

Cite this paper

Misiko, M., Tittonell, P. (2011). Counting Eggs? Smallholder Experiments and Tryouts as Success Indicators of Adoption of Soil Fertility Technologies. In: Bationo, A., Waswa, B., Okeyo, J., Maina, F., Kihara, J. (eds) Innovations as Key to the Green Revolution in Africa. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2543-2_116

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics