Best Approximation in Nonlinear Functional Analysis

Chapter
Part of the Trends in Mathematics book series (TM)

Abstract

An introduction to best approximation theory and fixed point theory are presented. Several known fixed point theorems are given. Ky Fan’s best approximation is studied in detail. The study of approximating sequences followed by convergence of the sequence of iterative process is studied. An introduction to variational inequalities is also presented.

Keywords

Best approximation theory Fixed point theory Ky Fan’s best approximation Iterative process Variational inequalities Hartman-Stampacchia theorem 

Notes

Acknowledgments

The first author wishes to thank the coordinator of the DST-CIMS, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India for his very warm hospitality and providing the excellent facilities. He is also grateful to Professor H.H. Khan, Aligarh Muslim University, President of the Indian Mathematical Society for his kind invitation.

References

  1. 1.
    Agarwal, R.P., Meehan, M., O’Regan, D.: Fixed Point Theory and Applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2001)CrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    Agarwal, R.P., O’Regan, D., Sahu, D.R.: Fixed Point Theory for Lipschitzian-type Mappings with Applications. Springer, New York (2009)MATHGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    Ansari, Q.H.: Metric Spaces—Including Fixed Point Theory and Set-Valued Maps. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi (2010) (Also Published by Alpha Science International Ltd., Oxford, U.K.) (2010)Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    Ansari, Q.H., Lalitha, C.S., Mehta, M.: Generalized Convexity, Nonsmooth Variational Inequalities, and Nonsmooth Optimization. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton (2014)MATHGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Assad, N.A., Kirk, W.A.: Fixed point theorems for set-valued mappings of contractrive type. Pacific J. Math. 43, 553–562 (1972)CrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    Bae, J.S.: Studies on generalized nonexpansive maps. Ph.D. Thesis. Seoul National University, Seoul (1983)Google Scholar
  7. 7.
    Banach, S.: Sur les operations dans les ensembles abstrits et leur applications aux equations integrals. Fund. Math. 3, 133–181 (1922)MATHGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Blum, E., Oettli, W.: From optimization and variational inequalities to equilibrium problems. Math. Student 63, 123–145 (1994)MATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Bonsall, F.F.: Lecture on Some Fixed Point Theorems of Functional Analysis. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay, India (1962)Google Scholar
  10. 10.
    Border, K.C.: Fixed Point Theorems with Applications to Economics and Game Theory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1985)Google Scholar
  11. 11.
    Brouwer, L.E.J.: Uber Abbildung von Mannigfaltigkeiten. Math. Ann. 71, 97–115 (1912)CrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Browder, F.E.: Fixed point theorems for noncompact mappings in Hilbert spaces. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 53, 1272–1276 (1965)CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Browder, F.E.: Convergence of approximants to fixed points of nonexpansive nonlinear mappings in Banach spaces. Arch Rat. Mech Anal. 74, 82–90 (1969)MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    Carbone, A.: A note on a Theorem of Prolla. Indian J. Pure Appl. Math. 25, 257–260 (1991)MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Carbone, A.: An extension of a best approximation theorem. Intern. J. Math. Math. Sci. 18, 257–260 (1996)MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Carbone, A., Singh, S.P.: On best approximation theorem in nonlinear analysis. Rendi. del Circolo Mat. Di Palermo 82, 259–277 (2010)Google Scholar
  17. 17.
    Cheney, E.W.: Introduction to Approximation Theory. Chelsea Publishing Co., New York (1982)MATHGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Cheney, E.W., Goldstein, A.A.: Proximity maps for convex sets. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 10, 448–450 (1959)CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Cui, Y.-L., Liu, X.: Notes on Browder’s and Halpern’s methods for nonexpansive mappings. Fixed Point Theory 10, 89–98 (2009)MATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Das, K.M., Singh, S.P., Watson, B.: A note on Mann iteration for quasi-nonexpansive mappings. Nonlinear Anal. 6, 675–676 (1981)CrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Dotson Jr, W.G.: Fixed points of quasinonexpansive mappings. Bull. Austral. Math Soc. 13, 167–170 (1972)CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Fan, K.: A generalization of Tychonoff’s fixed point theorem. Math. Ann. 142, 305–310 (1961)CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Fan, K.: Extensions of two fixed point theorems of F.E. Browder. Math Z. 112, 234–240 (1969)Google Scholar
  24. 24.
    Furi, M., Vignoli, A.: Fixed point theorems in complete metric spaces. Bull. Unione Mat. Italiana 2, 505–509 (1969)MATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Goebel, K., Kirk, W.A.: Topics in Metric Fixed Point Theory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (1990)CrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    Gohde, D.: Zum prinzip der kontraktiven abbildung. Math. Nachr. 30, 251–258 (1965)CrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Granas, A.: Fixed Point Theory. Springer, New York (2003)Google Scholar
  28. 28.
    Halpern, B.: Fixed points of nonexpansive mappings. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 73, 957–961 (1967)CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Hartman, P., Stampacchia, G.: On some nonlinear elliptic differential equations. Acta Math. 115, 271–310 (1966)CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.
    Hicks, T.L., Humphries, M.D.: A note on fixed point theorems. J. Approx. Theory 34, 221–225 (1982)CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    Himmelberg, C.J.: Fixed points of compact multifunctions. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 38, 205–207 (1972)CrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    Ishikawa, S.: Fixed points by new iteration method. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 44, 147–150 (1974)CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  33. 33.
    Kakutani, S.: A generalization of Brouwer fixed point theorem. Duke Math. J. 8, 457–459 (1941)CrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  34. 34.
    Kannan, R.: Some results on fixed points. Amer. Math. Monthly 76, 405–408 (1969)CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    Kindrelehrer, D., Stampacchia, G.: An Introduction to Variational Inequalities and Their Applications. Academic Press, New York (1980)Google Scholar
  36. 36.
    Kirk, W.A.: A fixed point theorem for mappings which do not increase distances. Amer. Math. Monthly 72, 1004–1006 (1965)CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Krasnoselskii, M.A.: Two remarks on the method of successive approximations. Uspehi Math. Nauk. 10, 123–127 (1955)MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    Lin, T.C.: A note on a theorem of Ky Fan. Can. Math. Bull. 22, 513–515 (1979)CrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
  39. 39.
    Mann, W.R.: Mean value methods in iteration. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 4, 506–510 (1953)CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    Nadler Jr, S.B.: Sequence of contractions and fixed points. Pacific J. Math. 27, 579–585 (1968)CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Naimpally, S.A., Singh, K.L.: Extensions of some fixed point theorems of Rhoades. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 96, 437–446 (1983)CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  42. 42.
    Noor, M.A.: An iterative algorithm for variational inequalities. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 158, 448–455 (1991)CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    Nussbaum, R.D.: Some fixed point theorems. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 77, 360–65 (1971)CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  44. 44.
    Park, S.: Ninety years of the Brouwer fixed point theorem. Vietnam J. Math. 27, 187–222 (1999)MATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  45. 45.
    Petryshyn, W.V.: Structure of fixed point sets of the k-set contractions. Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. 40, 312–328 (1971)CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Petryshyn, W.V., Williamson Jr, T.E.: Strong and weak convergence of sequence of successive approximations of quasi nonexpansive mappings. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 43, 459–497 (1973)CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Prolla, J.B.: Fixed point theorems for set-valued mappings and existence of best approximants. Numer. Funct. Anal. Optimiz. 5, 449–455 (1982–1983)Google Scholar
  48. 48.
    Rao, G.S., Mariadoss, S.A.: Applications of fixed point theorems to best approx. Bulg. Math. Publ. 9, 243–248 (1983)MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  49. 49.
    Reich, S.: Approximate selections, best approximations, fixed points and invariant sets. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 62, 104–113 (1978)CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  50. 50.
    Rheinboldt, W.C.: A unified convergence theory for a class of iterative process. SIAM J. Math. Anal. 5, 42–63 (1968)MATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  51. 51.
    Rhoades, B.E.: Comments on two fixed point iteration methods. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 56, 741–750 (1976)CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  52. 52.
    Sadovski, B.N.: A fixed point principle. Funct. Anal. Appl. 1, 151–153 (1967)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. 53.
    Schaefer, H.: Ueber die methode sukzessive approximationen. Jahre Deutsch Math. Verein 59, 131–140 (1957)MATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  54. 54.
    Schauder, J.: Der fixpunktsatz in funktionalraumen. Studia Math. 2, 171–180 (1930)MATHGoogle Scholar
  55. 55.
    Sehgal, V.M., Singh, S.P.: A variant of a fixed point theorem of Ky Fan. Indian J. Math. 25, 171–174 (1983)MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  56. 56.
    Sehgal, V.M., Singh, S.P.: A theorem on best approximation. Numer. Funct. Anal. Optimiz. 10, 631–634 (1989)CrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  57. 57.
    Singh, K.L.: Applications of fixed point theory to approximation theory. In: S. P.Singh (ed.) Proceedings on Approximation Theory and Applications, pp. 198–213. Pitman Publishing Co., London (1985)Google Scholar
  58. 58.
    Singh, S.P.: Applications of fixed point theorem to approximation theory. J. Approx. Theory 25, 88–89 (1979)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. 59.
    Singh, S.P., Singh, M.: Iterated contraction maps and fixed points. Bull. Allahabad Math. Soc. 21, 393–400 (2008)Google Scholar
  60. 60.
    Singh, S.P., Watson, B.: Proximity maps and points. J. Approx. Theory 28, 72–76 (1983)CrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  61. 61.
    Singh, S.P., Watson, B.: On approximating fixed points. In: F.E.Browder (ed.) Proceeding and Symposium in Pure Mathematics. Amer. Math. Soc. 45, 393–395 (1986)Google Scholar
  62. 62.
    Singh, S.P., Watson, B., Srivastava, P.: Fixed Point Theory and Best Approximation: The KKM map principle. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1997)CrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
  63. 63.
    Takahashi, W.: Recent results in fixed point theory. Southeast Asian Bull. Math. 4, 59–85 (1980)MATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  64. 64.
    Watson, B.: Convergence of sequences of mappings and fixed points. Varahmihir J. Math. Sci. 6, 105–110 (2006)MATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  65. 65.
    Zeidler, E.: Nonlinear Functional Analysis and Applications I. Springer, New York (1985)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer India 2014

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Mathematics and StatisticsMemorial UniversitySt. John’sCanada
  2. 2.Department of Physics and AstronomyThe University of Western OntarioLondonCanada

Personalised recommendations