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Digital Reconstruction of Neanderthal and Early Homo sapiens Endocasts

  • Naomichi Ogihara
  • Hideki Amano
  • Takeo Kikuchi
  • Yusuke Morita
  • Hiromasa Suzuki
  • Osamu Kondo
Chapter
First Online:
Part of the Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans Series book series (RNMH)

Abstract

Endocranial morphology is currently the most useful source of information available for estimating the brain morphology and, hence, possible differences in cognitive ability in fossil hominins. Recently, computed tomography has been widely used to construct digital models of the endocranial cavity. With ongoing advances in computer-assisted morphological techniques, digital endocasts allow detailed analyses of morphological variability between hominin fossils and modern humans. This paper reviews digital reconstructions and morphological analyses of fossil endocasts and presents the digital reconstructions of complete endocasts of specimens of four Neanderthals and four early Homo sapiens based on CT scan data. Possible differences in the brain structure between Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens were identified based on a three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis of the reconstructed endocasts. Our results demonstrated that ecto- and endocranial shapes are quantitatively different between Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens. The cranium of early Homo sapiens shows relative enlargement of the cerebellar region and relative expansion of the parietal area, possibly indicating that neuroanatomical organization is different between the two species.

Keywords

Fossil Brain Cerebellum Geometric morphometrics 
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Notes

Acknowledgment

The authors express their sincere gratitude to T. Akazawa of Kochi Institute of Technology for giving the opportunity to participate in the research project “Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans: Testing Evolutionary Models of Learning” and for lending his continuous guidance and support throughout the course of the study. The authors also thank Y. Rak and I. Hershkovitz of Tel Aviv University and C. P. E. Zollikofer and M. Ponce de León of the University of Zurich for kindly allowing the use of CT scan data of the Amud 1 and Qafzeh 9; P. Mennecier and A. Froment of Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle for La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1, La Ferrassie 1, and Cro-Magnon 1; M. Bastir of Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales and C. Stringer of Natural History Museum for Forbes’ Quarry 1; and D. Lieberman, O. Herschensohn, and M. Morgan of Harvard University for Skhul 5. The CT scan data of the Mladeč 1 were obtained from the digital archive of fossil hominoids, the University of Vienna. We also thank M. Nakatsukasa of Kyoto University, G. Suwa of the University of Tokyo, and T Takano of Japan Monkey Center for their kind permission to study the cranial materials under their care and D. Kubo of Hokkaido University for CT scanning of the crania housed at the University of Tokyo. This study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (#22101006).

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© Springer Japan KK 2018

Authors and Affiliations

  • Naomichi Ogihara
    • 1
  • Hideki Amano
    • 1
  • Takeo Kikuchi
    • 1
  • Yusuke Morita
    • 1
  • Hiromasa Suzuki
    • 2
  • Osamu Kondo
    • 3
  1. 1.Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and TechnologyKeio UniversityYokohamaJapan
  2. 2.Department of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of EngineeringUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
  3. 3.Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of ScienceUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan

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