Sterol Biosynthesis Inhibitors: C-4 Demethylation

Chapter

Abstract

Two available fungicides block sterol C-4 demethylation in ergosterol biosynthesis: the hydroxyanilide fenhexamid and the amino-pyrazolinone fenpyrazamine, introduced in the early 2000s and 2010s, respectively. Both these fungicides specifically target 3-ketoreductase (Erg27), the third enzyme of the C-4 demethylation enzyme complex. Highly effective against Botrytis cinerea, causing gray mold, they are also effective against other pathogens, such as Monilinia spp., Sclerotinia spp., and Oculimacula spp. Up to now, most available data on resistance phenomena have been recorded with fenhexamid on gray mold. The mechanism of acquired resistance to fenhexamid is linked to target modification in most resistant strains. Amino-acid changes due to erg27 gene mutations possibly decrease the affinity of fenhexamid for 3-ketoreductase. Twenty-three individual mutations, sometimes, but rarely, occurring in pairs, have been identified in moderately resistant strains. The principal highly resistant strains display one out of four detected amino-acid substitutions at position 412. In fungal species naturally resistant to fenhexamid, this intrinsic resistance also appears to be related to a low affinity of the hydroxyanilide for the 3-ketoreductase. Gray mold has recently been shown to be caused by a complex of two cryptic species living in sympatry: B. cinerea, the predominant species, and Botrytis pseudocinerea. B. pseudocinerea is naturally resistant to fenhexamid, due to its cytochrome P450 protein Cyp684 rather than erg27 polymorphism. The function of Cyp684 is unknown, but it may be involved in fenhexamid detoxification. Moreover, multidrug-resistant strains exhibiting reduced susceptibility to fenhexamid have been detected in B. cinerea and Oculimacula yallundae.

Keywords

Botrytis cinerea Botrytis pseudocinerea Gray mold Fungicide resistance Resistance mechanisms Fenhexamid Sterol 3-ketoreductase erg27 mutation Cyp684 
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Copyright information

© Springer Japan 2015

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.INRA AgroParisTech, UMR 1290 BIOGERThiverval-GrignonFrance

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