Brain Edema XI pp 251-255 | Cite as
Spreading Depression Induces Permanent Cell Swelling Under Penumbra Conditions
Abstract
Background. Spreading depression (SD) is known to go along with temporary breakdown of ion gradients and cell swelling which spontaneously normalizes. Here, the effects of SD at reduced flow conditions as encountered in the ischemic penumbra are examined.
Methods. In rats the right carotid artery was permanently occluded. MABP was lowered to 50 mmHg for 30 min. This is sufficient to reduce CBF to penumbra-like conditions in the right hemisphere. The following parameters were assessed: rCBF, DC potential, and tissue impedance. 5 or 15 min after onset of flow reduction one SD wave was initiated by microinjection of KCl. Histology was performed after 7 days.
Results. In animals with hypotension there was depolarization resembling anoxic depolarization after SD induction and an uncoupling of CBF and metabolism only in the right hemisphere. Impedance increased with SD but did not recover spontaneously as long as rCBF remained reduced. 15 min of SD-induced cell swelling was tolerated without permanent damage, whereas 25 min were followed by severe neuron loss in the affected cortex after 7 days.
Conclusions. The study demonstrates the induction of penumbra conditions in the cortex of one hemisphere. SD is followed by cell swelling which persists as long as flow is critically reduced. The experiments illustrate how peri-infarct depolarizations may detrimentally affect the penumbra.
Keywords
Penumbra spreading depression tissue impedance cell swellingPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- 1.Astrup J, Siesjö, BK, Symon L (1981) Thresholds in cerebral ischemia — the ischemic penumbra. Stroke 12: 723–725PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 2.Back T, Kohno K, Hossmann KA (1994) Cortical negative DC deflections following middle cerebral artery occlusion and KCl-induced spreading depression: effect on blood flow, tissue oxygenation, and electroencephalogram. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 14: 12–19PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 3.Back T, Ginsberg M, Dietrich WD, Watson BD (1996) Induction of spreading depression in the ischemic hemisphere following experimental middle cerebral artery occlusion: effect on infarct morphology. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 16: 202–213PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 4.deCrespigny A, Röther J, van Bruggen N, Beaulieu C, Moseley M (1998) Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of cerebral hemodynamics during spreading depression in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 18: 1008–1017CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 5.Gjedde A, Hansen AJ, Quistorff B (1981) Blood-brain glucose transfer in spreading depression. J Neurochem 37: 807–812PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 6.Heimann A, Kroppenstedt S, Ulrich P, Kempski O (1994) Cerebral blood flow autoregulation during hypobaric hypotension assessed by laser Doppler scanning. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 14: 1100–1105PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 7.Hossmann K-A (1996) Periinfarct depolarizations. Cerebrovasc Brain Metabol Rev 8: 195–208Google Scholar
- 8.Jing J, Aitken PG, Somjen GG (1994) Interstitial volume changes during spreading depression (SD) and SD-like hypoxic depolarization in hippocampal tissue slices. J Neurophysiol 71: 2548–2551PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 9.Kaminogo M, Suyama K, Ichikura A, Onizuka M, Shibata S (1998) Anoxic depolarization determines ischemic brain injury. Neurol Res 20: 343–348PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 10.Lauritzen M, Hansen AJ, Wieloch T (1987) Metabolic changes with spreading depression in rat cortex. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7: S125Google Scholar
- 11.Leão AAP (1944) Spreading depression of activity in cerebral cortex. J Neurophysiol 7: 359–390Google Scholar
- 12.Mayevsky A, Weiss HR (1991) Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in cortical spreading depression. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 11: 829–836PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 13.Mies G, Paschen W (1984) Regional change of blood flow, glucose, and ATP content determined on brain sections during a single passage of spreading depression in rat brain cortex. Exp Neurol 84: 249–258PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 14.Mies G, Iijima T, Hossmann K-A (1993) Correlation between periinfarct DC shifts and ischemic neuronal damage in rat. Neuroreport 4: 709–711PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 15.Nedergaard M, Astrup J (1986) Infarct rim: Effect of hyperglycemia on direct current potential and [14C] 2-deoxyglucose phosphorylation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 6: 607–615PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 16.Nedergaard M, Hansen AJ (1988) Spreading depression is not associated with neural injury in the normal brain. Brain Res 449: 395–398PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 17.Nicholson C, Kraig RP (1981) The behavior of extracellular ions during spreading depression. The application of ion-selective microelectrodes. Zeuthen(ed) Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, pp 217–238Google Scholar
- 18.Van Harreveld A, Ochs S (1956) Cerebral impedance changes after circulatory arrest. Am J Physiol 187: 180–192Google Scholar