Future Aspects of Epilepsy Research

  • Heinz Grefor Wieser
Chapter
Part of the Acta Neurochirurgica Supplements book series (NEUROCHIRURGICA, volume 84)

Summary

This contribution in honour of Prof. Gerhard Pendl first reviews some recent studies on resected tissue, migrational disorders, and Rasmussen’s Syndrome. These areas of basic research profit from recent advances of molecular biology and genetics. On the clinical side, some studies dealing with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy are reviewed. In order to highlight the progress in clinical epilepsy research using modern methods of structural and functional imaging, functional outcome prediction is also reviewed. This kind of advanced clinical research is dealt with by discussing risk factor assessment associated with postsurgical decrements in memory. With regard to motor functions, we compare the yield of functional MR and intraoperative cortical stimulation in patients with lesions in or close to the Rolandic cortex. Progress in the field of advanced EEG analysis is reviewed in the context of “seizure prediction” and cognitive event-related potentials. Finally some of the new epilepsy treatment options, such as Gamma Knife treatment, where Prof. Pendl’s group made pioneering contributions, are dealt with.

Keywords

Experimental and clinical epilepsy research epilepsy surgery 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. 1.
    Ackermann RF, Lear JL (1989) Glycolysis-induced discordance between glucose metabolic rates measured with radio-labelled fluorodeoxyglucose and glucose. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 6: 774–785Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    Andrews PI, Dichter MA, Berkovic SF, Newton MR, Mc-Namara JO (1996) Plasmapheresis in Rasmussen’s encephalitis. Neurology 46: 242–246PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    Antel JP, Rasmussen T (1996) Rasmussen’s encephalitis and the new hat. Neurology 46: 9–11PubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. 4.
    Babb TL (2001) Research on neurotransmitters in human epileptic hippocampus. In: Lüders HO, Comair YG (eds) Epilepsy surgery, 2nd edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 935–940Google Scholar
  5. 5.
    Barkovich AJ, Kuzniecky RI, Dobyns WB, Jackson GD, Becker LE, Evrard P (1996) A classification scheme for malformations of cortical development. Neuropediatrics 27: 59–63PubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    Bartolomei F, Régis J, Kida Y, Kobayashi T, Vladyka V, Liscak R, Forster D, Kemeny A, Schröttner O, Pendl G (1999) Gamma Knife radiosurgery for epilepsy associated with cavernous hemangiomas: a retrospective study of 49 cases. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 72 [Suppl] 1: 22–28Google Scholar
  7. 7.
    Begleiter H, Porjesz B, Wang W (1995) Event-related brain potentials differentiate priming and recognition to familiar and unfamiliar faces. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 94: 41–49PubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Benabid AL, Bressand K, Vercueil L, Dematteis M, Depaulis A, Deransart C, Piallat B, Marescaux C, Kahane P, Benazzouz A. High-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in epilepsy. In: Lüders HO, Comair YG (eds) Epilepsy surgery, 2nd edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 821–828Google Scholar
  9. 9.
    Birri R, Perret E, Wieser HG (1982) Der Einfluss verschiedener Temporallappenoperationen auf das Gedächtnis bei Epileptikern. Nervenarzt 53: 144–149PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Braak E, Olbrich HG, Braak H, Wieser HG, Oertel WH (1986) Glutamic acid decarboxylase immunoreactivity in sector CA1 of the human Ammon’s horn. Anat Embryol 175: 15–23PubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Bronen RA, Vives KP, Kim JH, Fulbright RK, Spencer SS, Spencer DD (1997) Focal cortical dysplasia of Taylor, balloon cell subtype: MR differentiation from low-grade tumors. Am J Neuroradiol 18: 1141–1151PubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Buser PA, Talairach J, Bancaud J (1968) Potentiels évoqués, réponses paroxystiques aux stimulations périphériques et zone épileptogène. Rev Neurol 514Google Scholar
  13. 13.
    Buser PA, Bancaud J, Talairach J (1973) Depth recordings in man in temporal lobe epilepsy. In: Brazier MAB (ed) Epilepsy, its phenomena in man. Academic Press, New York, pp 7–97Google Scholar
  14. 14.
    Chelune GJ, Najm IM (2001) Risk factors associated with postsurgical decrements in memory. In: Lüders HO, Comair YG (eds) Epilepsy surgery, 2nd edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 497–504Google Scholar
  15. 15.
    Chugani DC, Chugani HT, Muzik O, Shah JR, Shah AK, Canady A, Mangner TJ, Chakraborty PK (1998) Imaging epileptogenic tubers in children with tuberous sclerosis complex using alpha-[11C]methyl-L-tryptophan positron emission tomography. Ann Neurol; 44: 858–866PubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Comte P, Siegfried J, Wieser HG (1983) Multipolar hollow-core electrode for brain recordings. Appl Neurophysiol 46: 41–46PubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    Crino PB, Eberwine J (1997) Cellular and molecular basis of cerebral dysgenesis. J Neurosci Res 50: 907–916PubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Crino PB, Duhaime A-C, Baltuch G, White R (2001) Differential expression of glutamate and GABA-A receptor subunit mRNA in cortical dysplasia. Neurology 56: 906–913PubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Cuénod M, Audinat E, Do KQ, Gähwiler BH, Grandes P, Herrling P, Knöpfel T, Perschak H, Streit P, Vollenweider F, Wieser HG (1990) Homocysteic acid as transmitter candidate in the mammalian brain and excitatory amino acids in epilepsy. In: Ben-Ari Y (ed) Excitatory Amino acids and neuronal plasticity. Plenum Press, New York, pp 57–63Google Scholar
  20. 20.
    Dietsch G (1932) Fourier-Analyse von Elektroencephalogramm des Menschen. Pflüger’s Arch Ges Physiol 230: 106–112Google Scholar
  21. 21.
    Do KQ, Klancnik J, Gähwiler B, Perschak H, Wieser HG, Cuènod M (1991) Release of excitatory amino acids: animal studies and epileptic foci studies in humans. In: Meldrum BS, Moroni F, Simon RP, Woods JH (eds) Excitatory amino acids. Raven Press Ltd, New York, pp 677–685Google Scholar
  22. 22.
    Dobson J, Grassi PP (1996) Magnetic properties of human hippocampal tissue: evaluation of artefact and contamination sources. Brain Res Bull 39: 255–259PubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Dobson J, Grassi PP (1998) Preliminary evaluation of the magnetic properties of rat brain tissue: implications for models of human interactions with weak electromagnetic fields. J Biochem Molec Biol & Biophys 1: 247–251Google Scholar
  24. 24.
    Dobson JP, Fuller M, Moser S, Wieser HG, Dunn JR, Zoeger J (1995) Evocation of epileptiform activity by weak DC magnetic fields and magnetite biomineralization in the human brain. In: Baumgartner C, Deecke L, Stroink G, Williamson SJ (eds) Biomagnetism: fundamental research and clinical applications. Elsevier/ISO Press, Amsterdam pp 16–19Google Scholar
  25. 25.
    Duc CO, Trabesinger AH, Weber OM, Meier D, Walder M, Wieser HG, Boesiger P (1998) Quantitative 1H-MRS in the evaluation of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy in vivo. Magn Reson Imaging 16: 969–979PubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    During MJ, Ryder KM, Spencer DS (1995) Hippocampal GABA transporter function in temporal-lobe epilepsy. Nature 376: 174–177PubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Eder HG, Leber KA, Eustacchio S, Pendl G (2001) The role of gamma knife radiosurgery in children. Childs Nerv Syst 17: 341–347PubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    Elger CE, Lehnertz K (1988) Seizure prediction by nonlinear time series analysis of brain electrical activity. Eur J Neurosci 10: 786–789Google Scholar
  29. 29.
    Fandino J, Kollias SS, Wieser HG, Valavanis A, Yonekawa Y (1999) Intraoperative validation of functional magnetic resonance imaging and cortical reorganization patterns in patients with brain tumors involving the primary motor cortex. J Neurosurg 91: 238–250PubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.
    Farrell MA, Droogan O, Secor DL, Poukens V, Quinn B, Vinters HV (1995) Chronic encephalitis associated with epilepsy: immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. Acta Neuropathol 89: 313–321PubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    Flint AC, Kriegstein AR (1997) Mechanisms underlying neuronal migration disorders and epilepsy. Curr Opin Neurol 10: 92–97PubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    Fuller M, Dobson JP, Wieser HG, Moser S (1995) On the sensitivity of the human brain to magnetic fields: Evocation of epileptiform activity. Brain Res Bull 36: 155–159PubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. 33.
    Garcia-Ladona FJ, Palacios JM, Probst A, Wieser HG, Mengod G (1994) Excitatory amino acid AMPA receptor mRNA localization in several regions of normal and neurological disease affected human brain. An in situ hybridization histo-chemistry study. Molecular Brain Res 21: 75–84Google Scholar
  34. 34.
    Germano IM, Sperber EF (1998) Transplacentally induced neuronal migration disorders: an animal model for the study of the epilepsies. J Neurosci Res 51: 473–488PubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    Gotman J (1983) Measurement of small time differences between EEG channels: method and application to epileptic seizure propagation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 56: 501–514PubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    Grunwald T, Elger CE, Lehnertz K, Van Roost D, Heinze HJ (1995) Alterations of intrahippocampal cognitive potentials in temporal lobe epilepsy. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 95: 53–62PubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Guerrini R, Canapicchi R, Zifkin BG (eds) (1996) Dysplasia of cerebral cortex and epilepsy. Lippincott-Raven, PhiladelphiaGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    Gundersen V, Danbolt NC, Ottersen OP, Storm-Mathisen J (1993) Demonstration of glutamate/aspartate uptake activity in nerve endings by use of antibodies recognizing exogenous Daspartate. Neuroscience 57: 97–111PubMedGoogle Scholar
  39. 39.
    Hajek M, Valavanis A, Yonekawa Y, Schiess R, Buck A, Wieser HG (1998) Selective amobarbital test for the determination of language function in patients with epilepsy with frontal and posterior temporal brain lesions. Epilepsia 39: 389–398PubMedGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    Halgren E, Squires NK, Wilson CL, Rohrbaugh JW, Babb TL, Crandall PH (1980) Endogenous potentials generated in the human hippocampal formation and amygdala by infrequent events. Science 210: 803–805PubMedGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Halgren E, Baudena P, Clarke JM, Heit G, Liegeois C, Chauvel P, Musolino A (1995a) Intracerebral potentials to rare target and distractor auditory and visual stimuli. I. Superior temporal plane and parietal lobe. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 94: 191–220PubMedGoogle Scholar
  42. 42.
    Halgren E, Baudena P, Clakre JM, Heit G, Marinkovic K, Devaux B, Vignal JP, Biraben A (1995b) Intracerebral potentials to rare target and distractor auditory and visual stimuli. II. Medial, lateral and posterior temporal lobe. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 94: 229–250PubMedGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    Hammers A, Koepp MJ, Richardson MP, Labbé C, Brooks DJ, Cunningham VJ, Duncan JS (2001) Central benzodiazepine receptors in malformations of cortical development: A quantitative study. Brain 124: 1555–1565PubMedGoogle Scholar
  44. 44.
    Hart YM, Cortez M, Andermann F, Hwang P, Fish DR, Dulac O, Silver K, Fejerman N, Cross H, Sherwin A (1994) Medical treatment of Rasmussen’s syndrome (chronic encephalitis and epilepsy): effect of high-dose steroids or immunoglobulins in 19 patients. Neurology 44: 1030–1036PubMedGoogle Scholar
  45. 45.
    He XP, Patel M, Whitney KD, Janumpalli S, Tenner A, McNamara JO (1998) Glutamate receptor GluR3 antibodies and death of cortical cells. Neuron 20: 153–163PubMedGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Henke K, Buck A, Weber B, Wieser HG (1997) Human hippocampus establishes associations in memory. Hippocampus 7: 249–256PubMedGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Henke K, Weber B, Kneifel S, Wieser HG, Buck A (1999a) Human hippocampus associates information in memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96: 5884–5889Google Scholar
  48. 48.
    Henke K, Weber B, Schwedler K, Kneifel S, Berthold T, Wieser HG, Buck A (1999b) PET studies of memory. Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie 150: 89–96Google Scholar
  49. 49.
    Honavar M, Janota I, Polkey CE (1992) Rasmussen’s encephalitis in surgery for epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 34: 3–14PubMedGoogle Scholar
  50. 50.
    Kerfoot C, Vinters HV, Mathern GW (1999) Cerebral cortical dysplasia: giant neurons show potential for incraesed excitation and axonal lasticity. Dev Neurosci 21: 260–270PubMedGoogle Scholar
  51. 51.
    Krauss GL, Campbell ML, Roche KW, Huganir RL, Niedermeyer E (1996) Chronic steroid-responsive encephalitis without autoantibodies to glutamate receptor GluR3. Neurology 46: 247–249PubMedGoogle Scholar
  52. 52.
    Lange HH, Lieb JP, Engel J Jr, Crandall PH (1983) Temporospatial patterns of pre-ictal spike activity in human temporal lobe epilepsy. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 56: 543–555PubMedGoogle Scholar
  53. 53.
    Lepage M, Habib R, Tulving E (1998) Hippocampal PET activations of memory encoding and retrieval: the HIPER model. Hippocampus 8: 313–322PubMedGoogle Scholar
  54. 54.
    Lopes da Silva F (1999) EEG analysis: theory and praxis. In: Niedermeyer E, Lopes da Silva F (eds) Electroencephalography: basic principles, clinical applications, and related fields, 4th edn., Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 1135–1163Google Scholar
  55. 55.
    Loring DW, Meador KJ, King DW, Gallagher BB, Smith JR, Flanigin HF (1988) Relationship of limbic evoked potentials to recent memory performance. Neurology 38: 45–48PubMedGoogle Scholar
  56. 56.
    Loup F, Weinmann O, Yonekawa Y, Aguzzi A, Wieser HG, Fritschy JM (1998) A highly sensitive immunofluorescence procedure for analyzing the subcellular distribution of GABAA receptor subunits in the human brain. J Histochemistry Cytochemistry 46: 1129–1139Google Scholar
  57. 57.
    Loup F, Wieser HG, Yonekawa Y, Aguzzi A, Fritschy JM (2000) Selective alterations in GABAA receptor subtypes in human temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurosci 20: 5401–5419PubMedGoogle Scholar
  58. 58.
    Maton BM, Najm IM, Wang Y, Luders HO, Ng TC (1999) Postictal in situ MRS brain lactate in the rat kindling model. Neurology 53: 2054–2052Google Scholar
  59. 59.
    McCarthy G, Nobre AC, Bentin S, Spencer DD (1995) Language-related field potentials in the anterior-medial temporal lobe: I. Intracranial distribution and neural generators. J Neurosci 15: 1080–1089PubMedGoogle Scholar
  60. 60.
    McLachlan RS (2001) Vagus nerve stimulation in epilepsy. In: Lüders HO, Comair YG (eds) Epilepsy surgery, 2nd edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 813–819Google Scholar
  61. 61.
    Mueller SG, Kollias SS, Trabesinger AH, Buck F, Boesiger P, Wieser HG (2001a) Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy characteristics of a focal cortical dysgenesis during status epilepticus and in the interictal state. Seizure 10: 518–524PubMedGoogle Scholar
  62. 62.
    Mueller SG, Trabesinger AH, Boesiger P, Wieser HG (2001b) Brain glutathione levels in epileptic patients measured by in vivo 1H-NMR-Spectroscopy. Neurology 57: 1422–1427PubMedGoogle Scholar
  63. 63.
    Mueller SG, Trabesinger AH, Weber OM, Due CO, Weber B, Meier D, Russ W, Boesiger P, Wieser HG (2001c) Effects of Vigabatrin on brain GABA+/CR signals in epileptics monitored by 1H-NMR-spectroscopy: responder characteristics. Epilepsia 42: 29–40PubMedGoogle Scholar
  64. 64.
    Mueller SG, Weber OM, Boesiger P, Wieser HG (2001d) Influence of pyridoxal 5’-phosphate alone and in combination with vigabatrin on brain GABA measured by 1H-NMR-spectroscopy. Brain Res Bull 55: 555–560PubMedGoogle Scholar
  65. 65.
    Najm IM, Wang Y, Hong SC, Lüders HO, Ng TC, Comair YG (1997) Temporal changes in proton MRS metabolites after kainic acid-induced seizures in rat brain. Epilepsia 38: 87–94PubMedGoogle Scholar
  66. 66.
    Najm IM, Wang Y, Shedid D, Lüders HO, Ng TC, Comair YG (1998) MRS metabolic markers of seizure and seizure-induced neuronal damage. Epilepsia 39: 244–250PubMedGoogle Scholar
  67. 67.
    Nobre AC, Allison T, McCarthy G (1994) Word recognition in the human inferior temporal lobe. Nature 372: 260–263PubMedGoogle Scholar
  68. 68.
    Nobre AC, McCarthy G (1995) Language-related field potentials in the anterior-medial temporal lobe: II. Effects of word type and semantic priming. J Neurosci 15: 1090–1098PubMedGoogle Scholar
  69. 69.
    Oguni H, Andermann F, Rasmussen TB (1991) The natural history of the syndrome of chronic encephalomyelitis and epilepsy: a study of the MNI series of forty-eight cases. In: Andermann F (ed) Chronic encephalitis and epilepsy. Rasmussen’s syndrome. Butterworth-Heinemann, Woburn, MA, pp 7–36Google Scholar
  70. 70.
    Paas Y (1998) The pathophysiological mechanism underlying Rasmussen’s encephalitis: a debate. TINS 21: 468–469PubMedGoogle Scholar
  71. 71.
    Paller KA, Bozic VS, Ranganath C, Grabowecky M, Yamada S (1999) Brain waves following remembered faces index conscious recollection. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 7: 519–531PubMedGoogle Scholar
  72. 72.
    Palmini A, Gambardella A, Andermann F, Dubeau F, Da Costa J, Olivier A, Tampieri D, Gloor P, Quesney F, Andermann E, Paglioli E, Paglioli-Neto E, Coutinho L, Leblanc R, Kim HI (1995) Intrinsic epileptogenicity of human dysplastic cortex as suggested by corticography and surgical results. Ann Neurol 37: 476–487PubMedGoogle Scholar
  73. 73.
    Pendl G, Schroettner O, Friehs GM, Feichtinger H (1995) Stereotactic radiosurgery of skull base meningiomas. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 64 [Suppl] 1: 11–18Google Scholar
  74. 74.
    Pendl G, Eder HG, Schroettner O, Leber KA (1999) Corpus callosotomy with radiosurgery. Neurosurgery 45: 303–308PubMedGoogle Scholar
  75. 75.
    Pendl G, Unger F, Papaefthymiou G, Eustacchio S (2000) Staged radiosurgical treatment for large benign cerebral lesions. J Neurosurg 93 [Suppl] 3: 107–112Google Scholar
  76. 76.
    Pendl G, Eustacchio S, Unger F (2001) Radiosurgery as alternative treatment for skull base meningiomas. J Clin Neurosci 8 [Suppl] 1: 12–14Google Scholar
  77. 77.
    Petroff OAC, Prichard JW, Ogino T, Avison M, Alger JR, Shulman RG (1986) Combined 1H and 31P Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies of bicuculline-induced seizures in vivo. Ann Neurol 20: 185–193PubMedGoogle Scholar
  78. 78.
    Petroff OAC, Novotny EJ, Avison M, Rothman DL, Alger JR, Ogino T, Shulman GI, Prichard JW (1992) Cerebral lactate turnover after electroshock: in vivo measurements by 1H/13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 12: 1022–1029PubMedGoogle Scholar
  79. 79.
    Rasmussen T, Andermann F (1989) Update on the syndrome of “chronic encephalitis” and epilepsy. Cleve Clin J Med [Suppl] 56: 81–84Google Scholar
  80. 80.
    Rasmussen T, Olszweski T, Lloyd-Smith DL (1958) Focal seizures due to chronic localized encephalitis. Neurololy 8: 435–455Google Scholar
  81. 81.
    Régis J, Roberts D (1999) Gamma Knife radiosurgery relative to microsurgery: epilepsy. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 72 [Suppl] 1: 11–21Google Scholar
  82. 82.
    Régis J, Bartolomei F, Rey M, Genton P, Dravet C, Semah F, Gastaut J, Chauvel P, Peragut J (1999) Gamma knife surgery for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 40: 1551–1556PubMedGoogle Scholar
  83. 83.
    Régis J, Bartolomei F, Rey M, Hayashi M, Chauvel P, Peragut JC (2000) Gamma knife surgery for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurosurg 93 [Suppl] 3: 3–141Google Scholar
  84. 84.
    Robitaille Y (1991) Neuropathologic aspects of chronic encephalitis. In: Andermann F (ed) Chronic encephalitis and epilepsy. Rasmussen’s syndrome. Butterworth-Heinemann, Woburn, MA, pp 79–110Google Scholar
  85. 85.
    Rogers SW, Andrews PI, Gahring LC, Whisenand T, Cauley K, Crain B, Hughes TE, Heinemann SF, McNamara JO (1994) Autoantibodies to glutamate receptor GluR3 in Rasmussen’s encephalitis. Science 265: 648–651PubMedGoogle Scholar
  86. 86.
    Roper SN, Gilmore RL, Houser CR (1995) Experimentally induced disorders of neuronal migration produce an increased propensity for electrographic seizures in rats. Epilepsy Res 21: 205–219PubMedGoogle Scholar
  87. 87.
    Sackelares JC, Iasemidis LD, Zaveri HP, Williams WJ (1989) Measurement of chaos to localize seizure onset. Epilepsia 30: 663Google Scholar
  88. 88.
    Sherwin I (1978) Interictal transition in the feline penicillin epileptogenic focus. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 45: 525–534PubMedGoogle Scholar
  89. 89.
    Stapleton JM, Halgren E (1987) Endogenous potentials evoked in simple cognitive tasks: depth components and task correlates. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 67: 44–52PubMedGoogle Scholar
  90. 90.
    Stodieck SRG, Wieser HG (1983) The effects of polarization on human epileptic foci. Proceedings First Vienna Workshop on Functional Electrostimulation, abstract, 6 pagesGoogle Scholar
  91. 91.
    Stodieck SRG, Wieser HG (1987) Epicortical DC changes in epileptic patients. In: Wolf P, Dam M, Janz D, Dreifuss FE (eds) Advances in epileptology, vol 16. Raven Press, New York, pp 123–127Google Scholar
  92. 92.
    Strong V, Brown SW, Walker R (1999) Seizure-alert dogs — fact or fiction? Seizure 8: 62–65PubMedGoogle Scholar
  93. 93.
    Tanaka T, Hashizume K, Kunimoto M, Maeda T, Hodozuka A, Nakai H (2001) Multiple subpial transection versus callosal section in the treatment of experimentally induced cortical focal seizures. In: Lüders HO, Comair YG (eds) Epilepsy surgery, 2nd edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 801–806Google Scholar
  94. 94.
    Taxt T, Storm-Mathisen J (1984) Uptake of D-aspartate and L-glutamate in excitatory axon terminals in hippocampus: autoradiographic and biochemical comparison with γ-aminobutyrate and other amino acids in normal rats and in rats with lesions. Neurosciene 11: 79–100Google Scholar
  95. 95.
    Taylor DC, Falconer MA, Bruton CJ, Corsellis JA (1971) Focal dysplasia of the cerebral cortex in epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 34: 369–387PubMedGoogle Scholar
  96. 96.
    Tönnes J, Hajek M, Mirkovic N, Stierli B, Behrmann JT, Wieser HG, Streit P (1998) Acute Rasmussen’s encephalitis: are there patients without autoantibodies to glutamate receptor GluR3? Society for Neuroscience, Los AngelesGoogle Scholar
  97. 97.
    Twyman RE, Gahring LC, Spiess J, Rogers SW (1995) Glutamate receptor antibodies activate a subset of receptors and reveal an agonist binding site. Neuron 1995 14: 755–762PubMedGoogle Scholar
  98. 98.
    Velasco M, Velasco F, Velasco AL (1997) Chronic electrical stimulation of the hippocampal formation blocks intractable clinical and EEG temporal lobe epileptogenesis. Paper presented at the 27th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience. New Orleans, LA, October 25–30, 1997Google Scholar
  99. 99.
    Vinters HV, Emelin JK, Johnson MW, Bushnell T, Kerfoot C (2001) Pathology of cortical dysplasia and malformed brain in neurocutaneous syndromes. In: Lüders HO, Comair YG (eds) Epilepsy surgery, 2nd edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 907–914Google Scholar
  100. 100.
    Walsh P (1991) Treatment of Rasmussen’s syndrome with intravenous gammaglobulin. In: Andermann F (ed) Chronic encephalitis and epilepsy. Rasmussen’s syndrome. Butterworth-Heinemann, Woburn, MA, pp 201–204Google Scholar
  101. 101.
    Wang J, Wieser HG (1994) Regional “rigidity” of background EEG activity in the epileptogenic zone. Epilepsia 1994 35: 495–504PubMedGoogle Scholar
  102. 102.
    Weber B, Lehnertz K, Elger CE, Wieser HG (1998) Neuronal complexity loss in interictal EEG recorded with foramen ovale electrodes predicts side of primary epileptogenic area in temporal lobe epilepsy: a replication study. Epilepsia 39: 922–927PubMedGoogle Scholar
  103. 103.
    Wieser HG (1983) Electroclinical features of the psychomotor seizure. Gustav Fischer-Butterworths, Stuttgart-LondonGoogle Scholar
  104. 104.
    Wieser HG (1991) Anterior cerebral artery amobarbital test. In: Lüders HO (ed) Epilepsy surgery. Raven Press, New York, pp 515–523Google Scholar
  105. 105.
    Wieser HG (1998) Electrophysiological aspects of forced normalization. In: Trimble M, Schmitz B (eds) Forced normalization and alternative psychoses of epilepsy. Wrightson Biomedical, U.K. — Petersfield, pp 95–119Google Scholar
  106. 106.
    Wieser HG (1999) EEG, the language of the brain, and its neurochemical souffleuse. Schweiz Arch Neurologie & Psychiatric 150: 62–71Google Scholar
  107. 107.
    Wieser HG, Yasargil GM (1982) Selective amygdalohippocampectomy as a surgical treatment of mesiobasal limbic epilepsy. Surg Neurol 17: 445 457PubMedGoogle Scholar
  108. 108.
    Wieser HG, Do KQ, Perschak H, Cuénod M (1989) Modulation of extracellular aspartate level during epileptiform events in primary epileptogenic area of patients. Satellite Symposium of the XXXI Internat. Cong. Physiological Sciences, Helsinki: Physiology, Pharmacology and Development of Epileptogenic Phenomena, July 4–8, 1989, Frankfurt, AbstractGoogle Scholar
  109. 109.
    Wieser HG, Muller S, Schiess R, Khan N, Regard M, Landis T, Bjeljac M, Buck A, Valavanis A, Yasargil GM, Yonekawa Y (1997) The anterior and posterior selective temporal lobe amobarbital tests: angiographical, clinical, electroencephalographical PET and SPECT findings, and memory performance. Brain Cognition 33: 71–97Google Scholar
  110. 110.
    Wieser HG, Henke K, Zumsteg D, Taub E, Yonekawa Y, Buck A (1999) Activation of left motor cortex during left leg movements following right central resection. J Neurol Neurosurg, Psychiatry 67: 487–491Google Scholar
  111. 111.
    Wieser St (2002) Elektrophysiologische Korrelate der Gedächtnisfunktionen. Thesis, Medical Faculty University ZurichGoogle Scholar
  112. 112.
    White R, Yue Hua, Scheithauer B, Lynch DR, Henske EP, Crino PB. Selective alterations in glutamate and GABA receptor subunit mRNA expression in dysplastic neurons and giant cells of cortical tubers. Ann Neurol 2001: 49: 67–78PubMedGoogle Scholar
  113. 113.
    Wyler AR (2001) Multiple subpial transections. In: Lüders HO, Comair YG (eds) Epilepsy surgery, 2nd edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 807–811Google Scholar
  114. 114.
    Yachnis AT, Powell SZ, Olmsted JJ, Eskin TA (1997) Distinct neurodevelopmental patterns of bc1-2 and bc1-x expression are altered in glioneuronal hamartias of the human temporal lobe. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 56: 186–198PubMedGoogle Scholar
  115. 115.
    Ying Z, Babb TL, Comair YG, Bingaman W, Bushey M, Touhalisky K (1998) Induced expression of NMDAR2 proteins and differentiated expression of NMDAR1 splice variants in dysplastic neurons of human epileptic neocortex. J Neuropath Exp Neurol 57: 47–62PubMedGoogle Scholar
  116. 116.
    Zhu WJ, Roper SN (2000) Reduced inhibition in an animal model of cortical dysplasia. J Neurosci 20: 8925–8931PubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Wien 2002

Authors and Affiliations

  • Heinz Grefor Wieser
    • 1
  1. 1.Abteilung für Epileptologie & Elektoenzephalographie, Neurologische KlinikUniversitätsspitalZurichSwitzerland

Personalised recommendations