Epidemiology of Human Cryptosporidiosis

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Abstract

Cryptosporidium species are protozoan parasites that infect the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract of vertebrates. In humans, cryptosporidiosis is usually a self-limiting infection in immunocompetent individuals, but severe diarrhoea and dissemination to extra-intestinal sites can occur in high-risk individuals, such as the very young, the elderly and immunosuppressed individuals, particularly those with HIV infection. The oocyst, the infectious stage of Cryptosporidium, is immediately infectious upon excretion with the host faeces, which favours direct transmission. Oocysts have the capacity to persist in the environment and to withstand standard water treatment and some species of Cryptosporidium, particularly C. parvum, have a wide host range and can be transmitted to humans by direct contact with animals or through ingestion of water and food contaminated with oocysts. Due to the presence of multiple transmission routes, the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis is complex. The investigation of sporadic cases and outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis has contributed to a better understanding of risk factors and infection sources. Genotyping techniques have enabled a better understanding of the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in different geographical, seasonal and socioeconomic context.

Keywords

Sclerosing Cholangitis Human Leukocyte Antigen Class Bullous Pemphigoid Cryptosporidium Oocyst Zoonotic Transmission 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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Notes

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Ministry of Health, Ricerca Corrente 2013, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, to LP. The authors thank Federica Del Chierico for help with the preparation of figures.

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Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Wien 2014

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated DiseasesIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
  2. 2.Unit of Parasitology and Unit of MetagenomicsBambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCSRomeItaly
  3. 3.RomeItaly

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