History of Complexity Management

  • Maik Maurer
Chapter
First Online:

Abstract

A historical classification shall provide a better understanding and explain the fundamentals of modern complexity management. Thinking about the phenomenon of complexity and dealing with this challenge can be traced back to ancient Greece. From the seventeenth century on, exceptional mathematicians like Isaac Newton and in the nineteenth century philosophers like Emanuel Kant were dealing with complexity and changed the view of the world. And scientific and methodical knowledge about modern complexity management has been aggregated over a time span of approximately 70 years. Significant challenges like those presented by the Second World War, the Cold War and the beginning of astronautics acted as catalysts for developments on complexity management. Thus, complexity management is not an invention made at the end of the twentieth century. It is based on long-term developments originating from different disciplines. This chapter will give a deeper insight into the historical development.

Keywords

Game Theory Operation Research System Engineering Complexity Management General System Theory 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. 1.
    Schwanitz, D. 1999. Bildung. Alles, Was Man Wisen Muss. Frankfurt: Eichborn.Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    Wiener, Norbert. 1948. Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. New York: Technology Press.Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    Husbands, Phil, and Owen Holland. 2008. The Ratio Club: A Hub of British Cybernetics. In The Mechanical Mind in History, ed. P. Husbands, O. Holland, and M. Wheeler, 91–148. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. 4.
    Laszlo, E. 1972. Introduction to Systems Philosophy—Toward a New Paradigm of Contemporary Thought. New York: Gordon and Breach.Google Scholar
  5. 5.
    Bertalanffy, Ludwig v. 1975. Perspectives on General System Theory—Scientific-Philosophical Studies. New York: George Braziller.Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    Johannessen, S.O., and L. Kuhn, eds. 2012. Complexity in Organization Studies. Vol. 1. Los Angeles: Sage.Google Scholar
  7. 7.
    Capra, F. 1984. Wendezeit. Bausteine Für Ein Neues Weltbild. 6th ed. Bern: Scherz.Google Scholar
  8. 8.
    Schalcher, H.R. 2008. Systems Engineering. Vorlesungsunterlagen. http://www0.ibb.ethz.ch/de/lehre/pm_unterlagen/SE/SE-Skript0809.pdf.
  9. 9.
    Plato. 2006. Timaeus. Edited and translated by B. Jowett. Teddington: The Echo Library.Google Scholar
  10. 10.
    Smuts, J.C., and A. Meyer-Abich. 1938. Die Holistische Welt. Berlin: Alfred Metzner.Google Scholar
  11. 11.
    Audi, Robert. 1999. The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  12. 12.
    Nagel, Ernest. 1960. Determinism in History. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 20(3): 291–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Chalmers, Alan. 2014. Atomism from the 17th to the 20th Century. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atomism-modern/.
  14. 14.
    Mintz, S.J. 2010. The Hunting of Leviathan: Seventeenth-Century Reaction of the Materialism and Moral Philosophy of Thomas Hobbes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  15. 15.
    Copley, F.B. 2010. Frederick W. Taylor—Father of Scientific Management. Bertrams Print on Demand.Google Scholar
  16. 16.
    Cunningham, Andrew, and Nicholas Jardine. 1990. Romanticism and the Sciences. CUP Archive.Google Scholar
  17. 17.
    Driesch, Hans. 1905. Der Vitalismus Als Geschichte Und Als Lehre. Leipzig: Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Cimino, G., and F. Ducnesneau, eds. 1993. Vitalisms from Haller to the Cell Theory. In Proceedings of the Zaragoza Symposium XIXth International Congress of History Os Science. Firenze: Olschki, Leo S.Google Scholar
  19. 19.
    Diersch, H. 2009. Der Vialismus Als Geschichte Und Lehre. Biblio Bazaar.Google Scholar
  20. 20.
    Bertalanffy, Ludwig v. 1950. An Outline of General Systems Theory. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 1/2: 134–165.MathSciNetCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    ———. 1973. General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications. 4th ed. New York: George Braziller.Google Scholar
  22. 22.
    Ramage, M., and K. Ship. 2009. System Thinkers. Dordrecht: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Bertalanffy, Ludwig v. 1934. Modern Theories of Development. Edited and translated by J. H. Woodger. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  24. 24.
    ———. 1972. The History and Status of General Systems Theory. The Academy of Management Journal 15(4): 407–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Matthies, M., and J. Zimmermann. 2010. Für Eine Geschichte Der Systemwissenschaft. Universität Osnabrück. http://www.usf.uos.de/usf/literatur/beitraege/texte/053-zimmermann.pdf.
  26. 26.
    Drack, M. 2008. Ludwig von Bertalanffy’s Early System Approach. Universität Wien.Google Scholar
  27. 27.
    Luhmann, N. 2012. Introduction to Systems Theory. Cambridge: Wiley.Google Scholar
  28. 28.
    Churchill, W.S. 1948. The Second World War. Reissue Ed. Boston, MA: Mariner Books.Google Scholar
  29. 29.
    Galison, P. 2001. Die Ontologie Des Feindes: Norbert Wiener Und Die Kybernetik. In Ansichten Der Wissenschaftsgeschichte, ed. M. Hagner. Frankfurt a. M.: Fischer Taschenbuch.Google Scholar
  30. 30.
    Bluma, L. 2004. Norbert Wiener Und Die Entstehung Der Kybernetik Im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Münster: LIT.Google Scholar
  31. 31.
    Pruckner, M. 2002. 90 Jahre Heinz von Förster. Die Praktische Bedeutung Seiner Wichtigsten Arbeiten. Malik Management Zentrum St. Gallen.Google Scholar
  32. 32.
  33. 33.
    Young, J.F. 1973. Cybernetic Engineering. London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
  34. 34.
    Asc-cybernetics.org. 2015. Summary: The Macy Conferences at Asc-Cybernetics.org. Accessed 20 Dec. http://www.asc-cybernetics.org/foundations/history/MacySummary.htm.
  35. 35.
    von Foerster, Heinz, Margaret Mead, and Hans Lukas Teuber. 1950. No Title. In Cybernetics: Transactions of the Seventh Conference. New York: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation.Google Scholar
  36. 36.
    ———. 1952. No Title. In Cybernetics: Transactions of the Eighth Conference. New York: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation.Google Scholar
  37. 37.
    ———. 1953. No Title. In Cybernetics: Transactions of the Ninth Conference. New York: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation.Google Scholar
  38. 38.
    ———. 1955. No Title. In Cybernetics: Transactions of the Tenth Conference. New York: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation.Google Scholar
  39. 39.
    Dupuy, Jean-Pierre. 2000. The Mechanization of the Mind: On the Origins of Cognitive Science. Edited and translated by M.B. DeBevoise. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
  40. 40.
    Heims, Steve J. 1991. The Cybernetics Group. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
  41. 41.
    von Foerster, Heinz. 1960. On Self-Organizing Systems and Their Environments. In Self-Organizing Systems, 31–50. London: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
  42. 42.
    Müller, A. 2000. Eine kurze Geschichte des BCL—Heinz von Förster und das Biological Computer Laboratory. Österreichische Zeitschrift Für Geschichtswissenschaften 11(1): 9–30.Google Scholar
  43. 43.
    Müller, A., and K. Müller, eds. 2007. An Unfinished Revolution? Heinz von Foerster and the Biological Computer Laboratory (BCL), 1958–1976. Vienna: Edition Echoraum.Google Scholar
  44. 44.
    von Foerster, Heinz, and George W. Jr. Zopf. 1962. No Title. In Principles of Self-Organization. Transactions of the University of Illinois Symposium on Self-Organization. New York: Symposium Publications Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
  45. 45.
    Pickering, A. 2004. The Science of the Unknowable: Stafford Beer’s Cybernetic Informations. Kybernetes 33(3/4): 499–521.MathSciNetCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Beer, Stafford. 1995. Brain of the Firm. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
  47. 47.
    Vester, Frederic. 2007. The Art of Interconnected Thinking—Ideas and Tools for Tackling Complexity. Munich: Mcb Verlag.Google Scholar
  48. 48.
    ———. 2015. Sensitivity Model. Accessed 22 Dec. http://www.frederic-vester.de/eng/sensitivity-model/.
  49. 49.
    Jackson, Michael C. 2000. Systems Approaches to Management. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
  50. 50.
    Rosenhead, J. 2006. IFORS Operational Research Hall of Fame Stafford Beer. International Transactions in Operational Research 13(6): 577–581.MathSciNetCrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
  51. 51.
    Beer, Stafford. 1959. Cybernetics and Management. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
  52. 52.
    ———. 1994. Decision and Control—The Meaning of Operational Research and Management Cybernetics. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
  53. 53.
    ———. 1972. The Brain of the Firm. London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar
  54. 54.
    ———. 1979. The Heart of Enterprise. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
  55. 55.
    ———. 1984. The Viable System Model: “Its Provenance, Development, Methodology and Pathology”. The Journal of Operational Research Society 35(1): 7–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. 56.
    Bröker, J. 2005. Erfolgreiches Management Komplexer Franchisesysteme Auf Grundlage Des Viable System Model. Universität St. Gallen.Google Scholar
  57. 57.
    Jackson, Michael C. 1988. An Appreciation of Stafford Beer’s “Viable System” Viewpoint on Managerial Practice. Journal of Management Studies 25(6): 557–573.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. 58.
    Beer, Stafford. 1994. Beyond Dispute. The Invention of Team Syntegrity. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
  59. 59.
    Malik, F. 2006. Führen Leisten Leben—Wirksames Management Für Eine Neue Zeit. Frankfurt a Main: Campus.Google Scholar
  60. 60.
    Ulrich, H., and G. Probst. 1984. Self-Organization and Management of Social Systems: Insights, Promises, Doubts, and Questions. Berlin: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. 61.
    Probst, G., and P. Gomez. 1992. Thinking in Networks to Avoid Pitfalls of Management Thinking. In Context and Complexity, 91–108. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. 62.
    Riggs, J.L., and M.S. Inoue. 1975. Introduction to Operations Research and Management Science: A General Systems Approach. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
  63. 63.
    Churchman, C.W., R.L. Ackoff, and E.L. Arnoff. 1959. Introduction in Operations Research. 4th ed. New York: Wiley.MATHGoogle Scholar
  64. 64.
    Kirby, M.W. 2003. Operational Research in War and Peace. London: World Scientific.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. 65.
    Shrader, C.R. 2006. History of Operations Research in the United States Army, Vol. I: 1942–1962. Washington, DC: United States Army. http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/hist_op_research/CMH_70-102-1.pdf.
  66. 66.
    Schlee, W. 2001. Unternehmensforschung. München: Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik.Google Scholar
  67. 67.
    Rajgopal, J. 2004. Principles and Applications of Operations Research. In Industrial Engineering Handbook, 5th ed., 11.27–11.44. New York: McGraw-Hill. http://www.pitt.edu/~jrclass/or/or-intro.html.
  68. 68.
    Hahn, F. 2006. Von Unsinn Bis Untergang: Rezeption des Club of Rome und Grenzen des Wachstums in der Bundesrepublik der frühen 1970er Jahre. Freiburg: Albert-Ludwigs-Universität.Google Scholar
  69. 69.
    Gass, S.I. 1985. Linear Programming, Methods and Applications. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.MATHGoogle Scholar
  70. 70.
    Zimmermann, W., and U. Stache. 2001. Operations Research—Quantitative Methoden Zur Entscheidungsvorbereitung. 10th ed. München: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. 71.
    RAND Corporation. 2015. http://www.rand.org/. Accessed 29 Dec.
  72. 72.
    Gass, S.I., and C.M. Harris, eds. 2001. Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Silence. 2nd ed. New York: Springer.MATHGoogle Scholar
  73. 73.
    Marvel, O.E. 2007. The History of System Engineering Methodologies. Naval Post Graduate School Monterey.Google Scholar
  74. 74.
    Brill, James H. 1998. Systems Engineering? A Retrospective View. Systems Engineering 1(4): 258–266. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6858(1998)1:4<258::AID-SYS2>3.0.CO;2-E.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. 75.
    Hall, A.D. 1962. A Methodology for Systems Engineering. Princeton, NJ: Nostand.Google Scholar
  76. 76.
    Goode, Harry, and Robert Machol. 1957. System Engineering: An Introduction to the Design of Large-Scale Systems. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
  77. 77.
    Hall, A.D. 1989. Metasystems Methodology. New York: Pergamon.Google Scholar
  78. 78.
    Chestnut, H. 1965. Systems Engineering Tools. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
  79. 79.
    Shinners, S. 1967. Techniques of Systems Engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
  80. 80.
    Miles, R.F. 1973. Systems Concepts. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
  81. 81.
    Chase, W.P. 1974. Management of Systems Engineering. Malabar, FL: Robert Krieger.Google Scholar
  82. 82.
    Wymore, W. 1976. Systems Engineering Methodology for Interdisciplinary Teams. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
  83. 83.
    Sage, A.P. 1995. Systems Management for Information Technology and Software Engineering. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
  84. 84.
    Sage, Andrew P. 1977. Methodology for Large-Scale Systems. New York: McGraw-Hill.MATHGoogle Scholar
  85. 85.
    Blanchard, B., and W. Fabrycky. 1981. Systems Engineering and Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
  86. 86.
    Booton, Richard C. Jr., and S. Ramo. 1984. The Development of Systems Engineering. IEEE Transactions AES 20–24(July): 306–311.Google Scholar
  87. 87.
    Weigel, Annalisa. 2000. An Overview of the Systems Engineering Knowledge Domain. MIT. http://web.mit.edu/esd.83/www/notebook/sysengkd.pdf.
  88. 88.
    Air Force Systems Command Headquarters. 1966. AFSC Manual 375-5, Systems Engineering Management Procedures. Washington, DC: Andrews Air Force Base.Google Scholar
  89. 89.
    National Astronautics and Space Administration (NASA). 1995. Systems Engineering Handbook. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
  90. 90.
    Headquarters, and Department of the Army. 1979. Field Manual 770-78, Systems Engineering. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
  91. 91.
    MIL-STD-499 (USAF). 1969. Systems Engineering Management. Washington, DC: Department of Defense.Google Scholar
  92. 92.
    MIL-STD-499A (USAF). 1974. Engineering Management. Washington, DC: Department of Defense.Google Scholar
  93. 93.
    MIL-STD-499B (USAF). 1992. Systems Engineering. For Coordi. Washington, DC: Department of Defense.Google Scholar
  94. 94.
    Systems Engineering Management Guide. 1983. Ft. Belvoir, VA: Defense Systems Management College (DSMC).Google Scholar
  95. 95.
    Electronic Industries Association (EIA). 1994. Interim Standard 632. Washington, DC: Systems Engineering.Google Scholar
  96. 96.
    Engineers, Institute of Electrical and Electronics. 1993. IEEE, P1220, Standard for Systems Engineering. New York.Google Scholar
  97. 97.
    IEEE, 1220-1994, Trial-Use Standard for Application and Management of the Systems Engineering Process. 1995. New York: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.Google Scholar
  98. 98.
    INCOSE. 2015. INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook, A Guide for System Life Cycle Processes and Activities. 4th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
  99. 99.
    Gorod, A., B. Sauser, and J. Boardman. 2008. System-of-Systems Engineering Management: A Review of Modern History and a Path Forward. IEEE Systems Journal 2(4): 484–499. doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2008.2007163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  100. 100.
    Keating, C., R. Rogers, R. Unal, D. Dryer, A. Sousa-Poza, R. Safford, W. Peterson, and G. Rabaldi. 2003. Systems of Systems Engineering. Engineering Management Journal 15(3): 36–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  101. 101.
    Eisner, H., J. Marciniak, and R. McMillan. 1991. Computer-Aided System of Systems (C2) Engineering. In IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics. Charlottesville, VA.Google Scholar
  102. 102.
    Eisner, H. 1993. RCASSE: Rapid Computer-Aided Systems of Systems (S2) Engineering. In 3rd International Symposium of the National Council on System Engineering, 267–273.Google Scholar
  103. 103.
    Shenhar, A. 1994. A New Systems Engineering Taxonomy. In 4th International Symposium of the National Council on System Engineering, 261–276.Google Scholar
  104. 104.
    Holland, John H. 1995. No TitleHidden Order: How Adaptation Builds Complexity. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
  105. 105.
    Owens, A.W.A. 1995. The Emerging U.S. System of Systems. In Dominant Battlespace Knowledge, ed. S. Johnson and M. Libicki. Washington, DC: NDU Press.Google Scholar
  106. 106.
    Manthorpe, W.H. 1996. The Emerging Joint System of System: A Systems Engineering Challenge and Opportunity for APL. John Hopkins APL Technical Digest, vol. 17, 305–310.Google Scholar
  107. 107.
    Maier, M. 1996. Architecting Principles of Systems-of-Systems. In 6th Annual International Symposium of the International Council on System Engineering. Boston, MA.Google Scholar
  108. 108.
    Maier, Mark W. 1998. Architecting Principles for Systems-of-Systems. Systems Engineering 1(4): 267–284. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6858(1998)1:4<267::AID-SYS3>3.0.CO;2-D.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  109. 109.
    Kotov, V. 1997. Systems of Systems as Communicating Structures. HPL-97th–124th ed. Hewlett Packard.Google Scholar
  110. 110.
    Luskasik, S.J. 1998. System, Systems of Systems, and the Education of Engineers. Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 12(1): 55–60.Google Scholar
  111. 111.
    Pei, R. 2000. System of Systems Integration (SoSI)—A Smart Way of Acquiring Army C412WS Systems. In Summer Computer Simulation Conference, 574–579.Google Scholar
  112. 112.
    Carlock, Paul G., and Robert E. Fenton. 2001. System of Systems (SoS) Enterprise Systems Engineering for Information-Intensive Organizations. Systems Engineering 4(4): 242–261. doi: 10.1002/sys.1021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  113. 113.
    Cook, S.C. 2001. On the Acquisition of Systems of Systems. In INCOSE Annual Symposium, Melbourne.Google Scholar
  114. 114.
    Sage, A.P., and C.D. Cuppan. 2001. On the Systems Engineering and Management of Systems of Systems and Federations of Systems. Information Knowledge System Management 2: 325–345.Google Scholar
  115. 115.
    Chen, Pin, and Jennie Clothier. 2003. Advancing Systems Engineering for Systems-of-Systems Challenges. Systems Engineering 6(3): 170–183. doi: 10.1002/sys.10042.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  116. 116.
    Bar-Yam, Y., M.A. Allison, R. Batdorf, H. Chen, H. Generazio, H. Singh, and S. Tucker. 2004. The Characteristics and Emerging Behaviors System of Systems. In NECSI: Complex Physical, Biological and Social Systems Project.Google Scholar
  117. 117.
    Jamshidi, M. 2005. System of Systems engineering—A Definition. In IEEE System, Man and Cybernetics. Piscataway, NJ.Google Scholar
  118. 118.
    Lane, J.A., and R. Valerdi. 2005. Synthesizing SoS Concepts for Use in Cost Estimation. In IEEE Conference on System, Man and Cybernetics. Waikoloa, HI.Google Scholar
  119. 119.
    Boardman, J., and B. Sauser. 2006. System of systems—The Meaning of oF. In IEEE International Systems of Systems Engineering Conference. Los Angeles, CA.Google Scholar
  120. 120.
    Jamshidi, M., eds. 2008. System of System Engineering—Innovations for the 21st Century. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
  121. 121.
    ———., eds. 2008. System of Systems—Principles and Applications. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
  122. 122.
    Johnson, S.B. 2006. The Secret of Apollo: System Management in American and European Space Programs. Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
  123. 123.
    AIAA Systems Engineering Technical Committee. 2015. Accessed 29 Dec. https://info.aiaa.org/tac/ETMG/SETC/default.aspx.
  124. 124.
    IEEE Systems Council. 2015. http://ieeesystemscouncil.org/. Accessed 29 Dec.
  125. 125.
    Walter, U. 2012. Systems Engineering Vorlesung. Technische Universität München.Google Scholar
  126. 126.
    Blanchard, B.S. 2008. System Engineering Management. 4th ed. Hoboken: Wiley.Google Scholar
  127. 127.
  128. 128.
    Zachman, John. 1987. A Framework for Information Systems Architecture. IBM Systems Journal 26(3): 454–470.Google Scholar
  129. 129.
    The Open Group—TOGAF. 2016. http://www.opengroup.org/subjectareas/enterprise/togaf. Accessed 5 July.
  130. 130.
    DoD Architecture Framework Version 2.02. 2011. http://dodcio.defense.gov/Portals/0/Documents/DODAF/DoDAF_v2-02_web.pdf.
  131. 131.
    AUTOSAR. 2016. http://www.autosar.org. Accessed 13 July.
  132. 132.
    Schekkerman, Jaap. 2003. How to Survive in the Jungle of Enterprise Architecture Frameworks: Creating or Choosing an Enterprise Architecture Framework. Bloomington, IN: Trafford Publishing.Google Scholar
  133. 133.
    ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010:2011, Systems and Software Engineering—Architecture Description. 2011. http://www.iso-architecture.org/42010/index.html.
  134. 134.
  135. 135.
    ———. 1992. From the Ranch to System Dynamics: An Autobiography. In Management Laureates—A Collection of Autobiographical Essays, ed. Arthur G. Bedeian, vol. 1. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar
  136. 136.
    Elichirigoity, F.J. 1999. Planet Management: Limits of Growth, Computer Simulation, and the Emergence of Global Spaces. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.Google Scholar
  137. 137.
    Kapmeier, F. 1999. Vom Systemischen Denken Zur Methode System Dynamics. Universität Stuttgart.Google Scholar
  138. 138.
    Forrester, Jay W. 1958. Industrial Dynamics: A Major Breakthrough for Decision Makers. Harvard Business Review 36(4): 37–66.Google Scholar
  139. 139.
    ———. 1971. World Dynamics. Cambridge: Wright-Allen Press.Google Scholar
  140. 140.
    Coyle, R.G. 1996. System Dynamics Modelling—A Practical Approach. London: Chapman & Hall.CrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
  141. 141.
    ———. 2000. Quantitative and Qualitative Modeling in System Dynamics: Some Research Questions. System Dynamic Review 16(3): 225–244.MathSciNetCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  142. 142.
    Sterman, John D 2000. On an Approach to Techniques for the Analysis of the Structure of Large Systems of Equations. SIAM Review 4(4).Google Scholar
  143. 143.
    Forrester, Jay W. 1969. Urban Dynamics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
  144. 144.
    Deutsche Gesellschaft Für System Dynamics e.V. 2015. http://www.systemdynamics.de/. Accessed 29 Dec.
  145. 145.
    System Dynamics Society. 2015. http://www.systemdynamics.org/. Accessed 29 Dec.
  146. 146.
    Meadows, D.H. 1972. The Limits to Growth. Reissue. Verlag Signet.Google Scholar
  147. 147.
    Rüffer, Th. 2012. Der System-Dynamics-Ansatz als Untersuchungsverfahren im Rahmen des Managements eines Projektes. Berlin: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  148. 148.
    Schwarz, R., and J.W. Ewaldt. 2005. Über Den Beitrag Systemdynamischer Modellierung Zur Abschätzung Technologischer Evolution. Berlin: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  149. 149.
    Wheat, J.D. Jr. 2007. The Feedback Method—A System Dynamics Approach to Teaching Macroeconomics. Norway: University of Bergen.Google Scholar
  150. 150.
    Gabler Wirtschaftslexikon. 2015. http://wirtschaftslexikon.gabler.de/Archiv/143837/system-dynamics-v5.html. Accessed 29 Dec.
  151. 151.
    Thiel, Daniel. 1994. System Dynamics in Educational Science: An Experience of Teaching Production-Distribution Mental Models Building. In 1994 International System Dynamics Conference, 95–104. http://www.systemdynamics.org/conferences/1994/proceed/papers_vol_2/thiel095.pdf.
  152. 152.
    Deco, G., and B. Schürmann. 2001. Information Dynamics: Foundations and Applications. New York: Springer.CrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
  153. 153.
    Sterman, John D. 2015. Teaching Takes Off: Flight Simulators for Management Education—‘The Beer Game.’ http://web.mit.edu/jsterman/www/SDG/beergame.html. Accessed 29 Dec.
  154. 154.
    ———. 1989. Modeling Managerial Behavior: Misperceptions of Feedback in a Dynamic Decision Making Experiment. Management Science 35(3): 321–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  155. 155.
    Osborne, M.J. 2003. An Introduction to Game Theory. 7th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  156. 156.
    Avenhaus, R., F. Lehmann, and A. Wölling. 1997. Anwendungen Der Spieltheorie. Studentenprotokoll Zum Oberseminar Im Anwendungsfach Informatik. Universität der Bundeswehr München.Google Scholar
  157. 157.
    von Neumann, John, and Oskar Morgenstern. 1944. Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.MATHGoogle Scholar
  158. 158.
    Borel, Émile. 1921. La Théorie Du Jeu et Les Équations Intégrales À Noyau Symétrique. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires Des Séances de l’Académie Des Sciences 173(7): 1304–1308.MATHGoogle Scholar
  159. 159.
    Poundstone, William. 1992. Prisoner’s Dilemma: John Von Neumann, Game Theory and the Puzzle of the Bomb. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
  160. 160.
    Nash, J. 1950. Non-Cooperative Games. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. www.princeton.edu/mudd/news/faq/topics/Non-Cooperative_Games_Nash.pdf.
  161. 161.
    Simon, Herbert Alexander. 1992. Economics, Bounded Rationality and the Cognitive Revolution. Edited by M. Egidi and R.L. Marris. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
  162. 162.
    Kahnemann, D. 2011. Thinking, Fast and Slow. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
  163. 163.
    Axelrod, R.M. 1984. The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books.MATHGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017

Authors and Affiliations

  • Maik Maurer
    • 1
  1. 1.LSt f. ProduktentwicklungTechnische Universität MünchenGarchingGermany

Personalised recommendations