Handbuch Stressregulation und Sport pp 227-249 | Cite as
Exercise, Stress and Health: The Stress-Buffering Effect of Exercise
Chapter
First Online:
References
- Ahola, K., Pulkki-Råback, L., Kouvonen, A., Rossi, H., Aromaa, A., & Lönnqvist, J. (2012). Burnout and behavior-related health risk factors: Results from the population-based Finnish Health 2000 study. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 54, 17–22.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Aldana, S., Sutton, L., Jacobson, B., & Quirk, M. (1996). Relationships between leisure time physical activity and perceived stress. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 82, 315–321.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Azagba, S., & Sharaf, M. F. (2014). Physical inactivity among older Canadian adults. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 11, 99–108.Google Scholar
- Bersamin, A., Wolsko, C., Luick, B., Boyer, B., Lardon, C., Hopkins, S., … & Zidenberg-Cherr, S. (2014). Enculturation, perceived stress, and physical activity: Implications for metabolic risk among the Yup’ik – The Center for Alaska Native Health Research Study. Ethnicity and Health, 19, 255–269.Google Scholar
- Brandes, M. (2012). Körperliche Aktivität oder Fitness: Was ist wichtiger für die Gesundheit? Bundesgesundheitsblatt, 55, 96–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Brown, J. (1991). Staying fit and staying well: Physical fitness as a moderator of life stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 555–561.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Brown, J., & Lawton, M. (1986). Stress and well-being in adolescence: The moderating role of physical exercise. Journal of Human Stress, 12, 125–131.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Brown, J., & Siegel, J. (1988). Exercise as a buffer of life stress: A prospective study of adolescent health. Health Psychology, 7, 341–353.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Burton, J. P., Hoobler, J. M., & Scheuer, M. L. (2012). Supervisor workplace stress and abusive supervision: The buffering effect of exercise. Journal of Business and Psychology, 27, 271–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cairney, J., Kwan, M., Veldhuizen, S., & Faulkner, G. (2014). Who uses exercise as a coping strategy for stress? Results from a national survey of Canadians. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 11, 908–916.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Carmack, C. L., Boudreaux, E., Amaral-Melendez, M., Brantley, P., & de Moor, C. (1999). Aerobic fitness and leisure physical activity as moderators of the stress-illness relation. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 21, 251–257.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: Definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Reports, 100, 126–131.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
- Castro, C. M., Wilcox, S., O’Sullivan, P., Bauman, K., & King, A. C. (2002). An exercise program for women who are caring for relatives with dementia. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64, 458–468.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Chrousos, G. P. (2009). Stress and disorders of the stress system. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 5, 374–381.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385–396.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Connell, C. M., & Janevic, M. R. (2009). Effects of a telephone-based exercise intervention for dementia caregiving wives: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 28, 171–194.Google Scholar
- Craike, M. J., Coleman, D., & MacMahon, C. (2010). Direct and buffering effects of physical activity on stress-related depression in mothers of infants. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 32, 23–38.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- de Geus, E. J. C., & Stubbe, J. H. (2007). Aerobic exercise and stress reduction. In G. Fink (Ed.), Encyclopedia of stress (pp. 73–78). New York: Academic.Google Scholar
- Ensel, W. M., & Lin, N. (2004). Physical fitness and the stress process. Journal of Community Psychology, 32, 81–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Eriksen, H., Ihlebaek, C., Mikkelsen, A., Gronningsaeter, H., Sandal, G., et al. (2002). Improving subjective health at the worksite: A randomized controlled trial of stress management training, physical exercise and an integrated health programme. Occupational Medicine, 52, 383–391.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Fuchs, R. (2007). Körperliche Aktivität und die Macht der Gewohnheit. In R. Fuchs, W. Göhner, & H. Seelig (Ed.), Aufbau eines körperlich aktiven Lebensstils (pp. 3–22). Göttingen: Hogrefe.Google Scholar
- Fuchs, R., & Appel, E. (1994). Belastungsregulation durch Sport. In R. Schwarzer & M. Jerusalem (Ed.), Gesellschaftlicher Umbruch als kritisches Lebensereignis (pp. 227–240). Weinheim: Juventa.Google Scholar
- Fuchs, R., & Hahn, A. (1992). Physical exercise and anxiety as moderators of the stress-illness relationship. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 5, 139–149.Google Scholar
- Fuchs, R., & Klaperski, S. (2017). Stressregulation durch Sport und Bewegung. In R. Fuchs & M. Gerber (Ed.), Stressregulation und Sport. Heidelberg: Springer.Google Scholar
- Fuchs, R., & Leppin, A. (1992). Sportliche Aktivität, sozialer Rückhalt und Lebensstreß als Determinanten der psychischen Gesundheit. Sportpsychologie, 2, 13–19.Google Scholar
- Fuchs, R., Hahn, A., & Schwarzer, R. (1994). Effekte sportlicher Aktivität auf Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung und Gesundheit in einer stressreichen Lebenssituation. Sportwissenschaft, 24, 67–81.Google Scholar
- Gerber, M. (2008). Sport, Stress und Gesundheit bei Jugendlichen. Schorndorf: Hofmann.Google Scholar
- Gerber, M. (2017). Physiologische Wirkmechanismen des Sports unter Stress. In R. Fuchs & M. Gerber (Ed.), Stressregulation und Sport. Heidelberg: Springer.Google Scholar
- Gerber, M., & Pühse, U. (2008). Don’t crack under pressure! Do leisure time physical activity and self-esteem moderate the relationship between school-based stress and psychosomatic complaints? Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 65, 363–369.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gerber, M., & Pühse, U. (2009). Do exercise and fitness protect against stress-induced health complaints? A review of the literature. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 37, 801–819.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gerber, M., Kellmann, M., Hartmann, T., & Pühse, U. (2010). Do exercise and fitness buffer against stress among Swiss police and emergency response service officers? Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11, 286–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gerber, M., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., Pühse, U., & Brand, S. (2011). Elite sport is not an additional source of distress for adolescents with high stress levels. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 112, 581–599.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gerber, M., Kellmann, M., Elliot, C., Hartmann, T., Brand, S., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Pühse, U. (2013a). Perceived fitness protects against stress-based mental health impairments among police officers who report good sleep. Journal of Occupational Health, 55, 376–384.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gerber, M., Lindwall, M., Lindegård, A., Börjesson, M., & Jonsdottir, I. H. (2013b). Cardiorespiratory fitness protects against stress-related symptoms of burnout and depression. Patient Education and Counseling, 93, 146–152.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gerber, M., Brand, S., Herrmann, C., Colledge, F., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Pühse, U. (2014). Increased objectively assessed vigorous-intensity exercise is associated with reduced stress, increased mental health and good objective and subjective sleep in young adults. Physiology & Behavior, 135, 17–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gerber, M., Lindwall, M., Brand, S., Lang, C., Elliot, C., & Pühse, U. (2015). Longitudinal relationships between perceived stress, exercise self-regulation and exercise involvement among physically active adolescents. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33, 369–380.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gerber, M., Börjesson, M., Ljung, T., Lindwall, M., & Jonsdottir, I. (2016). Fitness moderates the relationship between stress and cardiovascular risk factors. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 48, 2075–2081.Google Scholar
- Gogoll, A. (2004). Belasteter Geist – gefährdeter Körper. Schorndorf: Hofmann.Google Scholar
- Griffin, K. W., Friend, R., Eitel, P., & Lobel, M. (1993). Effects of environmental demands, stress, and mood on health practices. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16, 643–661.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Grønningsæter, H., Hytten, K., Skauli, G., Christensen, C., & Ursin, H. (1992). Improved health and coping by physical exercise or cognitive behavioral stress management training in a work environment. Psychology & Health, 7, 147–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Harris, A. H. S., Cronkite, R., & Moos, R. (2006). Physical activity, exercise coping, and depression in a 10-year cohort study of depressed patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 93, 79–85.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Haugland, S., Wold, B., & Torsheim, T. (2003). Relieving the pressure? The role of physical activity in the relationship between school-related stress and adolescent health complaints. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 74, 127–135.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Heaney, J., Carroll, D., & Phillips, A. (2014). Physical activity, life events stress, cortisol, and DHEA: Preliminary findings that physical activity may buffer against the negative effects of stress. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 22, 465–473.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Heslop, P., Smith, G. D., Carroll, D., Macleod, J., Hyland, F., & Hart, C. (2001). Perceived stress and coronary heart disease risk factors: The contribution of socio-economic position. British Journal of Health Psychology, 6, 167–178.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Holtermann, A., Mortensen, O. S., Burr, H., Søgaard, K., Gyntelberg, F., & Suadicani, P. (2010). Physical demands at work, physical fitness, and 30-year ischaemic heart disease and all-cause mortality in the Copenhagen Male Study. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 36, 357–365.Google Scholar
- Hopkins, M. E., Davis, F. C., Vantieghem, M. R., Whalen, P. J., & Bucci, D. J. (2012). Differential effects of acute and regular physical exercise on cognition and affect. Neuroscience, 215, 59–68.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
- Howard, J. H., Cunningham, D. A., & Rechnitzer, P. A. (1984). Physical activity as a moderator of life events and somatic complaints: A longitudinal study. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences, 9, 194–200.Google Scholar
- Hubbs, A., Doyle, E. I., Bowden, R. G., & Doyle, R. D. (2012). Relationships among self-esteem, stress, and physical activity in college students. Psychological Reports, 110, 469–474.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Imayama, I., Alfano, C. M., Kong, A., Foster-Schubert, K. E., Bain, C. E., Xiao, L., … & McTiernan, A. (2011). Dietary weight loss and exercise interventions effects on quality of life in overweight/obese postmenopausal women: A randomized controlled trial. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8, 118.Google Scholar
- Iwasaki, Y., Zuzanek, J., & Mannell, R. C. (2001). The effects of physically active leisure on stress-health relationships. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 92, 214–218.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Jonsdottir, I. H., Rödjer, L., Hadzibajramovic, E., Börjesson, M., & Ahlborg, G. (2010). A prospective study of leisure-time physical activity and mental health in Swedish health care workers and social insurance officers. Preventive Medicine, 51, 373–377.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kaluza, G., Hanke, C., Keller, S., & Basler, H.-D. (2002). Salutogene Faktoren bei chronischen Rückenschmerzen. Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 31, 159–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- King, A. C., Taylor, C. B., & Haskell, W. L. (1993). Effects of differing intensities and formats of 12 months of exercise training on psychological outcomes in older adults. Health Psychology, 12, 292–300.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- King, A. C., Baumann, K., O’Sullivan, P., Wilcox, S., & Castro, C. (2002). Effects of moderate-intensity exercise on physiological, behavioral, and emotional responses to family caregiving: A randomized controlled trial. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 57, 26–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Klaperski, S., & Fuchs, R. (2014). Experimentelle Untersuchung des Stresspuffereffekts der Sportaktivität [Experimental examination of the stress buffer effect of physical exercise]. In R. Frank, I. Nixdorf, F. Ehrlenspiel, A. Geipel, A. Mornell, & J. Beckmann (Ed.), Performing under pressure (Schriften der Deutschen Vereinigung für Sportwissenschaft, Vol. 234, p. 110). Hamburg: Feldhaus Verlag.Google Scholar
- Klaperski, S., & Fuchs, R. (2017). Experimental examination of the stress buffer effect of physical exercise and its underlying physiological and psychosocial mechanisms. Manuscript in preparation.Google Scholar
- Klaperski, S., Seelig, H., & Fuchs, R. (2012). Sportaktivität als Stresspuffer. Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie, 19, 80–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kobasa, S. C., Maddi, S. R., & Puccetti, M. C. (1982). Personality and exercise as buffers in the stress-illness relationship. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 5, 391–404.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kouvonen, A., Kivimäki, M., Elovainio, M., Virtanen, M., Linna, A., & Vahtera, J. (2005). Job strain and leisure-time physical activity in female and male public sector employees. Preventive Medicine, 41, 532–539.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Latimer, A. E., Martin Ginis, K. A., & Hicks, A. L. (2005). Buffering the effects of stress on well-being among individuals with spinal cord injury: A potential role for exercise. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 39, 131–138.Google Scholar
- Laugero, K. D., Falcon, L. M., & Tucker, K. L. (2011). Relationship between perceived stress and dietary and activity patterns in older adults participating in the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study. Appetite, 56, 194–204.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
- Lochbaum, M. R., Lutz, R. S., Sell, S., Ready, A., & Carson, T. (2004). Perceived stress and health complaints: An examination of the moderating roles of personality and physical activity. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 99, 909–912.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lovell, G. P., Huntsman, A., & Hedley-Ward, J. (2015). Psychological distress, depression, anxiety, stress, and exercise in Australian and New Zealand mothers: A cross-sectional survey. Nursing & Health Sciences, 17, 42–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lutz, R. S., Lochbaum, M. R., Lanning, B., Stinson, L. G., & Brewer, R. (2007). Cross-lagged relationships among leisure-time exercise and perceived stress in blue-collar workers. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29, 687–705.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lutz, R. S., Stults-Kolehmainen, M. A., & Bartholomew, J. B. (2010). Exercise caution when stressed: Stages of change and the stress-exercise participation relationship. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11, 560–567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Manning, M. R., & Fusilier, M. R. (1999). The relationship between stress and health care use: An investigation of the buffering roles of personality, social support and exercise. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 47, 159–173.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Moksnes, U. K., Moljord, I. E. O., Espnes, G. A., & Byrne, D. G. (2010). Leisure time physical activity does not moderate the relationship between stress and psychological functioning in Norwegian adolescents. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 3, 17–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nelson, D. B., Sammel, M. D., Freeman, E. W., Lin, H., Gracia, C. R., & Schmitz, K. H. (2008). Effect of physical activity on menopausal symptoms among urban women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40, 50–58.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ng, D. M., & Jeffery, R. W. (2003). Relationships between perceived stress and health behaviors in a sample of working adults. Health Psychology, 22, 638–642.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Nguyen-Michel, S., Unger, J., Hamilton, J., & Spruijt-Metz, D. (2006). Associations between physical activity and perceived stress/hassles in college students. Stress and Health, 22, 179–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nielsen, L., Curtis, T., Kristensen, T. S., & Nielsen, R. N. (2008). What characterizes persons with high levels of perceived stress in Denmark? A national representative study. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 36, 369–379.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Norris, R., Carroll, D., & Cochrane, R. (1992). The effects of physical activity and exercise training on psychological stress and well-being in an adolescent population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 36, 55–65.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Norvell, N., & Belles, D. (1993). Psychological and physical benefits of circuit weight training in law enforcement personnel. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 520–527.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- O’Donovan, G., Blazevich, A. J., Boreham, C., Cooper, A. R., Crank, H., Ekelund, U., … & Stamatakis, E. (2010). The ABC of physical activity for health: A consensus statement from the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28, 573–591.Google Scholar
- O’Dougherty, M., Hearst, M. O., Syed, M., Kurzer, M. S., & Schmitz, K. H. (2012). Life events, perceived stress and depressive symptoms in a physical activity intervention with young adult women. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 5, 148–154.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
- Oaten, M., & Cheng, K. (2005). Academic examination stress impairs self-control. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24, 254–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Peat, J., Barton, B., & Elliott, E. (2009). Statistics workbook for evidence-based health care. Chichester: BMJ Books.Google Scholar
- Prochaska, J. O., & Velicer, W. F. (1997). The transtheoretical model of health behavior change. American Journal of Health Promotion, 12, 38–48.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Raglin, J. S., & Wilson, G. S. (2012). Exercise and its effects on mental health. In C. Bouchard, S. N. Blair, & W. L. Haskell (Ed.), Physical activity and health (pp. 331–342). Leeds: Human Kinetics.Google Scholar
- Roemmich, J. N., Gurgol, C. M., & Epstein, L. H. (2003). Influence of an interpersonal laboratory stressor on youths’ choice to be physically active. Obesity Research, 11, 1080–1087.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Rosengren, A., Tibblin, G., & Wilhelmsen, L. (1991). Self -perceived psychological stress and incidence of coronary artery disease in middle-aged men. American Journal of Cardiology, 68, 1171–1175.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Roth, D. L., & Holmes, D. S. (1985). Influence of physical fitness in determining the impact of stressful life events on physical and psychologic health. Psychosomatic Medicine, 47, 164–173.Google Scholar
- Roth, D. L., Wiebe, D. J., Fillingim, R. B., & Shay, K. A. (1989). Life events, fitness, hardiness, and health: A simultaneous analysis of proposed stress-resistance effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 136–142.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Röthlisberger, C., Calmonte, R., & Seiler, R. (1997). Sport, Streß und emotionaler Rückhalt als Determinanten von Gesundheits- und Lebenszufriedenheit bei Adoleszenten. Eine zweijährige Longitudinalstudie. Psychologie und Sport, 4, 92–101.Google Scholar
- Schnohr, P., Kristensen, T. S., Prescott, E., & Scharling, H. (2005). Stress and life dissatisfaction are inversely associated with jogging and other types of physical activity in leisure time: The Copenhagen City Heart Study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 15, 107–112.Google Scholar
- Sigfusdottir, I. D., Asgeirsdottir, B. B., Sigurdsson, J. F., & Gudjonsson, G. H. (2011). Physical activity buffers the effects of family conflict on depressed mood: A study on adolescent girls and boys. Journal of Adolescence, 34, 895–902.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Siu, O., Cooper, C., & Leung, T. (2000). 3-wave trend study of managerial stress in Hong Kong: The role of type A behavior and exercise. International Journal of Stress Management, 7, 153–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sjögren, T., Nissinen, K., Järvenpää, S., Ojanen, M., et al. (2006). Effects of a physical exercise intervention on subjective physical well-being, psychosocial functioning and general well-being among office workers. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 16, 381–390.Google Scholar
- Skirka, N. (2000). The relationship of hardiness, sense of coherence, sports participation, and gender to perceived stress and psychological symptoms among college students. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 40, 63–70.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Sliter, K., Sinclair, R., Cheung, J., & McFadden, A. (2014). Initial evidence for the buffering effect of physical activity on the relationship between workplace stressors and individual outcomes. International Journal of Stress Management, 21, 348–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Steptoe, A., Wardle, J., Pollard, T. M., Canaan, L., & Davies, G. J. (1996). Stress, social support and health-related behavior: A study of smoking, alcohol consumption and physical exercise. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 41, 171–180.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Steptoe, A., Lipsey, Z., & Wardle, J. (1998). Stress, hassles and variations in alcohol consumption, food choice and physical exercise: A diary study. British Journal of Health Psychology, 3, 51–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Stetson, B., Rahn, J., Dubbert, P., Wilner, B., & Mercury, M. (1997). Prospective evaluation of the effects of stress on exercise adherence in community-residing women. Health Psychology, 16, 515–520.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Stults-Kolehmainen, M. A., & Sinha, R. (2014). The effects of stress on physical activity and exercise. Sports Medicine, 44, 81–121.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
- Stults-Kolehmainen, M. A., Tuit, K., & Sinha, R. (2014). Lower cumulative stress is associated with better health for physically active adults in the community. Stress: The International Journal on the Biology of Stress, 17, 157–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Taylor, M. (1991). Effects of initial stress level, social support, and participation in an exercise or music condition on the post treatment stress, depression, and anxiety of nurses. (Dissertation, St John’s University).Google Scholar
- Uebelacker, L., Eaton, C., Weisberg, R., Sands, M., Williams, C., Calhoun, D., … & Taylor, T. (2013). Social support and physical activity as moderators of life stress in predicting baseline depression and change in depression over time in the Women’s Health Initiative. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48, 1971–1982.Google Scholar
- Unger, J. B., Johnson, C. A., & Marks, G. (1997). Functional decline in the elderly: Evidence for direct and stress-buffering protective effects of social interactions and physical activity. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 19, 152–160.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Wemme, K. M., & Rosvall, M. (2005). Work related and non-work related stress in relation to low leisure time physical activity in a Swedish population. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 59, 377–379.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
- WHO. (2010). Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/9789241599979/en/
- Wu, B., & Porell, F. (2000). Job characteristics and leisure physical activity. Journal of Aging and Health, 12, 538–559.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Yin, Z., Davis, C., Moore, J., & Treiber, F. (2005). Physical activity buffers the effects of chronic stress on adiposity in youth. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 29, 29–36.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Zuzanek, J., Robinson, J., & Iwasaki, Y. (1998). The relationships between stress, health, and physically active leisure as a function of life-cycle. Leisure Sciences, 20, 253–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Copyright information
© Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland 2018