A Decision Tree Classification Method Combining Intensity and RGB Value for LiDAR Data
Abstract
Airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) has played an important role in obtaining spatial information. But most existing LiDAR data classification algorithms mainly based on elevation and need more manual participation. Compared to these algorithms, we emphasize the use of intensity, RGB and echo number, and put forward a decision tree classification method. Before using this method, the intensity value must be calibrated first, and the RGB usually assigned from orthophoto. Then the experiment show that classification work can be completed with high accuracy while reducing manual workload. In addition, it was found intensity information is useful in target detection.
Keywords
Classification Intensity RGB Echo number Decision treeNotes
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by National High Technology Research and Development (863) Program (2012AA121304).
References
- 1.Yao, W., Krzystek, P., Heurich, M.: Tree species classification and estimation of stem volume and DBH based on single tree extraction by exploiting airborne full-waveform LiDAR data. Remote Sens. Environ. 123, 368–380 (2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 2.Sun, C., Wu, Z., Lv, Z., Yao, N., Wei, J.: Quantifying different types of urban growth and the change dynamic in Guangzhou using multi-temporal remote sensing data. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. 21, 409–417 (2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 3.Zhang, K., Yan, J., Chen, S.C.: Automatic construction of building footprints from airborne LiDAR data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 44(9), 2523–2533 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 4.Dorninger, P., Pfeifer, N.: A comprehensive automated 3D approach for building extraction, reconstruction, and regularization from airborne laser scanning point clouds. Sensors 8(11), 7323–7343 (2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 5.Korhonen, L., Korpela, I., Heiskanen, J., Maltamo, M.: Airborne discrete return LIDAR data in the estimation of vertical canopy cover, angular canopy closure and leaf area index. Remote Sens. Environ. 115(4), 1065–1080 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 6.Mallet, C., Bretar, F.: Full-waveform topographic lidar: state-of-the-art. ISPRS J. Photogrammetry Remote Sens. 64(1), 1–16 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 7.Qin, Y., Li, B., Niu, Z., et al.: Stepwise decomposition and relative radiometric normalization for small footprint LiDAR waveform. Sci. China Earth Sci. 41(1), 103–109 (2011)Google Scholar
- 8.Bork, E.W., Su, J.G.: Integrating LIDAR data and multispectral imagery for enhanced classification of rangeland vegetation: a meta analysis. Remote Sens. Environ. 111(1), 11–24 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 9.Dalponte, M., Bruzzone, L., Gianelle, D.: Fusion of hyperspectral and LiDAR remote sensing data for classification of complex forest areas. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 46(5), 1416–1427 (2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 10.Yan, W.Y., Shaker, A., Habib, A., Kersting, A.P.: Improving classification accuracy of airborne LiDAR intensity data by geometric calibration and radiometric correction. ISPRS J. Photogrammetry Remote Sens. 67(2), 35–44 (2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 11.Wagner, W.: Radiometric calibration of small-footprint full-waveform airborne laser scanner measurements: basic physical concepts. ISPRS J. Photogrammetry Remote Sens. 65, 505–513 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 12.Donoghue, D.M.M., Watt, P.J., Cox, N.J., Wilson, J.: Remote sensing of species mixtures in conifer plantations using Lidar height and intensity data. Remote Sens. Environ. 110(4), 509–522 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 13.Han, W., Zhao, S., Feng, X., Chen, L.: Extraction of multilayer vegetation coverage using airborne LiDAR discrete points with intensity information in urban areas: a casestudy in Nanjing City, China. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. 30, 56–64 (2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 14.Ramdani, F.: Urban vegetation mapping from fused hyperspectral image and LiDAR data with application to monitor urban tree heights. J. Geogr. Inf. Syst. 5, 404–408 (2013)Google Scholar
- 15.Chen, L., Zhao, S., Han, W., Li, Y.: Building detection in an urban area using LiDAR data and Quickbird imagery. Int. J. Remote Sens. 16, 5135–5148 (2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 16.Huang, C., Peng, Y., Lang, M., Yeo, I.-Y., McCarty, G.: Wetland inundation mapping and change monitoring using Landsat and airborne LiDAR data. Remote Sens. Environ. 141, 231–242 (2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 17.Chust, G., Galparsoro, I., Borja, A., Franco, J., Uriarte, A.: Coastal and estuarine habitat mapping, using LIDAR height and intensity and multi-spectral imagery. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 78, 633–643 (2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 18.Baltsavias, E.P.: Airborne laser scanning: basic relations and formulas. ISPRS J. Photogrammetry Remote Sens. 54(2/3), 199–214 (1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 19.Yoon, J.-S., Shin, J.-I., Lee, K.-S.: Land cover characteristics of airborne LiDAR intensity data: a case study. Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. 5(4), 801–805 (2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 20.Mesas-Carrascosa, F.J., Castillejo-González, I.L., de la Orden, M.S., Porras, A.G.-F.: Combining LiDAR intensity with aerial camera data to discriminate agricultural land uses. Comput. Electron. Agric. 84, 36–46 (2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 21.Höfle, B., Pfeifer, N.: Correction of laser scanning intensity data: data and model-driven approaches. ISPRS J. Photogrammetry Remote Sens. 62(6), 415–433 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 22.Zhang, X.: The Theory and Methods of Airborne Light Detection and Ranging Technology. Wuhan University Press, WuHan (2007)Google Scholar
- 23.Axelsson, P.: DEM generation from laser scanner data using adaptive TIN models. In: International Archives of the Photogrammetry, vol. XXXIII(1), pp. 10–117 (2000)Google Scholar
- 24.Soininen, A.: Terrasolid. TerraScan User’s Guide, 3 October 2011Google Scholar