Electrochemical and Hyphenated Electrochemical Detectors in Liquid Chromatography and Flow Injection Systems for Drug Compound Analysis

  • Sibel A. Ozkan
  • Jean-Michel Kauffmann
  • Petr Zuman
Chapter
Part of the Monographs in Electrochemistry book series (MOEC)

Abstract

Electrochemical detectors can be very well adapted to hydrodynamic conditions such as those encountered in liquid chromatography (LC), in capillary electrophoresis, or in flow injection analysis (FIA) applied to drug compound analysis [1–10]. Detectors with low cell volume based on conductivity [11–13], potentiometry [14, 15], amperometry (AD) [1–10], or pulsed amperometry (PAD) [16, 17] can be located online in close proximity, in a post-column configuration, to a liquid chromatographic setup or inserted as microelectrodes close to a capillary end [18, 19]. A miniaturized electrolysis cell can also be part of an online in a FIA system or of a pre- or post-LC column coupled to a mass spectrometer for electrochemical product generation and characterization [20–23]. Trends are directed to miniaturize the entire flow analytical system (e.g., lab on chip) and microfabricated electrochemical sensors as ideally suited for such configurations [24–26]. This chapter describes some basic concepts of most used and commercially available amperometric detectors and reactors coupled to LC or FIA. Examples are collected from authors’ laboratory, and a nonexhaustive literature survey of applications to the assay of molecules of pharmacological interest is provided.

Keywords

Hydrodynamic Condition Flow Injection Analysis Carbon Paste Electrode Drug Compound Flow Injection Analysis System 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Abbreviations

ACN

Acetonitrile

ACPG

Aminopropyl-controlled pore glass beads

AER

Anion exchange resin

amol

Attomole

BIA

Batch injection analysis

CFE

Porous carbon felt electrode

Chi

Chitosan

ChOx

Choline oxidase

CME

Chemically modified electrode

CNT

Carbon nanotube

CoHCF

Cobalt hexacyanoferrate

CSCNTs

Cup-stacked carbon nanotubes

ECL

Electrochemiluminescent

FIA

Flow injection analysis

GOx

Glucose oxidase

HMDE

Hanging mercury-drop electrode

HRP

Horseradish peroxidase

ITO

Indium tin oxide

LOX

Lysine oxidase

MBRS

Meldola’s Blue-Reinecke Salt

MWCNT-COOH

Multiwalled carbon nanotube with carboxyl groups

NADH

Reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NS

Not stated

OSA

1-Octanesulfonic acid

OSS

Sodium octyl sulfate

PB

Prussian blue

PDDA

Poly(diallyldimethylammoniumchloride)

PEDOT

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)

PGE

Pyrolytic graphite electrode

PNDGA

Poly(nordihydroguaiaretic acid)

PPyox

Overoxidized polypyrrole film

PVI

Poly(1-vinylimidazole)

Q

Quercetin

QDs

CdTe quantum dots

SDS

Sodium dodecyl sulfate

SIA

Sequential injection analysis

SPCE

Screen-printed carbon electrode

SWAdSV

Square-wave adsorptive-stripping voltammetry

SWCNT

Single-walled carbon nanotubes

SWV

Square-wave voltammetry

TBO

Toluidine blue O

TEA

Triethylamine

THF

Tetrahydrofuran

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Copyright information

© Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2015

Authors and Affiliations

  • Sibel A. Ozkan
    • 1
  • Jean-Michel Kauffmann
    • 2
  • Petr Zuman
    • 3
  1. 1.Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Analytical ChemistryAnkara UniversityTandogan, AnkaraTurkey
  2. 2.Faculty of PharmacyUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
  3. 3.Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular ScienceClarkson UniversityPotsdamUSA

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