Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Highly Ordered Macroporous Electrodes

  • Chapter
Book cover Springer Handbook of Electrochemical Energy

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Abstract

In recent years, the field of highly ordered macroporous thin films coated onto solid electrode surfaces has received increasing attention, on the one hand, due to interesting fundamental questions, and, on the other hand, because of a large variety of potential applications of such designer structures, ranging from electrocatalysis to biosensors and energy storage/conversion. This chapter describes the synthesis, the characterization, and the features of such organized layers, with a special emphasis on an increasingly sophisticated and rational design, which is possible when using colloidal crystal structures as templates . Some possible applications of such modified electrodes are also highlighted in the last section of the chapter, illustrating their beneficial effects in various domains, going eventually far beyond pure electrochemical aspects.

In this chapter, we present the elaboration of highly-ordered macroporous electrodes using colloidal crystal templating. A structure is considered as macroporous, when the pore size exceeds 50 nm; pores with 2–50 nm are considered as mesopores , whereas pores smaller than 2 nm are termed microporous. Several techniques allowing the self-assembly of microspheres into colloidal crystal templates will be discussed in Sect. 6.1.1. After giving an overview in Sect. 6.1.2 over existing methods to infiltrate colloidal templates, Sects. 6.1.3 and 6.1.4 will focus on the controlled electrodeposition of metals and conducting polymers (GlossaryTerm

CP

s) into colloidal templates, and the electrochemical characterization of the resulting macroporous electrodes. Section 6.2 illustrates an approach to fabricate macroporous electrodes with complex pore architectures, including gradient pore structures. Assembly of colloidal microspheres into complex colloidal crystal architectures in a layer-by-layer deposition process using the Langmuir–Blodgett technique followed by infiltration of the template by electrochemical deposition enabled us to obtain this objective. In Sect. 6.3, we focus on miniaturized macroporous gold electrodes with a cylindrical geometry and their utility with respect to the electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen. The broad field of applications, in which macroporous electrodes can be used for, is presented in Sect. 6.4.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 269.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 349.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

ALD:

atomic layer deposition

ATO:

antimony-doped tin oxide

ATP:

adenosine-\(5^{\prime}\)-triphosphate

CE:

counter electrode

CP:

conducting polymer

CRP:

creactive protein

CTNFM:

4-carboxy-(2,5,7-trinitro-9-fluorenylidene) malonitrile

CV:

cyclic voltammogram

CVD:

chemical vapor deposition

DI:

diaphorase

DSC:

dye-sensitized solar cell

DSDH:

d-sorbitol dehydrogenase

EAD:

electro-assisted deposition

EDP:

electrodeposited paint

EPC:

elastic photonic crystal

fcc:

face-centered cubic

hcp:

hexagonal close-packed

ITO:

indium tin oxide

LB:

Langmuir–Blodgett technique

PANI:

polyaniline

PBG:

photonic bandgap

PBT:

polybithiophene

PC:

photonic crystal

PDDA:

poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride)

PECVD:

plasma enhanced CVD

PEDOT:

poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)

PMMA:

poly(methyl methacrylate)

PPy:

polypyrrole

PS:

polystyrene

PT:

polythiophene

PVD:

physical vapor deposition

RE:

reference electrode

SAM:

self-assembled monolayer

SDS:

sodium dodecyl sulfate

SEM:

scanning electron microscopy

SERS:

surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

SPP:

surface plasmon polariton

TBA BF6 :

tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate

TEM:

transmission electron microscopy

TEOS:

tetraethyl orthosilicate

VD:

vertical deposition

WE:

working electrode

References

  1. D. Linden, T.B. Reddy: Handbook of Batteries (McGraw-Hill, New York 2002)

    Google Scholar 

  2. A. Wieckowski, J. Norskov: Fuel Cell Science (Wiley, Hoboken 2010)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  3. J. Wang: Analytical Electrochemistry (Wiley, Hoboken 2006)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  4. P. Gründler: Chemical Sensors (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2007)

    Google Scholar 

  5. A.S. Arico, P. Bruce, B. Scrosati, J.-M. Tarascon, W. van Schalkwijk: Nanostructured materials for advanced energy conversion and storage devices, Nat. Mater. 4, 366–377 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Y.-G. Guo, J.-S. Hu, L.-J. Wan: Nanostructured materials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices, Adv. Mater. 20, 2878–2887 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. P.G. Bruce, B. Scrosati, J.-M. Tarascon: Nanomaterials for rechargeable lithium batteries, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 2930–2946 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. A. Walcarius: Template-directed porous electrodes in electroanalysis, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 396, 261–272 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. C.R. Martin: Nanomaterials: A membrane-based synthetic approach, Science 266, 1961–1966 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Z. Zhang, Y. Wang, Z. Qi, W. Zhang, J. Qin, J. Frenzel: Generalized fabrication of nanoporous metals (Au, Pd, Pt, Ag, and Cu) through chemical dealloying, J. Phys. Chem. C 113, 12629–12636 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. F. Marlow, Muldarisnur, P. Sharifi, R. Brinkmann, C. Mendive: Opals: Status and prospects, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48, 6212–6233 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. D.J. Norris, E.G. Arlinghaus, L. Meng, R. Heiny, L.E. Scriven: Opaline photonic crystals: How does self-assembly work?, Adv. Mater. 16, 1393–1399 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. G.M. Whitesides, B. Grzybowski: Self-assembly at all scales, Science 295, 2418–2421 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. P. Ni, P. Dong, B. Cheng, X. Li, D. Zhang: Synthetic SiO2 opals, Adv. Mater. 13, 437–441 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. V.K. LaMer, R.H. Dinegar: Theory, production and mechanism of formation of monodispersed hydrosols, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 72, 4847–4854 (1950)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Y. Xia, B. Gates, Y. Yin, Y. Lu: Monodispersed colloidal spheres: Old materials with new applications, Adv. Mater. 12, 693–713 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. W. Stöber, A. Fink, E. Bohn: Controlled growth of monodisperse silica spheres in the micron size range, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 26, 62–69 (1968)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. H. Giesche: Synthesis of monodispersed silica powders I. Particle properties and reaction kinetics, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 14, 189–204 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. C.G. Tan, B.D. Bowen, N. Epstein: Production of monodisperse colloidal silica spheres: Effect of temperature, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 118, 290–293 (1987)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. G.H. Bogush, M.A. Tracy, C.F.I.V. Zukoski: Preparation of monodisperse silica particles: Control of size and mass fraction, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 104, 95–106 (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. K. Nozawa, H. Gailhanou, L. Raison, P. Panizza, H. Ushiki, E. Sellier, J.P. Delville, M.H. Delville: Smart control of monodisperse Stöber silica particles: Effect of reactant addition rate on growth process, Langmuir 21, 1516–1523 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Y.S. Lee: Self-Assembly and Nanotechnology (Wiley, Hoboken 2008)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  23. J.F. Galisteo-López, M. Ibisate, R. Sapienza, L.S. Froufe-Pérez, Á. Blanco, C. López: Self-assembled photonic structures, Adv. Mater. 23, 30–69 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. F. Li, D.P. Josephson, A. Stein: Colloidal assembly: The road from particles to colloidal molecules and crystals, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 360–388 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. R. Mayoral, J. Requena, J.S. Moya, C. López, A. Cintas, H. Miguez, F. Meseguer, L. Vázquez, M. Holgado, Á. Blanco: 3D Long-range ordering in ein SiO2 submicrometer-sphere sintered superstructure, Adv. Mater. 9, 257–260 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. H. Miguez, F. Meseguer, C. Lopez, A. Mifsud, J.S. Moya, L. Vazquez: Evidence of fcc crystallization of SiO2 nanospheres, Langmuir 13, 6009–6011 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. L.V. Woodcock: Entropy difference between the face-centred cubic and hexagonal close-packed crystal structures, Nature 385, 141–143 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. K.E. Davis, W.B. Russel, W.J. Glantschnig: Settling suspensions of colloidal silica: Observations and x-ray measurements, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 87, 411–424 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. V.M. Shelekhina, O.A. Prokhorov, P.A. Vityaz, A.P. Stupak, S.V. Gaponenko, N.V. Gaponenko: Towards 3D photonic crystals, Synth. Met. 124, 137–139 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. M. Holgado, F. Garcia-Santamaria, A. Blanco, M. Ibisate, A. Cintas, H. Miguez, C.J. Serna, C. Molpeceres, J. Requena, A. Mifsud, F. Meseguer, C. López: Electrophoretic deposition to control artificial opal growth, Langmuir 15, 4701–4704 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. A. van Blaaderen, R. Ruel, P. Wiltzius: Template-directed colloidal crystallization, Nature 385, 321–324 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. O. Vickreva, O. Kalinina, E. Kumacheva: Colloid crystal growth under oscillatory shear, Adv. Mater. 12, 110–112 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. C.D. Dushkin, G.S. Lazarov, S.N. Kotsev, H. Yoshimura, K. Nagayama: Effect of growth conditions on the structure of two-dimensional latex crystals: Experiment, Colloid. Polym. Sci. 277, 914–930 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. M. Müller, R. Zentel, T. Maka, S.G. Romanov, C.M. Sotomayor Torres: Photonic crystal films with high refractive index contrast, Adv. Mater. 12, 1499–1503 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. N. Denkov, O. Velev, P. Kralchevski, I. Ivanov, H. Yoshimura, K. Nagayama: Mechanism of formation of two-dimensional crystals from latex particles on substrates, Langmuir 8, 3183–3190 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. P. Jiang, J.F. Bertone, K.S. Hwang, V.L. Colvin: Single-crystal colloidal multilayers of controlled thickness, Chem. Mater. 11, 2132–2140 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Q. Yan, Z. Zhou, X.S. Zhao: Inward-growing self-assembly of colloidal crystal films on horizontal substrates, Langmuir 21, 3158–3164 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Y. Li, T. Kunitake, S. Fujikawa: Efficient fabrication of large, robust films of 3D-ordered polystyrene latex, Colloids Surf. A 275, 209–217 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Y.A. Vlasov, X.-Z. Bo, J.C. Sturm, D.J. Norris: On-chip natural assembly of silicon photonic bandgap crystals, Nature 414, 289–293 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. S. Wong, V. Kitaev, G.A. Ozin: Colloidal crystal films: Advances in universality and perfection, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 15589–15598 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. S.M. Yang, H. Míguez, G.A. Ozin: Opal circuits of light – Planarized microphotonic crystal chips, Adv. Funct. Mater. 12, 425–431 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Y.H. Ye, F. LeBlanc, A. Haché, V.V. Truong: Self-assembling three-dimensional colloidal photonic crystal structure with high crystalline quality, Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 52–54 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. M.A. McLachlan, N.P. Johnson, R.M. de la Rue, D.W. McComb: Thin film photonic crystals: Synthesis and characterisation, J. Mater. Chem. 14, 144–150 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. A. Hartsuiker, W.L. Vos: Structural properties of opals grown with vertical controlled drying, Langmuir 24, 4670–4675 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. S.-L. Kuai, X.-F. Hu, A. Haché, V.-V. Truong: High-quality colloidal photonic crystals obtained by optimizing growth parameters in a vertical deposition technique, J. Cryst. Growth 267, 317–324 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. J. Zhang, H. Liu, Z. Wang, N. Ming: Assembly of high-quality colloidal crystals under negative pressure, J. Appl. Phys. 103, 013517–013520 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. F. Piret, B.L. Su: Effects of pH and ionic strength on the self-assembly of silica colloids to opaline photonic structures, Chem. Phys. Lett. 457, 376–380 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. B. Griesebock, M. Egen, R. Zentel: Large photonic films by crystallization on fluid substrates, Chem. Mater. 14, 4023–4025 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. O.D. Velev, K.H. Bhatt: On-chip micromanipulation and assembly of colloidal particles by electric fields, Soft Matter 2, 738–750 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. V. Kitaev, G.A. Ozin: Self-assembled surface patterns of binary colloidal crystals, Adv. Mater. 15, 75–78 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. S.H. Im, M.H. Kim, O.O. Park: Thickness control of colloidal crystals with a substrate dipped at a tilted angle into a colloidal suspension, Chem. Mater. 15, 1797–1802 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. A.S. Dimitrov, K. Nagayama: Continuous convective assembling of fine particles into two-dimensional arrays on solid surfaces, Langmuir 12, 1303–1311 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Z.-Z. Gu, A. Fujishima, O. Sato: Fabrication of high-quality opal films with controllable thickness, Chem. Mater. 14, 760–765 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. L.K. Teh, N.K. Tan, C.C. Wong, S. Li: Growth imperfections in three-dimensional colloidal self-assembly, Appl. Phys. A 81, 1399–1404 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. C. Jin, M.A. McLachlan, D.W. McComb, R.M. de la Rue, N.P. Johnson: Template-assisted growth of nominally cubic (100)-oriented three-dimensional crack-free photonic crystals, Nano Lett. 5, 2646–2650 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. A.L. Rogach, N.A. Kotov, D.S. Koktysh, J.W. Ostrander, G.A. Ragoisha: Electrophoretic deposition of latex-based 3D colloidal photonic crystals: A technique for rapid production of high-quality opals, Chem. Mater. 12, 2721–2726 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. S.O. Lumsdon, E.W. Kaler, J.P. Williams, O.D. Velev: Dielectrophoretic assembly of oriented and switchable two-dimensional photonic crystals, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 949–951 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. R.C. Hayward, D.A. Saville, I.A. Aksay: Electrophoretic assembly of colloidal crystals with optically tunable micropatterns, Nature 404, 56–59 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. D.H. McCullough III, S.L. Regen: Don’t forget Langmuir–Blodgett films, Chem. Commun., 2787–2791 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  60. C.G. Zoski: Handbook of Electrochemistry (Elsevier, Amsterdam 2007)

    Google Scholar 

  61. K. Hasegawa, H. Nishimori, M. Tatsumisago, T. Minami: Effect of poly(acrylic acid) on the preparation of thick silica films by electrophoretic sol-gel deposition of re-dispersed silica particles, J. Mater. Sci. 33, 1095–1098 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. R.J. Kershner, J.W. Bullard, M.J. Cima: The role of electrochemical reactions during electrophoretic particle deposition, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 278, 146–154 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. M. Giersig, P. Mulvaney: Preparation of ordered colloid monolayers by electrophoretic deposition, Langmuir 9, 3408–3413 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. M. Böhmer: In situ observation of 2-dimensional clustering during electrophoretic deposition, Langmuir 12, 5747–5750 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. P. Richetti, J. Prost, P. Barois: Two-dimensional aggregation and crystallization of a colloidal suspension of latex spheres, J. Phys. Lett. 45, 1137–1143 (1984)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. S.-R. Yeh, M. Seul, B.I. Shraiman: Assembly of ordered colloidal aggregrates by electric-field-induced fluid flow, Nature 386, 57–59 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. T. Gong, D.T. Wu, D.W.M. Marr: Two-dimensional electrohydrodynamically induced colloidal phases, Langmuir 18, 10064–10067 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. K.-Q. Zhang, X.Y. Liu: In situ observation of colloidal monolayer nucleation driven by an alternating electric field, Nature 429, 739–743 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. A.S. Negi, K. Sengupta, A.K. Sood: Frequency-dependent shape changes of colloidal clusters under transverse electric field, Langmuir 21, 11623–11627 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. T.H. Zhang, X.Y. Liu: Configurations and diffusion of point defects in two-dimensional colloidal crystals, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 261914 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Y. Liu, R.-G. Xie, X.-Y. Liu: Fine tuning of equilibrium distance of two-dimensional colloidal assembly under an alternating electric field, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 063105–063103 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. S.O. Lumsdon, E.W. Kaler, O.D. Velev: Two-dimensional crystallization of microspheres by a coplanar ac electric field, Langmuir 20, 2108–2116 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. A. Yethiraj, J.H.J. Thijssen, A. Wouterse, A. van Blaaderen: Large-area electric-field-induced colloidal single crystals for photonic applications, Adv. Mater. 16, 596–600 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. R.C. Bailey, K.J. Stevenson, J.T. Hupp: Assembly of micropatterned colloidal gold thin films via microtransfer molding and electrophoretic deposition, Adv. Mater. 12, 1930–1934 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. R. Xie, X.-Y. Liu: Electrically directed on-chip reversible patterning of two-dimensional tunable colloidal structures, Adv. Funct. Mater. 18, 802–809 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. W.M. Choi, O.O. Park: The fabrication of micropatterns of a 2D colloidal assembly by electrophoretic deposition, Nanotechnology 17, 325 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. R. Xie, X.-Y. Liu: Controllable epitaxial crystallization and reversible oriented patterning of two-dimensional colloidal crystals, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 4976–4982 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. I. Langmuir: The constitution and fundamental properties of solids and liquids. II. Liquids, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 39, 1848–1906 (1917)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. K.B. Blodgett: Films built by depositing successive monomolecular layers on a solid surface, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 57, 1007–1022 (1935)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. M. Bardosova, M.E. Pemble, I.M. Povey, R.H. Tredgold: The Langmuir–Blodgett approach to making colloidal photonic crystals from silica spheres, Adv. Mater. 22, 3104–3124 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. G. Tolnai, F. Csempesz, M. Kabai-Faix, E. Kálmán, Z. Keresztes, A.L. Kovács, J.J. Ramsden, Z. Hórvölgyi: Preparation and characterization of surface-modified silica-nanoparticles, Langmuir 17, 2683–2687 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Z. Wu, H. Han, W. Han, B. Kim, K.H. Ahn, K. Lee: Controlling the hydrophobicity of submicrometer silica spheres via surface modification for nanocomposite applications, Langmuir 23, 7799–7803 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. M. Bardosova, F.C. Dillon, M.E. Pemble, I.M. Povey, R.H. Tredgold: Langmuir–Blodgett assembly of colloidal photonic crystals using silica particles prepared without the use of surfactant molecules, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 333, 816 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. M. Szekeres, O. Kamalin, R.A. Schoonheydt, K. Wostyn, K. Clays, A. Persoons, I. Dekany: Ordering and optical properties of monolayers and multilayers of silica spheres deposited by the Langmuir–Blodgett method, J. Mater. Chem. 12, 3268–3274 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. M. Bardosova, P. Hodge, L. Pach, M.E. Pemble, V. Smatko, R.H. Tredgold, D. Whitehead: Synthetic opals made by the Langmuir–Blodgett method, Thin Solid Films 437, 276–279 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. P. Jiang, M.J. McFarland: Large-scale fabrication of wafer-size colloidal crystals, macroporous polymers and nanocomposites by spin-coating, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 13778–13786 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. B. van Duffel, R.H.A. Ras, F.C. De Schryver, R.A. Schoonheydt: Langmuir–Blodgett deposition and optical diffraction of two-dimensional opal, J. Mater. Chem. 11, 3333–3336 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Y. Li, W. Cai, G. Duan: Ordered micronanostructured arrays based on the monolayer colloidal crystals, Chem. Mater. 20, 615–624 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. G. Zhang, D. Wang: Colloidal lithography – The art of nanochemical patterning, Chem. Asian J. 4, 236–245 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. S.G. Romanov, M. Bardosova, M. Pemble, C.M.S. Torres: (2+1)-dimensional photonic crystals from Langmuir–Blodgett colloidal multilayers, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 043105–043103 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. M.E. Pemble, M. Bardosova, I.M. Povey, R.H. Tredgold, D. Whitehead: Novel photonic crystal thin films using the Langmuir–Blodgett approach, Physica B 394, 233–237 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. S.G. Romanov, M. Bardosova, D.E. Whitehead, I.M. Povey, M. Pemble, C.M.S. Torres: Erasing diffraction orders: Opal versus Langmuir–Blodgett colloidal crystals, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 133101 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. H.-L. Li, W. Dong, H.-J. Bongard, F. Marlow: Improved controllability of opal film growth using capillaries for the deposition process, J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 9939–9945 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. X. Wang, S.M. Husson, X. Qian, S.R. Wickramasinghe: Vertical cell assembly of colloidal crystal films with controllable thickness, Mater. Lett. 63, 1981–1983 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. R.M. Amos, J.G. Rarity, P.R. Tapster, T.J. Shepherd, S.C. Kitson: Fabrication of large-area face-centered-cubic hard-sphere colloidal crystals by shear alignment, Phys. Rev. E 61, 2929 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. C.E. Finlayson, P. Spahn, D.R.E. Snoswell, G. Yates, A. Kontogeorgos, A.I. Haines, G.P. Hellmann, J.J. Baumberg: 3D bulk ordering in macroscopic solid opaline films by edge-induced rotational shearing, Adv. Mater. 23, 1540–1544 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. S.H. Park, D. Qin, Y. Xia: Crystallization of mesoscale particles over large areas, Adv. Mater. 10, 1028–1032 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. A. Mihi, M. Ocaña, H. Míguez: Oriented colloidal-crystal thin films by spin-coating microspheres dispersed in volatile media, Adv. Mater. 18, 2244–2249 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. O.L.J. Pursiainen, J.J. Baumberg, H. Winkler, B. Viel, P. Spahn, T. Ruhl: Shear-induced organization in flexible polymer opals, Adv. Mater. 20, 1484–1487 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. R. Fenollosa, F. Meseguer: Non-close-packed artificial opals, Adv. Mater. 15, 1282–1285 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. A. Stein, F. Li, N.R. Denny: Morphological control in colloidal crystal templating of inverse opals, hierarchical structures, and shaped particles, Chem. Mater. 20, 649–666 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. W. Dong, H. Bongard, B. Tesche, F. Marlow: Inverse opals with a skeleton structure: Photonic crystals with two complete bandgaps, Adv. Mater. 14, 1457–1460 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. F. Marlow, W. Dong: Engineering nanoarchitectures for photonic crystals, ChemPhysChem 4, 549–554 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. P. Jiang: Surface-templated nanostructured films with two-dimensional ordered arrays of voids, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 43, 5625–5628 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. A.A. Zakhidov, R.H. Baughman, Z. Iqbal, C. Cui, I. Khayrullin, S.O. Dantas, J. Marti, V.G. Ralchenko: Carbon structures with three-dimensional periodicity at optical wavelengths, Science 282, 897–901 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. J.S. King, E. Graugnard, C.J. Summers: TiO2 inverse opals fabricated using low-temperature atomic layer deposition, Adv. Mater. 17, 1010–1013 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. S. Reculusa, B. Agricole, A. Derré, M. Couzi, E. Sellier, S. Ravaine, P. Delhaès: Carbon membranes of controlled thickness from colloidal crystals, Adv. Mater. 18, 1705–1708 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. H. Miguez, N. Tetreault, B. Hatton, S.M. Yang, D. Perovic, G.A. Ozin: Mechanical stability enhancement by pore size and connectivity control in colloidal crystals by layer-by-layer growth of oxide, Chem. Commun., 2736–2737 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  109. E. Palacios-Lidón, J.F. Galisteo-López, B.H. Juárez, C. López: Engineered planar defects embedded in opals, Adv. Mater. 16, 341–345 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. A. Rugge, J.S. Becker, R.G. Gordon, S.H. Tolbert: Tungsten nitride inverse opals by atomic layer deposition, Nano Lett. 3, 1293–1297 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. J.S. King, D.P. Gaillot, E. Graugnard, C.J. Summers: Conformally back-filled, non-close-packed inverse-opal photonic crystals, Adv. Mater. 18, 1063–1067 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. B.T. Holland, C.F. Blanford, A. Stein: Synthesis of macroporous minerals with highly ordered three-dimensional arrays of spheroidal voids, Science 281, 538–540 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. J.E.G.J. Wijnhoven, W.L. Vos: Preparation of photonic crystals made of air spheres in titania, Science 281, 802–804 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Y. Cao, Y. Wang, Y. Zhu, H. Chen, Z. Li, J. Ding, Y. Chi: Fabrication of anatase titania inverse opal films using polystyrene templates, Superlattices Microstruct. 40, 155–160 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. P. Jiang, K.S. Hwang, D.M. Mittleman, J.F. Bertone, V.L. Colvin: Template-directed preparation of macroporous polymers with oriented and crystalline arrays of voids, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121, 11630–11637 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Z. Zhong, Y. Yin, B. Gates, Y. Xia: Preparation of mesoscale hollow spheres of TiO2 and SnO2 by templating against crystalline arrays of polystyrene beads, Adv. Mater. 12, 206–209 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. G.I.N. Waterhouse, M.R. Waterland: Opal and inverse opal photonic crystals: Fabrication and characterization, Polyhedron 26, 356–368 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. J.P. Bosco, K. Sasaki, M. Sadakane, W. Ueda, J.G. Chen: Synthesis and characterization of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) tungsten carbide: Application to direct methanol fuel cells, Chem. Mater. 22, 966–973 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. Y. Ma, J.F. Chen, Y. Ren, X. Tao: Transition metal-doped titania inverse opals: Fabrication and characterization, Colloids Surf. A 370, 129–135 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. S.H. Park, Y. Xia: Macroporous membranes with highly ordered and three-dimensionally interconnected spherical pores, Adv. Mater. 10, 1045–1048 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. S.A. Johnson, P.J. Ollivier, T.E. Mallouk: Ordered mesoporous polymers of tunable pore size from colloidal silica templates, Science 283, 963–965 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  122. H. Míguez, F. Meseguer, C. López, F. López-Tejeira, J. Sánchez-Dehesa: Synthesis and photonic bandgap characterization of polymer inverse opals, Adv. Mater. 13, 393–396 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. D.P. Puzzo, A.C. Arsenault, I. Manners, G.A. Ozin: Electroactive inverse opal: A single material for all colors, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48, 943–947 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. F. Yan, W.A. Goedel: A simple and effective method for the preparation of porous membranes with three-dimensionally arranged pores, Adv. Mater. 16, 911–915 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. P.V. Braun, R.W. Zehner, C.A. White, M.K. Weldon, C. Kloc, S.S. Patel, P. Wiltzius: Epitaxial growth of high dielectric contrast three-dimensional photonic crystals, Adv. Mater. 13, 721–724 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. O.D. Velev, P.M. Tessier, A.M. Lenhoff, E.W. Kaler: Materials: A class of porous metallic nanostructures, Nature 401, 548–548 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. E. Arsenault, N. Soheilnia, G.A. Ozin: Periodic macroporous nanocrystalline antimony-doped tin oxide electrode, ACS Nano 5, 2984–2988 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. G. Subramanian, V.N. Manoharan, J.D. Thorne, D.J. Pine: Ordered macroporous materials by colloidal assembly: A possible route to photonic bandgap materials, Adv. Mater. 11, 1261–1265 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. P.M. Tessier, O.D. Velev, A.T. Kalambur, A.M. Lenhoff, J.F. Rabolt, E.W. Kaler: Structured metallic films for optical and spectroscopic applications via colloidal crystal templating, Adv. Mater. 13, 396–400 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  130. D. Wang, J. Li, C.T. Chan, V. Salgueiriño-Maceira, L.M. Liz-Marzán, S. Romanov, F. Caruso: Optical properties of nanoparticle-based metallodielectric inverse opals, Small 1, 122–130 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  131. Y. Zhao, X. Zhao, J. Hu, M. Xu, W. Zhao, L. Sun, C. Zhu, H. Xu, Z. Gu: Encoded porous beads for label-free multiplex detection of tumor markers, Adv. Mater. 21, 569–572 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  132. N. Sapoletova, T. Makarevich, K. Napolskii, E. Mishina, A. Eliseev, A. van Etteger, T. Rasing, G. Tsirlina: Controlled growth of metallic inverse opals by electrodeposition, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 12, 15414–15422 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. L. Santos, P. Martin, J. Ghilane, P.-C. Lacaze, H. Randriamahazaka, L.M. Abrantes, J.-C. Lacroix: Electrosynthesis of well-organized nanoporous poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) by nanosphere lithography, Electrochem. Commun. 12, 872–875 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  134. X. Meng, R. Al-Salman, J. Zhao, N. Borissenko, Y. Li, F. Endres: Electrodeposition of 3D ordered macroporous germanium from ionic liquids: A feasible method to make photonic crystals with a high dielectric constant, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48, 2703–2707 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  135. P.N. Bartlett, P.R. Birkin, M.A. Ghanem, C.-S. Toh: Electrochemical syntheses of highly ordered macroporous conducting polymers grown around self-assembled colloidal templates, J. Mater. Chem. 11, 849–853 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  136. P. Jiang, J. Cizeron, J.F. Bertone, V.L. Colvin: Preparation of macroporous metal films from colloidal crystals, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121, 7957–7958 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  137. P.N. Bartlett, P.R. Birkin, M.A. Ghanem: Electrochemical deposition of macroporous platinum, palladium and cobalt films using polystyrene latex sphere templates, Chem. Commun., 1671–1672 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  138. P.N. Bartlett, J.J. Baumberg, P.R. Birkin, M.A. Ghanem, M.C. Netti: Highly ordered macroporous gold and platinum films formed by electrochemical deposition through templates assembled from submicron diameter monodisperse polystyrene spheres, Chem. Mater. 14, 2199–2208 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  139. S. Ben-Ali, D.A. Cook, S.A.G. Evans, A. Thienpont, P.N. Bartlett, A. Kuhn: Electrocatalysis with monolayer modified highly organized macroporous electrodes, Electrochem. Commun. 5, 747–751 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. R. Szamocki, S. Reculusa, S. Ravaine, P.N. Bartlett, A. Kuhn, R. Hempelmann: Tailored mesostructuring and biofunctionalization of gold for increased electroactivity, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45, 1317–1321 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. R. Szamocki, A. Velichko, C. Holzapfel, F. Mücklich, S. Ravaine, P. Garrigue, N. Sojic, R. Hempelmann, A. Kuhn: Macroporous ultramicroelectrodes for improved electroanalytical measurements, Anal. Chem. 79, 533–539 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. A. Altube, Á. Blanco, C. López: Electrodeposition and optical properties of silver infiltrated photonic nanostructures, Mater. Lett. 62, 2677–2680 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. P.N. Bartlett, J.J. Baumberg, S. Coyle, M.E. Abdelsalam: Optical properties of nanostructured metal films, Faraday Discuss. 125, 117–132 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  144. T. Sumida, Y. Wada, T. Kitamura, S. Yanagida: Construction of stacked opaline films and electrochemical deposition of ordered macroporous nickel, Langmuir 18, 3886–3894 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  145. P.N. Bartlett, M.A. Ghanem, I.S. El Hallag, P. de Groot, A. Zhukov: Electrochemical deposition of macroporous magnetic networks using colloidal templates, J. Mater. Chem. 13, 2596–2602 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  146. Y.-W. Chung, I.-C. Leu, J.-H. Lee, J.-H. Yen, M.-H. Hon: Fabrication of various nickel nanostructures by manipulating the one-step electrodeposition process, J. Electrochem. Soc. 154, E77–E83 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  147. Y. Hao, F.Q. Zhu, C.L. Chien, P.C. Searson: Fabrication and magnetic properties of ordered macroporous nickel structures, J. Electrochem. Soc. 154, D65–D69 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  148. X. Yu, Y.J. Lee, R. Furstenberg, J.O. White, P.V. Braun: Filling fraction dependent properties of inverse opal metallic photonic crystals, Adv. Mater. 19, 1689–1692 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  149. H. Zhang, X. Yu, P.V. Braun: Three-dimensional bicontinuous ultrafast-charge and -discharge bulk battery electrodes, Nat. Nano 6, 277–281 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  150. V. Urbanová, M. Bartoš, K. Vytřas, A. Kuhn: Porous bismuth film electrodes for signal increase in anodic stripping voltammetry, Electroanalysis 22, 1524–1530 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  151. V. Urbanová, K. Vytras, A. Kuhn: Macroporous antimony film electrodes for stripping analysis of trace heavy metals, Electrochem. Commun. 12, 114–117 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  152. T. Sumida, Y. Wada, T. Kitamura, S. Yanagida: Electrochemical preparation of macroporous polypyrrole films with regular arrays of interconnected spherical voids, Chem. Commun., 1613–1614 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  153. T. Cassagneau, F. Caruso: Semiconducting polymer inverse opals prepared by electropolymerization, Adv. Mater. 14, 34–38 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  154. S. Tian, J. Wang, U. Jonas, W. Knoll: Inverse opals of polyaniline and its copolymers prepared by electrochemical techniques, Chem. Mater. 17, 5726–5730 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  155. P.V. Braun, P. Wiltzius: Microporous materials: Electrochemically grown photonic crystals, Nature 402, 603–604 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  156. T. Sumida, Y. Wada, T. Kitamura, S. Yanagida: Macroporous ZnO films electrochemically prepared by templating of opal films, Chem. Lett. 30, 38–39 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  157. Y. Yang, H. Yan, Z. Fu, B. Yang, J. Zuo, S. Fu: Enhanced photoluminescence from three-dimensional ZnO photonic crystals, Solid State Commun. 139, 218–221 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  158. T. Sumida, Y. Wada, T. Kitamura, S. Yanagida: Electrochemical change of the photonic stop band of the ordered macroporous WO3 films, Chem. Lett. 31, 180–181 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  159. P.N. Bartlett, T. Dunford, M.A. Ghanem: Templated electrochemical deposition of nanostructured macroporous PbO2, J. Mater. Chem. 12, 3130–3135 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  160. J. Hu, M. Abdelsalam, P. Bartlett, R. Cole, Y. Sugawara, J. Baumberg, S. Mahajan, G. Denuault: Electrodeposition of highly ordered macroporous iridium oxide through self-assembled colloidal templates, J. Mater. Chem. 19, 3855–3858 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  161. J. Lenz, V. Trieu, R. Hempelmann, A. Kuhn: Ordered macroporous ruthenium oxide electrodes for potentiometric and amperometric sensing applications, Electroanalysis 23, 1186–1192 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  162. T.M. Benedetti, V.R. Goncales, D.F.S. Petri, S.I.C. De Torresi, R.M. Torresi: Macroporous MnO2 electrodes obtained by template assisted electrodeposition for electrochemical capacitors, J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 21, 1704–1709 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  163. Y.F. Yuan, X.H. Xia, J.B. Wu, Y.B. Chen, J.L. Yang, S.Y. Guo: Enhanced electrochromic properties of ordered porous nickel oxide thin film prepared by self-assembled colloidal crystal template-assisted electrodeposition, Electrochim. Acta 56, 1208–1212 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  164. V.R. Goncales, R.P. Salvador, M.R. Alcantara, S.I.C. De Torresi: On the template synthesis of nanostructured inorganic/organic hybrid films, J. Electrochem. Soc. 155, K140–K145 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  165. R. Szamocki, A. Velichko, F. Mücklich, S. Reculusa, S. Ravaine, S. Neugebauer, W. Schuhmann, R. Hempelmann, A. Kuhn: Improved enzyme immobilization for enhanced bioelectrocatalytic activity of porous electrodes, Electrochem. Commun. 9, 2121–2127 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  166. K.S. Choi, E.W. McFarland, G.D. Stucky: Electrocatalytic properties of thin mesoporous platinum films synthesized utilizing potential-controlled surfactant assembly, Adv. Mater. 15, 2018–2021 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  167. R. Szamocki: Synthèse Contrôllée d’Électrodes Macroporeuses Pour des Applications Électrocatalytiques, Ph.D. Thesis (University Bordeaux I/Universität des Saarlandes, Bordeaux/Saarbrücken 2006)

    Google Scholar 

  168. M. Heim, S. Reculusa, S. Ravaine, A. Kuhn: Engineering of complex macroporous materials through controlled electrodeposition in colloidal superstructures, Adv. Funct. Mater. 22, 538–545 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  169. S. Trasatti, O.A. Petrii: Real surface area measurements in electrochemistry, J. Electroanal. Chem. 327, 353–376 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  170. G.G. Wallace, G.M. Spinks, L.A.P. Kane-Maguire: Conductive Electroactive Polymers: Intelligent Polymer Systems (CRC, Boca Raton 2009)

    Google Scholar 

  171. M. Singh, P.K. Kathuroju, N. Jampana: Polypyrrole based amperometric glucose biosensors, Sens. Actuators B 143, 430–443 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  172. E. Smela: A microfabricated movable electrochromic ‘‘Pixel’’ based on polypyrrole, Adv. Mater. 11, 1343–1345 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  173. M.R. Gandhi, P. Murray, G.M. Spinks, G.G. Wallace: Mechanism of electromechanical actuation in polypyrrole, Synth. Met. 73, 247–256 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  174. T.F. Otero, M.T. Cortés: Artificial muscles with tactile sensitivity, Adv. Mater. 15, 279–282 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  175. E. Smela: Conjugated polymer actuators for biomedical applications, Adv. Mater. 15, 481–494 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  176. W. Sun, X. Chen: Preparation and characterization of polypyrrole films for three-dimensional micro supercapacitor, J. Power Sources 193, 924 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  177. U. Lange, N.V. Roznyatovskaya, V.M. Mirsky: Conducting polymers in chemical sensors and arrays, Anal. Chim. Acta 614, 1 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  178. A. Malinauskas: Electrocatalysis at conducting polymers, Synth. Met. 107, 75 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  179. V.G. Khomenko, V.Z. Barsukov, A.S. Katashinskii: The catalytic activity of conducting polymers toward oxygen reduction, Electrochim. Acta 50, 1675 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  180. R.A. Green, N.H. Lovell, G.G. Wallace, L.A. Poole-Warren: Conducting polymers for neural interfaces: Challenges in developing an effective long-term implant, Biomaterials 29, 3393–3399 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  181. A. Mollahosseini, E. Noroozian: Electrodeposition of a highly adherent and thermally stable polypyrrole coating on steel from aqueous polyphosphate solution, Synth. Met. 159, 1247–1254 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  182. T. Cassagneau, F. Caruso: Inverse opals for optical affinity biosensing, Adv. Mater. 14, 1629–1633 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  183. W. Qian, Z.-Z. Gu, A. Fujishima, O. Sato: Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous polymer materials: An approach for biosensor applications, Langmuir 18, 4526–4529 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  184. C.Y. Kuo, S.Y. Lu, S. Chen, M. Bernards, S. Jiang: Stop band shift based chemical sensing with three-dimensional opal and inverse opal structures, Sens. Actuators B 124, 452–458 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  185. G. Kang, R.B. Borgens, Y. Cho: Well-ordered porous conductive polypyrrole as a new platform for neural interfaces, Langmuir 27, 6179–6184 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  186. L. Zhao, L. Tong, C. Li, Z. Gu, G. Shi: Polypyrrole actuators with inverse opal structures, J. Mater. Chem. 19, 1653–1658 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  187. L. Xu, J. Wang, Y. Song, L. Jiang: Electrically tunable polypyrrole inverse opals with switchable stopband, conductivity, and wettability, Chem. Mater. 20, 3554–3556 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  188. S. Ghosh, G.A. Bowmaker, R.P. Cooney, J.M. Seakins: Infrared and Raman spectroscopic studies of the electrochemical oxidative degradation of polypyrrole, Synth. Met. 95, 63 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  189. T.A. Skotheim, J.R. Reynolds: Handbook of Conducting Polymers (CRC, Boca Raton 2007)

    Google Scholar 

  190. E.A. Bazzaoui, S. Aeiyach, P.C. Lacaze: Electropolymerization of bithiophene on Pt and Fe electrodes in an aqueous sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) micellar medium, Synth. Met. 83, 159–165 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  191. Y.Z. Wang, R.G. Sun, D.K. Wang, T.M. Swager, A.J. Epstein: Polarity- and voltage-controlled color-variable light-emitting devices based on conjugated polymers, Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 2593–2595 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  192. P. Jiang, G.N. Ostojic, R. Narat, D.M. Mittleman, V.L. Colvin: The fabrication and bandgap engineering of photonic multilayers, Adv. Mater. 13, 389–393 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  193. Q. Yan, X.S. Zhao, Z. Zhou: Fabrication of colloidal crystal heterostructures using a horizontal deposition method, J. Cryst. Growth 288, 205–208 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  194. Q. Yan, A. Chen, S.J. Chua, X.S. Zhao: Incorporation of point defects into self-assembled three-dimensional colloidal crystals, Adv. Mater. 17, 2849–2853 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  195. Y. Jun, C.A. Leatherdale, D.J. Norris: Tailoring air defects in self-assembled photonic bandgap crystals, Adv. Mater. 17, 1908–1911 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  196. Q. Yan, Z. Zhou, X.S. Zhao, S.J. Chua: Line defects embedded in three-dimensional photonic crystals, Adv. Mater. 17, 1917–1920 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  197. F. Fleischhaker, A.C. Arsenault, Z. Wang, V. Kitaev, F.C. Peiris, G. von Freymann, I. Manners, R. Zentel, G.A. Ozin: Redox-tunable defects in colloidal photonic crystals, Adv. Mater. 17, 2455–2458 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  198. N. Tétreault, A.C. Arsenault, A. Mihi, S. Wong, V. Kitaev, I. Manners, H. Miguez, G.A. Ozin: Building tunable planar defects into photonic crystals using polyelectrolyte multilayers, Adv. Mater. 17, 1912–1916 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  199. R. Pozas, A. Mihi, M. Ocaña, H. Míguez: Building nanocrystalline planar defects within self-assembled photonic crystals by spin-coating, Adv. Mater. 18, 1183–1187 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  200. Q. Yan, L. Wang, X.S. Zhao: Artificial defect engineering in three-dimensional colloidal photonic crystals, Adv. Funct. Mater. 17, 3695–3706 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  201. J. Li, L. Xue, Z. Wang, Y. Han: Colloidal photonic crystals with a graded lattice-constant distribution, Colloid. Polym. Sci. 285, 1037–1041 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  202. G. Von Freymann, S. John, V. Kitaev, G.A. Ozin: Enhanced coupling to slow photon modes in three-dimensional graded colloidal photonic crystals, Adv. Mater. 17, 1273–1276 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  203. K. Wostyn, Y. Zhao, G. de Schaetzen, L. Hellemans, N. Matsuda, K. Clays, A. Persoons: Insertion of a two-dimensional cavity into a self-assembled colloidal crystal, Langmuir 19, 4465–4468 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  204. Y. Zhao, K. Wostyn, G. De Schaetzen, K. Clays, L. Hellemans, A. Persoons, M. Szekeres, R.A. Schoonheydt: The fabrication of photonic band gap materials with a two-dimensional defect, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3764–3766 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  205. P. Massé, S. Reculusa, K. Clays, S. Ravaine: Tailoring planar defect in three-dimensional colloidal crystals, Chem. Phys. Lett. 422, 251–255 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  206. P. Massé, S. Reculusa, S. Ravaine: Elaboration of photonic crystal heterostructures by the Langmuir–Blodgett method, Colloids Surf. A 284/285, 229–233 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  207. J.-F. Dechézelles, P. Massé, E. Cloutet, H. Cramail, S. Ravaine: Building planar defects into colloidal crystals using particles of different chemical nature, Colloids Surf. A 343, 8 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  208. J.F. Dechézelles, G. Mialon, T. Gacoin, C. Barthou, C. Schwob, A. Maître, R.A.L. Vallée, H. Cramail, S. Ravaine: Inhibition and exaltation of emission in layer-controlled colloidal photonic architectures, Colloids Surf. A 373, 1–5 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  209. A. Deák, B. Bancsi, A.L. Tóth, A.L. Kovács, Z. Hórvölgyi: Complex Langmuir–Blodgett films from silica nanoparticles: An optical spectroscopy study, Colloids Surf. A 278, 10–16 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  210. S. Reculusa, S. Ravaine: Synthesis of colloidal crystals of controllable thickness through the Langmuir–Blodgett technique, Chem. Mater. 15, 598–605 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  211. C. Liu, F. Li, L.-P. Ma, H.-M. Cheng: Advanced materials for energy storage, Adv. Mater. 22, E28–E62 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  212. V. Müller, M. Rasp, J. Rathouský, B. Schütz, M. Niederberger, D. Fattakhova-Rohlfing: Transparent conducting films of antimony-doped tin oxide with uniform mesostructure assembled from preformed nanocrystals, Small 6, 633–637 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  213. T. Cassagneau, F. Caruso: Conjugated polymer inverse opals for potentiometric biosensing, Adv. Mater. 14, 1837–1841 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  214. J.-D. Qiu, H.-Z. Peng, R.-P. Liang, M. Xiong: Preparation of three-dimensional ordered macroporous prussian blue film electrode for glucose biosensor application, Electroanalysis 19, 1201–1206 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  215. X. Chen, Y. Wang, J. Zhou, W. Yan, X. Li, J.-J. Zhu: Electrochemical impedance immunosensor based on three-dimensionally ordered macroporous gold film, Anal. Chem. 80, 2133–2140 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  216. X. Yang, Y. Jin, Y. Zhu, L. Tang, C. Li: Inverse opal of polyaniline for biosensors prepared by electrochemical and self-assembly techniques, J. Electrochem. Soc. 155, J23–J25 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  217. J. Zhou, H. Huang, J. Xuan, J. Zhang, J.J. Zhu: Quantum dots electrochemical aptasensor based on three-dimensionally ordered macroporous gold film for the detection of ATP, Biosens. Bioelectron. 26, 834–840 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  218. M.M. Dimos, G.J. Blanchard: Evaluating the role of Pt and Pd catalyst morphology on electrocatalytic methanol and ethanol oxidation, J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 6019–6026 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  219. A. Heller: Miniature biofuel cells, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 6, 209–216 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  220. A. Heller: Potentially implantable miniature batteries, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 385, 469–473 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  221. S.T. Singleton, J.J. O’Dea, J. Osteryoung: Analytical utility of cylindrical microelectrodes, Anal. Chem. 61, 1211–1215 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  222. M.M. Murphy, J.J. O’Dea, J. Osteryoung: Pulse voltammetry at microcylinder electrodes, Anal. Chem. 63, 2743–2750 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  223. P. Salaün, C.M.G. van den Berg: Voltammetric detection of mercury and copper in seawater using a gold microwire electrode, Anal. Chem. 78, 5052–5060 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  224. L. Fink, D. Mandler: Thin functionalized films on cylindrical microelectrodes for electrochemical determination of Hg(II), J. Electroanal. Chem. 649, 153–158 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  225. J. Wang, N. Foster, S. Armalis, D. Larson, A. Zirino, K. Olsen: Remote stripping electrode for in situ monitoring of labile copper in the marine environment, Anal. Chim. Acta 310, 223–231 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  226. H. Huiliang, D. Jagner, L. Renman: Flow potentiometric and constant-current stripping analysis for mercury(II) with gold, platinum and carbon fibre working electrodes: Application to the analysis of tap water, Anal. Chim. Acta 201, 1–9 (1987)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  227. J.H. Moon, S. Kim, G.-R. Yi, Y.-H. Lee, S.-M. Yang: Fabrication of ordered macroporous cylinders by colloidal templating in microcapillaries, Langmuir 20, 2033–2035 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  228. S. Hu, Y. Men, S.V. Roth, R. Gehrke, J. Rieger: Facile preparation of macroscopic soft colloidal crystals with fiber symmetry, Langmuir 24, 1617–1620 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  229. J.H. Song, I. Kretzschmar: Colloid-templated multisectional porous polymeric fibers, Langmuir 24, 10616–10620 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  230. J.H. Moon, G.-R. Yi, S.-M. Yang: Fabrication of hollow colloidal crystal cylinders and their inverted polymeric replicas, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 287, 173 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  231. C.H. Lai, Y.J. Huang, P.W. Wu, L.Y. Chen: Rapid fabrication of cylindrical colloidal crystals and their inverse opals, J. Electrochem. Soc. 157, 23–27 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  232. S. Reculusa, M. Heim, F. Gao, N. Mano, S. Ravaine, A. Kuhn: Design of catalytically active cylindrical and macroporous gold microelectrodes, Adv. Funct. Mater. 21, 691–698 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  233. R. Zeis, T. Lei, K. Sieradzki, J. Snyder, J. Erlebacher: Catalytic reduction of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide by nanoporous gold, J. Catal. 253, 132–138 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  234. L. Deng, F. Wang, H. Chen, L. Shang, L. Wang, T. Wang, S. Dong: A biofuel cell with enhanced performance by multilayer biocatalyst immobilized on highly ordered macroporous electrode, Biosens. Bioelectron. 24, 329–333 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  235. A. Zebda, L. Renaud, M. Cretin, F. Pichot, C. Innocent, R. Ferrigno, S. Tingry: A microfluidic glucose biofuel cell to generate micropower from enzymes at ambient temperature, Electrochem. Commun. 11, 592–595 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  236. H.-J. Liu, W.-J. Cui, L.-H. Jin, C.-X. Wang, Y.-Y. Xia: Preparation of three-dimensional ordered mesoporous carbon sphere arrays by a two-step templating route and their application for supercapacitors, J. Mater. Chem. 19, 3661–3667 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  237. M. Nakayama, T. Kanaya, R. Inoue: Anodic deposition of layered manganese oxide into a colloidal crystal template for electrochemical supercapacitor, Electrochem. Commun. 9, 1154–1158 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  238. J.-H. Kim, S.H. Kang, K. Zhu, J.Y. Kim, N.R. Neale, A.J. Frank: Ni-NiO core-shell inverse opal electrodes for supercapacitors, Chem. Commun. 47, 5214–5216 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  239. S.-W. Woo, K. Dokko, H. Nakano, K. Kanamura: Incorporation of polyaniline into macropores of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous carbon electrode for electrochemical capacitors, J. Power Sources 190, 596–600 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  240. N.S. Ergang, J.C. Lytle, K.T. Lee, S.M. Oh, W.H. Smyrl, A. Stein: Photonic crystal structures as a basis for a three-dimensionally interpenetrating electrochemical-cell system, Adv. Mater. 18, 1750–1753 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  241. N.S. Ergang, M.A. Fierke, Z. Wang, W.H. Smyrl, A. Stein: Fabrication of a fully infiltrated three-dimensional solid-state interpenetrating electrochemical cell, J. Electrochem. Soc. 154, A1135–A1139 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  242. S. Ben-Ali, D.A. Cook, P.N. Bartlett, A. Kuhn: Bioelectrocatalysis with modified highly ordered macroporous electrodes, J. Electroanal. Chem. 579, 181–187 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  243. Y. Bon Saint Côme, H. Lalo, Z. Wang, M. Etienne, J. Gajdzik, G.-W. Kohring, A. Walcarius, R. Hempelmann, A. Kuhn: Multiscale-tailored bioelectrode surfaces for optimized catalytic conversion efficiency, Langmuir 27(20), 12737–12744 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  244. M. Heim, B. Yvert, A. Kuhn: Nanostructuration strategies to enhance microelectrode array (MEA) performance for neuronal recording and stimulation, J. Physiol. Paris 106, 137–145 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  245. M. Heim, L. Rousseau, S. Reculusa, V. Urbanova, C. Mazzocco, S. Joucla, L. Bouffier, K. Vytras, P. Bartlett, A. Kuhn, B. Yvert: Combined macro/mesoporous microelectrode arrays (MEAs) for low noise extracellular recording of neural networks, J. Neurophysiol. 15, 1793–1803 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  246. V. Urbanová, Y. Li, K. Vytras, B. Yvert, A. Kuhn: Macroporous microelectrode arrays for measurements with reduced noise, J. Electroanal. Chem. 656, 91–95 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  247. P. Kornberger, F. Giffhorn, G.W. Kohring: Dehydrogenases, electrochemical cofactor regeneration. In: Encyclopedia of Industrial Biotechnology, Bioprocess, Bioseparation, and Cell Technology, Vol. 3, ed. by M.C. Flickinger (Wiley, Hoboken 2010) p. 1888

    Google Scholar 

  248. R. Wichmann, D. Vasic-Racki: Cofactor regeneration at the lab scale, Adv. Biochem. Eng. 92, 225–260 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  249. C. Kohlmann, W. Märkle, S. Lätz: Electroenzymatic synthesis, J. Mol. Catal. B 51, 57–72 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  250. S. Gaspar, H. Zimmermann, I. Gazaryan, E. Csöregi, W. Schuhmann: Hydrogen peroxide biosensors based on direct electron transfer from plant peroxidases immobilized on self-assembled thiol-monolayer modified gold electrodes, Electroanalysis 13, 284–288 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  251. S. Cosnier, M. Holzinger: Electrosynthesized polymers for biosensing, Chem. Soc. Rev. 40, 2146–2156 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  252. D. Avnir, T. Coradin, O. Lev, J. Livage: Recent bio-applications of sol-gel materials, J. Mater. Chem. 16, 1013–1030 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  253. F. Qu, R. Nasraoui, M. Etienne, Y.B.S. Côme, A. Kuhn, J. Lenz, J. Gajdzik, R. Hempelmann, A. Walcarius: Electrogeneration of ultra-thin silica films for the functionalization of macroporous electrodes, Electrochem. Commun. 13, 138–142 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  254. Z. Wang, M. Etienne, G.-W. Kohring, Y. Bon-Saint-Côme, A. Kuhn, A. Walcarius: Electrochemically assisted deposition of sol–gel bio-composite with co-immobilized dehydrogenase and diaphorase, Electrochim. Acta 56, 9032–9040 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  255. Y. Bon Saint Côme, H. Lalo, Z. Wang, M. Etienne, J. Gajdzik, G.-W. Kohring, A. Walcarius, R. Hempelmann, A. Kuhn: Multiscale-tailored bioelectrode surfaces for optimized catalytic conversion efficiency, Langmuir 27(2999), 12737–12744 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  256. J. Ge, Y. Yin: Responsive photonic crystals, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 1492–1522 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  257. Y. Takeoka, M. Watanabe: Tuning structural color changes of porous thermosensitive gels through quantitative adjustment of the cross-linker in pre-gel solutions, Langmuir 19, 9104–9106 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  258. J.M. Weissman, H.B. Sunkara, A.S. Tse, S.A. Asher: Thermally switchable periodicities and diffraction from mesoscopically ordered materials, Science 274, 959–963 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  259. N. Griffete, H. Frederich, A. Maitre, M.M. Chehimi, S. Ravaine, C. Mangeney: Photonic crystal pH sensor containing a planar defect for fast and enhanced response, J. Mater. Chem. 21, 13052–13055 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  260. J. Zhou, C.Q. Sun, K. Pita, Y.L. Lam, Y. Zhou, S.L. Ng, C.H. Kam, L.T. Li, Z.L. Gui: Thermally tuning of the photonic band gap of SiO2 colloid-crystal infilled with ferroelectric BaTiO3, Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 661–663 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  261. J. Shin, P.V. Braun, W. Lee: Fast response photonic crystal pH sensor based on templated photo-polymerized hydrogel inverse opal, Sens. Actuators B 150, 183–190 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  262. D. Nakayama, Y. Takeoka, M. Watanabe, K. Kataoka: Simple and precise preparation of a porous gel for a colorimetric glucose sensor by a templating technique, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 42, 4197–4200 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  263. A.C. Arsenault, V. Kitaev, I. Manners, G.A. Ozin, A. Mihi, H. Miguez: Vapor swellable colloidal photonic crystals with pressure tunability, J. Mater. Chem. 15, 133–138 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  264. E. Tian, J. Wang, Y. Zheng, Y. Song, L. Jiang, D. Zhu: Colorful humidity sensitive photonic crystal hydrogel, J. Mater. Chem. 18, 1116–1122 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  265. K.-U. Jeong, J.-H. Jang, C.Y. Koh, M.J. Graham, K.-Y. Jin, S.-J. Park, C. Nah, M.-H. Lee, S.Z.D. Cheng, E.L. Thomas: Colour-tunable spiral photonic actuators, J. Mater. Chem. 19, 1956–1959 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  266. J.H. Holtz, S.A. Asher: Polymerized colloidal crystal hydrogel films as intelligent chemical sensing materials, Nature 389, 829–832 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  267. K. Lee, S.A. Asher: Photonic crystal chemical sensors: pH and ionic strength, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 9534–9537 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  268. J.H. Holtz, J.S.W. Holtz, C.H. Munro, S.A. Asher: Intelligent polymerized crystalline colloidal arrays: Novel chemical sensor materials, Anal. Chem. 70, 780–791 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  269. V.L. Alexeev, A.C. Sharma, A.V. Goponenko, S. Das, I.K. Lednev, C.S. Wilcox, D.N. Finegold, S.A. Asher: High ionic strength glucose-sensing photonic crystal, Anal. Chem. 75, 2316–2323 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  270. Y.-J. Lee, S.A. Pruzinsky, P.V. Braun: Glucose-sensitive inverse opal hydrogels: Analysis of optical diffraction response, Langmuir 20, 3096–3106 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  271. K. Sumioka, H. Kayashima, T. Tsutsui: Tuning the optical properties of inverse opal photonic crystals by deformation, Adv. Mater. 14, 1284–1286 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  272. S.H. Foulger, P. Jiang, A. Lattam, D.W. Smith, J. Ballato, D.E. Dausch, S. Grego, B.R. Stoner: Photonic crystal composites with reversible high-frequency stop band shifts, Adv. Mater. 15, 685–689 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  273. A.C. Arsenault, T.J. Clark, G. von Freymann, L. Cademartiri, R. Sapienza, J. Bertolotti, E. Vekris, S. Wong, V. Kitaev, I. Manners, R.Z. Wang, S. John, D. Wiersma, G.A. Ozin: From colour fingerprinting to the control of photoluminescence in elastic photonic crystals, Nat. Mater. 5, 179–184 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  274. G.A. Ozin, A.C. Arsenault: P-Ink and Elast-Ink from lab to market, Mater. Today 11, 44–51 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  275. J.R. Lawrence, Y. Ying, P. Jiang, S.H. Foulger: Dynamic tuning of organic lasers with colloidal crystals, Adv. Mater. 18, 300–303 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  276. B. Li, J. Zhou, L. Li, X.J. Wang, X.H. Liu, J. Zi: Ferroelectric inverse opals with electrically tunable photonic band gap, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 4704–4706 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  277. A.C. Arsenault, D.P. Puzzo, I. Manners, G.A. Ozin: Photonic-crystal full-colour displays, Nat. Photonics 1, 468–472 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  278. J. Ge, Y. Hu, Y. Yin: Highly tunable superparamagnetic colloidal photonic crystals, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46, 7428–7431 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  279. J. Ge, Y. Yin: Magnetically tunable colloidal photonic structures in alkanol solutions, Adv. Mater. 20, 3485–3491 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  280. D.M. Kuncicky, B.G. Prevo, O.D. Velev: Controlled assembly of SERS substrates templated by colloidal crystal films, J. Mater. Chem. 16, 1207–1211 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  281. M.E. Abdelsalam, P.N. Bartlett, T. Kelf, J. Baumberg: Wetting of regularly structured gold surfaces, Langmuir 21, 1753–1757 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  282. S. Nishimura, N. Abrams, B.A. Lewis, L.I. Halaoui, T.E. Mallouk, K.D. Benkstein, J. van de Lagemaat, A.J. Frank: Standing wave enhancement of red absorbance and photocurrent in dye-sensitized titanium dioxide photoelectrodes coupled to photonic crystals, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 6306–6310 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  283. L.I. Halaoui, N.M. Abrams, T.E. Mallouk: Increasing the conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized TiO2 photoelectrochemical cells by coupling to photonic crystals, J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 6334–6342 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  284. S. Guldin, S. Hüttner, M. Kolle, M.E. Welland, P. Müller-Buschbaum, R.H. Friend, U. Steiner, N. Tetreault: Dye-sensitized solar cell based on a three-dimensional photonic crystal, Nano Lett. 10, 2303–2309 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  285. A. Mihi, H. Miguez: Origin of light-harvesting enhancement in colloidal-photonic-crystal-based dye-sensitized solar cells, J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 15968–15976 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  286. H.A. Atwater, A. Polman: Plasmonics for improved photovoltaic devices, Nat. Mater. 9, 205–213 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  287. R.M. Cole, J.J. Baumberg, F.J. Garcia de Abajo, S. Mahajan, M. Abdelsalam, P.N. Bartlett: Understanding plasmons in nanoscale voids, Nano Lett. 7, 2094–2100 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  288. P.M. Tessier, O.D. Velev, A.T. Kalambur, J.F. Rabolt, A.M. Lenhoff, E.W. Kaler: Assembly of gold nanostructured films templated by colloidal crystals and use in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 9554–9555 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  289. S. Mahajan, J. Richardson, T. Brown, P.N. Bartlett: SERS-Melting: A new method for discriminating mutations in DNA sequences, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 15589–15601 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  290. D.K. Corrigan, N. Gale, T. Brown, P.N. Bartlett: Analysis of short tandem repeats by using SERS monitoring and electrochemical melting, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49, 5917–5920 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  291. M. Zamuner, D. Talaga, F. Deiss, V. Guieu, A. Kuhn, P. Ugo, N. Sojic: Fabrication of a macroporous microwell array for surface-enhanced Raman scattering, Adv. Funct. Mater. 19, 3129–3135 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  292. T.V. Teperik, F.J. Garcia de Abajo, A.G. Borisov, M. Abdelsalam, P.N. Bartlett, Y. Sugawara, J.J. Baumberg: Omnidirectional absorption in nanostructured metal surfaces, Nat. Photonics 2, 299–301 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  293. B. Gates, Y. Yin, Y. Xia: Fabrication and characterization of porous membranes with highly ordered three-dimensional periodic structures, Chem. Mater. 11, 2827–2836 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  294. X. Wang, S.M. Husson, X. Qian, S.R. Wickramasinghe: Inverse colloidal crystal microfiltration membranes, J. Membr. Sci. 365, 302–310 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, Biologie et Physique, Université de Bordeaux, 16 av. Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac, France

    Alexander Kuhn

  2. BMZ GmbH, Zeche Gustav 1, 63791, Karlstein, Germany

    Matthias Heim

Authors
  1. Alexander Kuhn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Matthias Heim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Mechanical Engineering, TU Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 14, 01062, Dresden, Germany

    Cornelia Breitkopf

  2. Chemistry Division, US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave., DC 20375, Washington, USA

    Karen Swider-Lyons

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kuhn, A., Heim, M. (2017). Highly Ordered Macroporous Electrodes. In: Breitkopf, C., Swider-Lyons, K. (eds) Springer Handbook of Electrochemical Energy. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46657-5_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46657-5_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-46656-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-46657-5

  • eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation