Abstract

The antifungal drugs currently used for the treatment of skin and mucosal diseases can be grouped into two large families and a number of smaller ones. Most of the antifungal drugs are broad spectrum in their antifungal activity in vitro and inhibit a wide variety of different fungi that cause superficial fungal disease. Many are available as either topical or systemic treatments. In vitro some behave as cidal compounds; in other words, the concentration at which they inhibit growth, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), is the same or very close to the concentration at which they destroy the fungi, the minimum cidal concentration (MCC). In theory, this property is an advantage, as it should mean that fungal cell death depends on drug concentration alone, although in real infections other factors such as local availability and in vivo structural adaptations play a key role in determining the outcome of treatment.

Keywords

Tinea Capitis Tinea Pedis Mould Fungus Tinea Corporis Pityriasis Versicolor 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Further Reading

  1. Baran R, Feuilhade M, Combernale P, Datry A, Goettmann S, Pietrini P, et al. A randomized trial of amorolfine 5 % solution nail lacquer associated with oral terbinafine compared with terbinafine alone in the treatment of dermatophytic toenail onychomycoses affecting the matrix region. Br J Dermatol. 2000;142:1177–83.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Davies RR. Griseofulvin. In: Speller DCE, editor. Antifungal chemotherapy. England: Wiley; 1980. p. 149–82.Google Scholar
  3. De Cuyper C, Hindryckx PH. Long-term outcomes in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol. 1999;141 Suppl 56:15–20.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. De Doncker P, Gupta AK, Cel Rosso JQ, Daniel CR, Rosen T, Verspeelt J. Safety of itraconazole pulse therapy for onychomycosis. An update. Postgrad Med. 1999. Spec No:17–25.Google Scholar
  5. Elewski BE, Cáceres HW, De Leon L, El Shimy S, Hunter JA, Korotkiy N, et al. Terbinafine hydrochloride oral granules versus oral griseofulvin suspension in children with tinea capitis: results of two randomized, investigator-blinded, multicenter, international, controlled trials. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59:41–54.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Elewski B, Pollak R, Ashton S, Rich P, Schlessinger J, Tavakkol A. A randomized, placebo- and active-controlled, parallel-group, multicentre, investigator-blinded study of four treatment regimens of posaconazole in adults with toenail onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166:389–98.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Evans EGV, Sigurgeirsson B. Double blind, randomised study of continuous terbinafine compared with intermittent itraconazole in treatment of toenail onychomycosis. Br Med J. 1999;318:1031–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Geria AN, Scheinfeld NS. Pramiconazole, a triazole compound for the treatment of fungal infections. IDrugs. 2008;11:661–760.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Ghannoum MA. Future of antimycotic therapy. Dermatol Ther. 1997;3:104–11.Google Scholar
  10. Goodfield MJD, Andrew L, Evans EGV. Short term treatment of dermatophyte onychomycosis with terbinafine. Br Med J. 1992;304:1151–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Grant SM, Clissold SP. Fluconazole. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic potential in superficial and systemic mycoses. Drugs. 1990;39:877–916.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Gupta AK, De Doncker P, Scher RK, Haneke E, Daniel CR, André J, et al. Itraconazole for the treatment of onychomycosis. Int J Dermatol. 1998;37:303–8.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Gupta AK, Lynch LE, Kogan N, Cooper EA. The use of an intermittent terbinafine regimen for the treatment of dermatophyte toenail onychomycosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23:256–62.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Hay RJ, Griffiths WAD, Dowd PM, Clayton YM. A comparative study of ketoconazole versus griseofulvin in dermatophytosis. Br J Dermatol. 1985;112:691–6.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Hay RJ, Clayton YM, Moore MK, Midgley G. An evaluation of itraconazole in the management of onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol. 1988;119:359–66.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Katsambas A, Antoniou C, Fragouli E, Vlachou M, Kardamakis D, Stratigos J. Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of Amorolfine 5 % nail lacquer (ro-14-4767) once weekly versus twice weekly in the treatment of onychomycoses. Nouv Dermatol. 1993;12(4):216–20.Google Scholar
  17. Kimura U, Takeuchi K, Kinoshita A, Takamori K, Hiruma M, Suga Y. Treating onychomycoses of the toenail: clinical efficacy of the sub-millisecond 1,064 nm Nd: YAG laser using a 5 mm spot diameter. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11:496–504.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Lake-Bakaar G, Scheuer PJ, Sherlock S. Hepatic reactions associated with ketoconazole in the United Kingdom. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1987;294:419–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Landsman AS, Robbins AH, Angelini PF, Wu CC, Cook J, Oster M, et al. Treatment of mild, moderate, and severe onychomycosis using 870- and 930-nm light exposure. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2010;100:166–77.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Petranyi G, Meingassner JG, Mieth H. Antifungal activity of the allylamine derivative, terbinafine, in vitro. Antimicrob Ag Chemother. 1987;31:1365–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Scher RK, Breneman D, Rich P. Once-weekly fluconazole (150, 300, or 450 mg) in the treatment of distal subungual onychomycosis of the toenail. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:S77–86.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Seebacher C, Ulbricht H, Worz K. Results of a multicentre study with ciclopirox nail lacquer in patients with onychomycosis. Haut Myk. 1993;3:80–4.Google Scholar
  23. Sigurgeirsson B, Ghannoum M. Therapeutic potential of TDT 067 (terbinafine in Transfersome): a carrier-based dosage form of terbinafine for onychomycosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2012;21:1549–62.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Sigurgeirsson B, van Rossem K, Malahias S, Raterink K. A phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group, dose-ranging study to investigate the efficacy and safety of 4 dose regimens of oral albaconazole in patients with distal subungual onychomycosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;22(13):416–25. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.03.021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Tietz HJ, Hay R, Querner S, Delcker A, Kurka P, Merk HF. Efficacy of 4 weeks topical bifonazole treatment for onychomycosis after nail ablation with 40 % urea: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter study. Mycoses. 2013;56:414–21.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Vanden Bossche H, Dromer F, Improvisi I, Lozano-Chiu M, Rex JH, Sanglard D. Antifungal drug resistance in pathogenic fungi. J Med Mycol. 1998;36 Suppl 1:119–28.Google Scholar
  27. Zwald FO, Spratt M, Lemos BD, Veledar E, Lawrence C, Marshall Lyon G, et al. Duration of voriconazole exposure: an independent risk factor for skin cancer after lung transplantation. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38:1369–74.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Dermatology DepartmentKings College Hospital NHS TrustLondonUK

Personalised recommendations