Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and HIV Gene Therapy

  • Clay Smith
  • Cristina Gasparetto
Chapter

Abstract

Successful transplantation of gene modified hematopoietic stem cells is central to achieving durable replacement of the hematopoietic and immune systems with gene modified cells resistant to HIV infection. Enormous strides have been made in understanding the biology of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation over the last twenty years, in identifying a variety of hematopoietic stem cells and in minimizing the toxicity and expense of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In this review, we will summarize the biology of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as well as highlight some of the clinical considerations that are relevant to stem cell based approaches to HIV gene therapy.

Keywords

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type Bone Marrow Transplantation Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Umbilical Cord Blood Graft Versus Host Disease 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. 1.
    Morrison SJ, Uchida N, Weissman IL. The biology of hematopoietic stem cells. [Review] [241 refs]. Annual Review of Cell & Developmental Biology 1995; 1135–71.Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    Visser JW, de Vries P. Analysis and sorting of hematopoietic stem cells from mouse bone marrow. Methods in Cell Biology 1994; 42: 243–61.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    Osawa M, Hanada K, Hamada H, Nakauchi H. Long-term lymphohematopoietic reconstitution by a single CD34-low/negative hematopoietic stem cell. Science 1996; 273: 242–5.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. 4.
    Morrison SJ, Weissman IL. Heterogeneity of hematopoietic stem cells: Implications for clinical applications. [Review] [3o refs]. Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians 1995; 107: 187–94.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Weissman IL. Stem cells, clonal progenitors, and commitment to the three lymphocyte lineages: T, B, and NK cells [comment]. [Review] [17 refs]. Immunity 1994; 1529–31.Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    Gaines BA, Colson YL, Kaufman CL, Ildstad S. Facilitating cells enable engraftment of purified fetal liver stem cells in allogeneic recipients. Experimental Hematology 1996; 24: 902–13.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Almici C, Carlo-Stella C, Wagner JE, Rizzoli V. Umbilical cord blood as a source of hematopoietic stem cells: From research to clinical application. [Review]. Haematologica 1995; 80: 473–9.Google Scholar
  8. 8.
    Amos TA, Gordon MY. Sources of human hematopoietic stem cells for transplantation—a review. [Review]. Cell Transplantation 1995; 4: 547–69.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Henon P. Peripheral blood stem cell transplantations: past, present and future. Stem Cells 1993; 11: 154–172.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Hong DS, Deeg HJ. Hemopoietic stem cells: sources and applications. [Review]. Medical Oncology 1994; 11: 63–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Lu L, Shen RN, Broxmeyer HE. Stem cells from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood and peripheral blood for clinical application: Current status and future application. [Review]. Critical Reviews in Oncology-Hematology 1996; 22: 61–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Touraine JL. Transplantation of fetal liver stem cells into patients and into human fetuses, with induction of immunologic tolerance. Transplantation Proceedings 1993; 25: 1012–3.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Touraine JL. In utero transplantation of fetal liver stem cells into human fetuses. [Review] [15 refs]. Hematoth 1996; 5: 195–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    Philip T et al. High-dose therapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation after failure of conventional chemotherapy in adults with intermediate-grade or high-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The New England Journal of Medicine 1987; 316: 1493–1498.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Hochberg FH, Parker LM, Takvorian T, Canellos GP, Zervas NT. High-dose BCNU with autologous bone marrow rescue for recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. Journal of Neurosurgery 1981; 54: 455–60.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Nabholtz JM, al-Tweigeri T, Jacquelin N, Venner PM. Autologous bone marrow support and bone disease in metastatic breast cancer. [Review] [31 refs]. Canadian Journal of Oncology 1995; 5: 369–75.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    Lemoli RM, Cavo M, Fortuna A. Concomitant mobilization of plasma cells and hematopoietic progenitors into peripheral blood of patients with multiple myeloma. Journal of Hematotherapy 1996; 5: 339–49.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Henon PR. Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation: Critical review. [Review] [4o refs]. International Journal of Artificial Organs 1993; 16: 64–70.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    To Let al.. Comparison of haematological recovery times and supportive care requirements of autologous recovery phase peripheral blood stem cell transplants, autologous bone marrow transplants and allogeneic bone marrow transplants. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1992; 9: 277–284.Google Scholar
  20. 20.
    Murea S, Goldschmidt H, Hahn U, Pforsich M, Moos M, Haas R. Successful collection and transplantation of peripheral blood stem cells in cancer patients using large-volume leukaphereses. Journal of Clinical Apheresis 1996; 11: 185–94.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Gilbert CJ. Peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation for breast cancer: Pharmacoeconomic considerations. Pharmacotherapy 1996; 16: 101S - 108S.Google Scholar
  22. 22.
    Goldberg SL, Mangan KF, Klumpp TR, Macdonald JS, Thomas C, Mullaney MT, Au FC. Complications of peripheral blood stem cell harvesting: Review of 554 PBSC leukaphereses. [Review] [12 refs]. Journal of Hematotherapy 1995; 4: 85–90.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Iacone A et al. Survival after PBSC transplantation and comparison of engraftment speed with autologous and allogeneic marrow transplantation: Results of a multicenter study. International Journal of Artificial Organs 1993; 5: 45–50.Google Scholar
  24. 24.
    Janssen WE. Peripheral blood and bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells: are they the same? [Review]. Seminars in Oncology 1993.Google Scholar
  25. 25.
    Spitzer TR. Allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. [Review]. Journal of Infusional Chemotherapy 1996; 6: 33–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    Bensinger WI, Appelbaum FA, Demirer T, Torok-Storb B, Storb R, Buckner CD. Transplantation of allogeneic peripheral blood stem cells. [Review] [56 refs]. Stem Cells 1995; 13: 63–70.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Stockschlader M, Loliger C, Kruger W, Zeller W, Heyll A, SchonrockNabulsi P, Zander A. Transplantation of allogeneic rhG-CSF mobilized peripheral CD34+ cells from an HLA-identical unrelated donor. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1995; 16: 719–22.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    Chen BP et al. Cytokine-mobilized peripheral blood CD34+Thy1+Lin-human hematopoietic stem cells as target cells for transplantation-based gene therapy. Leukemia 1995; 9: S17–25.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Korbling M et al. Large-scale preparation of highly purified, frozen/ thawed CD34+, HLA-DR- hematopoietic progenitor cells by sequential immunoadsorption (CEPRATE SC) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting: implications for gene transduction and/or transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1994; 13: 649–54.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.
    Lebkowski JS, Schain L, Hall M, Wysocki M, Dadey B, Biddle W. Rapid isolation and serum-free expansion of human CD34+ cells. Blood Cells 1994; 20: 404–10.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    D’Antonio D, Iacone A, Pierelli L, Bonfini T. Patterns of recovery phase infection after autologous blood progenitor cell transplantation in patients with malignancies. The Gruppo Italiano di Studio per la Manipolazione Cellulare in Ematologia. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 1995; 14: 552–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    Emmanouilides C, Glaspy J. Opportunistic infections in oncologic patients. [Review] [83 refs]. Hematology—Oncology Clinics of North America 1996; 10: 841–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. 33.
    LaRocco MT, Burgert SJ. Infection in the bone marrow transplant recipient and role of the microbiology laboratory in clinical transplantation. [Review] [312 refs]. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 1997; 10: 277–97.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. 34.
    Sable CA, Donowitz GR. Infections in bone marrow transplant recipients. [Review] [7 refs]. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1994; 18: 273–81; quiz 282–4.Google Scholar
  35. 35.
    Schimpff SC. Infection in bone marrow transplantation: a model for examining predisposing factors to infection in cancer patients. [Review] [27 refs]. Recent Results in Cancer Research 1993; 132: 15–34.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    Walter EA, Bowden RA. Infection in the bone marrow transplant recipient. [Review] [133 refs]. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 1995; 9: 823–47.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Crawford SW, Hickman RO, Ulz L, O’Quin T, Wong R, McDonald GB. Use of the Hickman-Crawford critical care catheter in marrow transplant recipients: A pulmonary artery catheter-adaptable central venous access [see comments]. Critical Care Medicine 1994; 22: 347–52.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    Yee S, Stern SJ, Hearnsberger HG, Suen JY. Sinusitis in bone marrow transplantation. Southern Medical Journal 1994; 875: 22–4.Google Scholar
  39. 39.
    Winer-Muram HT, Gurney JW, Bozeman PM, Krance RA. Pulmonary complications after bone marrow transplantation. [Review] [36 refs]. Radiologic Clinics of North America 1996; 34: 97–117.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    Schuler U, Ehninger G. New approaches to the prophylaxis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections in allogeneic marrow transplant recipients. [Review] [32 refs]. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1994; 14: S61–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Iwen PC, Kelly DM, Reed EC, Hinrichs SH. Invasive infection due to Candida krusei in immunocompromised patients not treated with fluconazole. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1995; 20: 342–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. 42.
    Almeida-Porada GD, Ascensao JL. Cytomegalovirus as a cause of pancytopenia. [Review] [59 refs]. Leukemia & Lymphoma 1996; 21: 217–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    Galama JM, de Leeuw N, Wittebol S, Peters H, Melchers WJ. Prolonged enteroviral infection in a patient who developed pericarditis and heart failure after bone marrow transplantation. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1996; 22: 1004–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. 44.
    Rayani SA, Nimmo CJ, Frighetto L, Martinusen SM, Nickoloff DM, Reece DE, Jewesson PJ. Implementation and evaluation of a standardized herpes simplex virus prophylaxis protocol on a leukemia/ bone marrow transplant unit. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 1994; 28: 852–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  45. 45.
    Dallorso S, Castagnola E, Garaventa A, Rossi GA, Giacchino R, Dini G. Early onset of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a patient receiving bone marrow transplantation from a matched unrelated donor [letter]. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1994; 13: 106–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Rotterdam H, Tsang P. Gastrointestinal disease in the immunocompromised patient. [Review] [214 refs]. Human Pathology 1994; 25: 1123–40.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Castagnola E et al. Low CD4 lymphocyte count in a patient with P. carinii pneumonia after autologous bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1995; 15: 977–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  48. 48.
    Meisenberg B, Collard R, Brehm T, McMillan R, Miller W. Prophylactic antibiotics eliminate bacteremia and allow safe outpatient management following high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell rescue. Supportive Care in Cancer 1996; 4: 364–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. 49.
    Momin F, Chandrasekar PH. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in bone marrow transplantation. [Review] [135 refs]. Annals of Internal Medicine 1995; 123: 205–15.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  50. 50.
    Vossen JM, de Tollenaer S, van Weel-Sipman MH. Prophylaxis and pre-emptive therapy of bacterial infections following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in children. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1996; 18: 93–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  51. 51.
    Karolak L et a. High-dose chemotherapy-induced platelet defect: Inhibition of platelet signal transduction pathways. Molecular Pharmacology 1993; 43: 37–44.Google Scholar
  52. 52.
    Seidler CW, Mills LE, Flowers ME, Sullivan KM. Spontaneous factor VIII inhibitor occurring in association with chronic graft-versus-host disease. [Review] [26 refs]. American Journal of Hematology 1994; 45: 240–3.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. 53.
    Rio B, Bauduer F, Arrago JP, Zittoun R. N-terminal peptide of type III procollagen: A marker for the development of hepatic veno-occlusive disease after BMT and a basis for determining the timing of prophylactic heparin. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1993; 11: 471–2.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  54. 54.
    Bearman SI, Lee JL, Baron AE, McDonald GB. Treatment of hepatic venocclusive disease with recombinant human tissue plasminogen activator and heparin in 42 marrow transplant patients. Blood 1997; 89: 1501–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  55. 55.
    Haslam PJ, Proctor SJ, Goodship TH, Zouvani J. Immune complex glomerulonephritis, myasthenia gravis and compensated hypothyroidism in a patient following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation 1993; 8: 1390–2.Google Scholar
  56. 56.
    Zeigler ZR et al. Plasma von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF: AG) and thrombomodulin (TM) levels in adult thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/hemolytic uremic syndromes (TTP/HUS) and bone marrow transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (BMTTM). American Journal of Hematology 1996; 53: 213–20.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. 57.
    Wassmann B, Martin H, Elsner S, Bruecher J, Thaiss F, Stahl RA, Hoelzer D. Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and renal impairment following autologous bone marrow transplantation: a case of hemolytic uremic syndrome? Bone Marrow Transplantation 1994; 14: 849–51.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  58. 58.
    Ohno E, Ohtsuka E, Iwashita T, Uno N, Ogata M, Kikuchi H, Nasu M. Hemolytic uremic syndrome following autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in a patient with malignant lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1997; 19: 1045–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. 59.
    Sarode R et al. Therapeutic plasma exchange does not appear to be effective in the management of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/hemolytic uremic syndrome following bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1995; 16: 271–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  60. 6o.
    Salzman D, Adkins DR, Craig F, Freytes C, LeMaistre CF. Malignancy-associated pulmonary veno-occlusive disease: report of a case following autologous bone marrow transplantation and review. [Review] [4o refs]. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1996; 18: 755–60.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  61. 61.
    Garaventa A et al. Pneumopathy in children after bone marrow transplantation. Report from the AIEOP-BMT Registry. The Italian Association of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology BMT Group. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1996; 18: 160–2.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  62. 62.
    Corso S, Vukelja SJ, Wiener D, Baker WJ. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage following autologous bone marrow infusion. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1993; 12: 301–3.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  63. 63.
    Metcalf JP, Rennard SI, Reed EC, Haire WD, Sisson JH, Walter T, Robbins RA. Corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy for diffuse alveolar hemorrhage associated with bone marrow transplantation. University of Nebraska Medical Center Bone Marrow Transplant Group. American Journal of Medicine 1994; 96: 327–34.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. 64.
    Kantrow SP, Hackman RC, Boeckh M, Myerson D, Crawford SW. Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome: Changing spectrum of lung injury after marrow transplantation. Transplantation 1997; 63: 1079–86.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. 65.
    Toubert ME et al. Short-and long-term follow-up of thyroid dysfunction after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation without the use of preparative total body irradiation. British Journal of Haematology 1997; 98: 453–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. 66.
    Kubota C et al. Changes in hypothalamic-pituitary function following bone marrow transplantation in children. Acta Paediatrica Japonica 1994; 36: 37–43.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. 67.
    Miyamura K, Barrett AJ, Kodera Y, Saito H. Minimal residual disease after bone marrow transplantation for chronic myelogenous leukemia and implications for graft-versus-leukemia effect: a review of recent results. [Review] [64 refs]. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1994; 14: 201–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  68. 68.
    Okunewick JP, Kociban DL, Machen LL, Buffo MJ. Comparison of the effects of CD3 and CD5 donor T cell depletion on graft-versusleukemia in a murine model for MHC-matched unrelated-donor transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1994; 13: 11–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  69. 69.
    Calenda V, Chermann JC. The effects of HIV on hematopoiesis. Eur J Haematol 1992; 48: 181–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. 70.
    Re M, Furlini G, Zauli G, La Placa M. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human hematopoietic progenitor cells. Archives of Virology 1994; 13: 71–23.Google Scholar
  71. 71.
    Scadden DT. Hematologic disorders and growth factor support in HIV infection. [Review] [ioo refs]. Hematology—Oncology Clinics of North America 1996; 10: 1149–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. 72.
    Molina J, Scadden D, Sakaguchi M, Fuller B, Woon A, Groopman J. Lack of evidence for infection of or effect on growth of hematopoietic progenitor cells after in vivo or in vitro exposure to human immunodeficiency virus. Blood 1990; 76: 2476–2482.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  73. 73.
    Kaushal S et al. Exposure of human CD34+ cells to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 does not influence their expansion and proliferation of hematopoietic progenitors in vitro. Blood 1996; 88: 130–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  74. 74.
    Marandin A, Katz A, Oksenhendler E, Tulliez M, Picard F, Vainchenker W, Louache F. Loss of primitive hematopoietic progenitors in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Blood 1996; 88: 4568–78.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  75. 75.
    Poli G, Fauci A. The role of monocyte/macrophages and cytokines in the pathogenesis of HIV infection. Pathobiology 1992; 60: 246–251.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. 76.
    Junker U et al. Hematopoietic potential and retroviral transduction of CD34+ Thy-i+ peripheral blood stem cells from asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus type-i-infected individuals mobilized with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Blood 1997; 89: 4299–306.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  77. 77.
    Bron D. Graft-versus-host disease. [Review] [51 refs]. Current Opinion in Oncology 1994; 63: 58–64.Google Scholar
  78. 78.
    Chao NJ. Graft-versus-host disease: the viewpoint from the donor T cell. [Review] [82 refs]. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation 1997; 3: 1–10.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  79. 79.
    Ferrara JL, Cooke KR, Pan L, Krenger W. The immunopathophysiology of acute graft-versus-host-disease. [Review] [139 refs]. Stem Cells 1996; 14: 473–89.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  80. 80.
    Kelemen E, Szebeni J, Petranyi GG. Graft-versus-host disease in bone marrow transplantation: Experimental, laboratory, and clinical contributions of the last few years. [Review] [151 refs]. International Archives of Allergy & Immunology 1993; 102: 309–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  81. 81.
    Crawford SW, Longton G, Storb R. Acute graft-versus-host disease and the risks for idiopathic pneumonia after marrow transplantation for severe aplastic anemia. [Review] [31 refs]. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1993; 12: 225–31.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  82. 82.
    Okunewick JP, Kociban DL, Machen LL, Buffo MJ. Effect of donor and recipient gender disparities on fatal graft-vs.-host disease in a mouse model for major histocompatibility complex-matched unrelated-donor bone marrow transplantation [see comments]. Experimental Hematology 1993; 21: 1570–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  83. 83.
    Sullivan K. Graft-versus-host disease. In Bone Marrow Transplantation. (eds. Forman, S., Blume, K., & Thomas, E. ) 339–362 ( Blackwell Scientific Publishers, Boston, 1994 ).Google Scholar
  84. 84.
    Beatty PG. The immunogenetics of bone marrow transplantation. [Review]. Transfusion Medicine Reviews 1994; 8: 45–58.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. 85.
    Beatty P, Clift R, Mickelson E et al. Marrow transplantation from related donors other than HLA-identical siblings. NEJM 1985; 313: 765–771.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  86. 86.
    Sullivan K, Kopecky K, Buckner C, Storb R. Intravenous IgG to prevent graft versus host disease after bone marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 705–712.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  87. 87.
    Nash R, Pepe M, Storb R et al. Acute graft versus host disease: Analysis of risk factors after allogeneic marrow transplantation and prophylaxis with cyclosporine and methotrexate. Blood 192; 80: 1838–1845.Google Scholar
  88. 88.
    Oblon DJ, Felker D, Coyle K, Myers L. High-dose methyiprednisolone therapy for acute graft-versus-host disease associated with matched unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1992; 10: 355–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  89. 89.
    Vogelsang GB. Acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease. [Review] [18 refs]. Current Opinion in Oncology 1993; 5: 276–81.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  90. 9o.
    Parker PM et al. Thalidomide as salvage therapy for chronic graftversus-host disease. Blood 1995; 86: 3604–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  91. 91.
    Kernan N. T cell depletion for prevention of Graft-versus-Host disease. in Bone Marrow Transplantation. (eds. Forman S, Blume K Thomas E. ) 124–135 ( Blackwell Scientific Publishers, Boston, 1994 ).Google Scholar
  92. 92.
    Ash R et al. Successful allogeneic transplantation of T cell depleted bone marrow from closely HLA-matched unrelated donors. The New England Journal of Medicine 1990; 322: 485–494.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. 93.
    Feugier Pet al.. Comparison of T cell depletion strategies from bone marrow, umbilical cord and peripheral blood using five separation systems. Hematology & Cell Therapy 1997; 39: 67–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  94. 94.
    Reisner Y, Kirkpatrick D, Dupont B et al. Transplantation of acute leukemia with HLA-A and B nonidentical parental marrow cells fractionated with soybean agglutinin and sheep red blood cells. Lancet 1981; 2: 327–331.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  95. 95.
    Patterson J, Prentice H, Brenner M et al. graft rejection following HLA matched T cell depleted bone marrow transplantation. Br J Hematology 1986; 6: 221–23o.Google Scholar
  96. 96.
    Kernan N, Flomenberg N, Dupont B et al. Graft rejection in recipients of T cell depleted HLA nonidentical transplants for leukemia: identification of host derived anti-donor allocytototxic lymphocytes. Transplantation 1987; 43: 482–487.Google Scholar
  97. 97.
    Daly J, Rozans M, Smith B et al. Retarded recovery of functional T cell frequencies in T cell depleted bone marrow transplant recipients. Blood 1987; 70: 96o - 964.Google Scholar
  98. 98.
    Roberts M, To L, Gillis D, Mundy J, Rawling C, Ng K, Juttner C. Immune reconstitution following peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, autologous bone marrow transplantation and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1993; 12: 469–475.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  99. 99.
    Duncombe AS et al. Bone marrow transplant recipients have defective MHC-unrestricted cytotoxic responses against cytomegalovirus in comparison with Epstein-Barr virus: The importance of target cell expression of lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA1). Blood 1992; 79: 3059–66.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  100. 100.
    Noel D, Witherspoon R, Storb R et al. Does GvHD influence the tempo of immunologic recovery after allogeneic bone marow transplantation? An analysis of long term survivors. Blood 1978; 51: 1087–1105.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  101. 101.
    Seddik M, Seemayer T, Lapp W. The graft versus host reaction and immune function. Transplantation 1984; 37: 281–286.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  102. 102.
    Meyers J, Flournoy N, Thomas E. Risk factors for cytomegalovirus infection after human marrow transplantation. J Inf Dis 1986; 153: 478–488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  103. 103.
    Goodrich JM, Boeckh M, Bowden R. Strategies for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease after marrow transplantation. [Review] [93 refs]. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1994; 19: 287–98.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  104. 104.
    Goodrich JM, Bowden RA, Fisher L, Keller C, Schoch G, Meyers JD. Ganciclovir prophylaxis to prevent cytomegalovirus disease after allogeneic marrow transplant. Annals of Internal Medicine 1993; 118: 173–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  105. 105.
    Winston DJ, Ho WG, Bartoni K, Champlin RE. Intravenous immunoglobulin and CMV-seronegative blood products for prevention of CMV infection and disease in bone marrow transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1993; 12: 283–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  106. 106.
    Guglielmo BJ, Wong-Beringer A, Linker CA. Immune globulin therapy in allogeneic bone marrow transplant: a critical review [see comments]. [Review] [21 refs]. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1994; 13: 499–510.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  107. 107.
    Siadak MF, Kopecky K, Sullivan KM. Reduction in transplant-related complications in patients given intravenous immunoglobulin after allogeneic marrow transplantation. [Review] [55 refs]. Clinical & Experimental Immunology 1994; 97: 53–7.Google Scholar
  108. 108.
    Atkinson K, Farwell V, Storb R et al. VZV infection after marrow transplantation for aplastic anemia or leukemia. Transplantation 1982; 29: 47–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  109. 109.
    Caldas C, Ambinder R. Epstein-Barr virus and bone marrow transplantation [see comments]. [Review] [46 refs]. Current Opinion in Oncology 1995; 7: 102–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  110. 110.
    Papadopoulos EB et al. Infusions of donor leukocytes to treat Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorders after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation [see comments]. New England Journal of Medicine 1994; 330: 1185–91.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  111. 111.
    Russell N, Hunter A, Rogers S, Hanley J, Anderson D. Peripheral blood stem cells as an alternative to marrow for allogeneic transplantation. The Lancet 1993; 341: 1482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  112. 112.
    Dreger P, Suttorp M, Haferlack T, Loftier H, Schmitz N. Allogeneic granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral blood progenitor cells for treatment of engraftment failure after bone marrow transplantation. Blood 1993; 5: 1404–1409.Google Scholar
  113. 113.
    Sasaki A et al. Transplantation of allogeneic peripheral blood stem cells after myeloablative treatment of a patient in a blastic crisis of chronic myelocytic leukemia. American Journal of Hematology 1994; 47: 45–49.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  114. 114.
    To LB et al. Comparison of haematological recovery times and supportive care requirements of autologous recovery phase peripheral blood stem cell transplants, autologous bone marrow transplants and allogeneic bone marrow transplants. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1992; 9: 277–84.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  115. 115.
    Buckner CD, Bensinger WI. Allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. [Review] [23 refs]. Rinsho Ketsueki—Japanese Journal of Clinical Hematology 1997; 38: 157–61.Google Scholar
  116. 116.
    Dreger P, Glass B, Uharek L, Schmitz N. Allogeneic peripheral blood progenitor cells: Current status and future directions. [Review] [65 refs]. Journal of Hematotherapy 1996; 5: 331–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  117. 117.
    Aversa F et al. Successful engraftment of T cell-depleted haploidentical “three loci” incompatible transplants in leukemia patients by addition of rhG-CSF-mobilized peripheral blood progenitor cells to bone marrow inoculum. 1994; 84: 3948–3955.Google Scholar
  118. 118.
    Koc H et al. Is there an increased risk of graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation? [letter]. Blood 1996; 88: 2362–4.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  119. 119.
    Davies SM, Ramsay NK, Haake RJ, Kersey JH, Weisdorf DJ, McGlave PB, Blazar BR. Comparison of engraftment in recipients of matched sibling of unrelated donor marrow allografts. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1994; 13: 51–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  120. 120.
    Cullis JO et al. Matched unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation for chronic myeloid leukaemia in chronic phase: comparison of ex vivo and in vivo T cell depletion. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1993; 11: 107–11.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  121. 121.
    Hensley-Downey P, Gee A, Godder K, Geler S. Minimal risk of graft versus host disease following haploidentical but partially mismatched related donor bone marrow transplantation. Exp Hem 1994; 22: 716.Google Scholar
  122. 122.
    Nademanee A et al. The outcome of matched unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation in patients with hematologic malignancies using molecular typing for donor selection and graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis regimen of cyclosporine, methotrexate, and prednisone. Blood 1995; 86: 1228–34.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  123. 123.
    Trigg ME. Bone marrow transplantation using alternative donors. Mismatched related donors or closely matched unrelated donors. [Review]. American Journal of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology 1993; 15: 141–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  124. 124.
    Kernan N, Bartsch G, Ash R et al. Retrospective analysis of 462 unrelated transplants facilitated by the National Marrow Donor Program for treatment of acquired and congenital disorders of the lymphohematopoietic system and congenital metabolic disorders. N Engl J Med 1993; 32: 8593–602.Google Scholar
  125. 125.
    Farrell C, Chapman J. Outcome of searches for a matched unrelated donor in the international registries. Transplantation Proceedings 1992; 24: 179.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  126. 126.
    Martin P. Increased disparity for minor histocompatibility antigens as potential cause of increased GvHD risk in marrow transplantation from unrelated donors compared with related donors. Bone Marrow Transplant 1991; 8: 217–223.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  127. 127.
    Broxmeyer HE, Cooper S, Yoder M, Hangoc G. Human umbilical cord blood as a source of transplantable hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. [Review]. Current Topics in Microbiology & Immunology 1992; 177: 195–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  128. 128.
    Wagner JE, Jr. Umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation: current status and future prospects (1992). [Review]. Journal of Hematotherapy 1993; 2: 225–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  129. 129.
    Kurtzberg J, Graham M, Casey J, Olson J, Stevens CE, Rubinstein P. The use of umbilical cord blood in mismatched related and unrelated hemopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood Cells 1994; 20: 275–83; discussion 284.Google Scholar
  130. 130.
    Gluckman E et al. Clinical applications of stem cell transfusion from cord blood and rationale for cord blood banking. [Review]. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1992; 9: 114–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  131. 131.
    Cetrulo CL, Sbarra AJ, Cetrulo CL, Jr. Collection and cryopreservation of cord blood for the treatment of hematopoietic disorders: the obstetrician’s overview. Journal of Hematotherapy 1996; 5: 149–51.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  132. 132.
    Rubinstein P et al. Processing and cryopreservation of placental/ umbilical cord blood for unrelated bone marrow reconstitution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 10119–22.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  133. 133.
    Campos L, Roubi N, Guyotat D. Definition of optimal conditions for collection and cryopreservation of umbilical cord hematopoietic cells. Cryobiology 1995; 32: 511–5.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  134. 134.
    Bertolini F, Lazzari L, Corsini C, Lauri E, Gorini F, Sirchia G. Cord blood banking for stem cell transplant. International Journal of Artificial Organs 1993; 16: 111–2.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  135. 135.
    Dracker RA. Cord blood stem cells: how to get them and what to do with them. Journal of Hematotherapy 1996; 5: 145–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  136. 136.
    Gluckman E, Wagner J, Hows J, Kernan N, Bradley B, Broxmeyer HE. Cord blood banking for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: an international cord blood transplant registry. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1993; 11: 199–200.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  137. 137.
    Wagner J, Kernan N, Steinbuch M, Broxmeyer H, Gluckman E. Allogeneic sibling umbilical cord blood transplantation in children with malignant and nonmalignant disease. Lancet 1995; 346: 214–219.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  138. 133.
    Kurtzberg J et al. Single center transplantation of HLA matched partially mismatched unrelated placental blood: An alternative source od hematopoietic stem cells for bone marrow transplantation. New England J of Med 1996; 335: 157–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  139. 139.
    Rubinstein P et al. Unrelated placental blood for bone marrow reconstitution: organization of the placental blood program [see comments]. Blood Cells 1994; 20: 587–96; discussion 596–600.Google Scholar
  140. 140.
    Rubinstein P et al. New York Blood Center’s program for unrelated placental/umbilical cord blood transplantation: 243 transplants in the first 3 years. Blood 1996; 10 (sup 1): 142a.Google Scholar
  141. 141.
    Kurtzberg J, Laughlin M, Smith C et al. Hematopoietic recovery in adult recipients following unrelated umbilical cord blood transplantation. Blood 1997; 90 (supp 1): 11oa.Google Scholar
  142. 142.
    Kogler G et al. Hematopoietic transplant potential of unrelated cord blood: Critical issues. Journal of Hematotherapy 1996; 5: 105–16.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  143. 143.
    Broxmeyer HE et al. Growth characteristics and expansion of human umbilical cord blood and estimation of its potential for transplantation in adults. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1992; 89: 4109–13.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  144. 144.
    DiGiusto DL et al. Hematopoietic potential of cryopreserved and ex vivo manipulated umbilical cord blood progenitor cells evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Blood 1996; 87: 1261–1271.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  145. 145.
    Van Zant G, Rummel SA, Koller MR, Larson DB, Drubachevsky I, Palsson M, Emerson SG. Expansion in bioreactors of human progenitor populations from cord blood and mobilized peripheral blood [see comments]. Blood Cells 1994; 20: 482–90; discussion 491.Google Scholar
  146. 146.
    Kohn DB. The current status of gene therapy using hematopoietic stem cells. [Review]. Curr Opin Pediatr 1995; 7: 56–63.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  147. 147.
    Moritz T, Keller DC, Williams DA. Human cord blood cells as targets for gene transfer: Potential use in genetic therapies of severe combined immunodeficiency disease. Journal of Experimental Medicine 1993; 178: 529–36.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  148. 148.
    Williams DA, Moritz T. Umbilical cord blood stem cells as targets for genetic modification: new therapeutic approaches to somatic gene therapy. Blood Cells 1994; 20: 504–15; discussion 515–6.Google Scholar
  149. 149.
    Gill Pet al.. AIDS-related malignant lymphoma: Results of prospective treatment trials. Journal of Clinical Oncology 1987; 5: 1322–1328.Google Scholar
  150. 150.
    Gisselbrecht C et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-related lymphoma treatment with intensive combination chemotherapy. French-Italian Cooperative Group. American Journal of Medicine 1993; 95: 188–96.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  151. 151.
    Levine A. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related lymphoma. Blood 1992; 80: 8–20.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  152. 152.
    Contu L et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation combined with multiple anti-HIV-1 treatment in a case of AIDS. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1993; 12: 669–671.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  153. 153.
    Williams DA. Syngeneic bone marrow transplantation and failure to eradicate HIV. AIDS 1991; 5: 344.Google Scholar
  154. 154.
    Torlontano G et al. AIDS-related complex treated by antiviral drugs and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation following conditioning protocol with busulphan, cyclophosphamide and cyclosporin. Haematologica 1992; 77: 287–90.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  155. 155.
    Cooper M, Maraninchi D, Gastaut J, Mannoni P, Caracassonne Y. HIV infection in autologous and allogeneic bone marrow transplant patients: a retrospective analysis of the Marseille bone marrow transplant population. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 1993; 6: 277–284.Google Scholar
  156. 156.
    Holland H et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, zidovudine, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Annals of Internal Medicine 1989; 111: 973–981.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  157. 157.
    Mellonig JT, Prewett AB, Moyer MP. HIV inactivation in a bone allograft. J Periodontol 1992; 63: 979–83.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  158. 158.
    Bandini G, Re M, Rosti G, Beardinelli A. HIV infection and bone-marrow transplantation. The Lancet 1991; 337: 1163–1164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  159. 159.
    Angelucci E, Lucarelli G, Baronciani D, Durazzi SM, Galimberti M, Maddaloni D, Polchi P. Bone marrow transplantation in an HIV positive thalassemic child following therapy with azidothymidine. Haematologica 1990; 75: 285–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  160. 16o.
    Jootar S, Angchaisuksiri P, Chiewsilp P, Sathapatayavongs B, Chuncharunee S, Tanprasert S. HIV infection after autologous bone marrow transplantation despite HIV-antibody and HIV-antigen screening. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1993; 12: 167–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  161. 161.
    Turner M, Watson H, Russell L, Langlands K, Parker A, Parker, CA. An HIV positive haemophiliac with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia successfully treated with intensive chemotherapy syngeneic bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1992; 9: 387–389.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  162. 162.
    Sarai R, Holland H. Bone Marrow Transplantation for the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. In: Forman S, Blume K, Thomas E, eds. Bone Marrow Transplantation. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publishers 1994.Google Scholar
  163. 163.
    Klinman DM, Krieg A, Conover J, Ussery MA, Black PL. Effect of cyclophosphamide, total body irradiation, and zidovudine on retro-virus proliferation and disease progression in murine AIDS. Aids Research & Human Retroviruses 1992; 8: 101–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  164. 164.
    Fultz P. Total lymphoid irradiation as a novel therapeutic approach for treatment of HIV-induced disease. 1993.Google Scholar
  165. 165.
    Levine AM et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-related lymphoma. Prognostic factors predictive of survival. Cancer 1991; 68: 2466–72.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  166. 166.
    Caliendo AM, Hirsch MS. Combination therapy for infection due to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 [published erratum appears in Clin Infect Dis 1994 Aug;19(2): 379]. [Review]. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1994; 18: 516–24.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  167. 167.
    Deeks SG, Smith M, Holodniy M, Kahn JO. HIV-1 protease inhibitors. A review for clinicians. [Review] [59 refs]. Jama 1997; 277: 145–53.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  168. 168.
    McDonald CK, Kuritzkes DR. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitors. [Review] [86 refs]. Archives of Internal Medicine 1997; 157: 951–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  169. 169.
    Takada A, Takada Y, Ambrus J. Proliferation of donor spleen and bone marrow cells in the spleen and bone marrow of unirradiated and irradiated adult mice. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1970; 136: 222.Google Scholar
  170. 170.
    Micklem J et al. Fate of chromosome marked mouse bone marrow cells transfused into normal syngeneic recipients. Transplantation 1968; 6: 299.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  171. 171.
    Ramshaw HS, Crittenden RB, Dooner M, Peters SO, Rao SS, Quesenberry PJ. High levels of engraftment with a single infusion of bone marrow cells into normal unprepared mice [published erratum appears in Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 1996 Feb;2(1): 54]. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation 1995; 1: 74–80.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  172. 172.
    Quesenberry PJ et al. Engraftment of normal murine marrow into nonmyeloablated host mice. Blood Cells 1994; 20: 348–50.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  173. 173.
    Ramshaw HS, Rao SS, Crittenden RB, Peters SO, Weier HU, Quesenberry PJ. Engraftment of bone marrow cells into normal unprepared hosts: effects of 5-fluorouracil and cell cycle status. Blood 1995; 86: 924–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  174. 174.
    Rao SS, Peters SO, Crittenden RB, Stewart FM, Ramshaw HS, Quesenberry PJ. Stem cell transplantation in the normal nonmyeloablated host: relationship between cell dose, schedule, and engraftment. Experimental Hematology 1997; 25: 114–21.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  175. 175.
    Stewart F, Crittenden R, Lowry P, Pearson-White S, Quesenberry P. Long-term engraftment of normal and post-5-fluorouracil murine marrow into nonmyeloablated mice. Blood 1993; 81: 2566–2571.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  176. 176.
    Nilsson SK, Dooner MS, Tiarks CY, Weier HU, Quesenberry PJ. Potential and distribution of transplanted hematopoietic stem cells in a nonablated mouse model. Blood 1997; 89: 4013–20.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  177. 177.
    Mardiney MR, Malech HL. Enhanced engraftment of hematopoietic progenitor cells in mice treated with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor before low-dose irradiation: Implications for gene therapy. Blood 1996; 87: 4049–56.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  178. 178.
    Mardiney MR, Jackson SH, Spratt SK, Li F, Holland SM, Malech HL. Enhanced host defense after gene transfer in the murine p47phoxdeficient model of chronic granulomatous disease. Blood 1997; 89: 2268–75.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  179. 179.
    Khouri I, Przepiorka D, van Besien K et al. Allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: timing of transplantation and potential effect of fludarabine on acute graftversus-host disease. British Journal of Haematology 1997; 97: 466–73.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  180. 180.
    Baum C, Hegewisch-Becker S, Eckert HG, Stocking C, Ostertag W. Novel retroviral vectors for efficient expression of the multidrug resistance (mdr-i) gene in early hematopoietic cells. Journal of Virology 1995; 69: 7541–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  181. 181.
    Hanania EG, Fu S, Roninson I, Zu Z, Gottesman MM, Deisseroth AB. Resistance to taxol chemotherapy produced in mouse marrow cells by safety-modified retroviruses containing a human MDR-1 transcription unit [see comments]. Gene Ther 1995; 2: 279–84.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  182. 182.
    Richardson C, Ward M, Bank A. MDR gene transfer into live mice. [Review] [51 refs]. Journal of Molecular Medicine 1995; 73: 189–95.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  183. 183.
    Hanania EG et al. Results of MDR-1 vector modification trial indicate that granulocyte/macrophage colony-forming unit cells do not contribute to posttransplant hematopoietic recovery following intensive systemic therapy [published erratum appears in Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997 May 13;94(10);5495]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1996; 93: 15346–51.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  184. 184.
    Hesdorffer C, Antman K, Bank A, Fetell M, Mears G, Begg M. Human MDR gene transfer in patients with advanced cancer. Human Gene Therapy 1994; 5: 1151–60.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  185. 185.
    Cavert W, Notermans D, Staskus K et al. Kinetics of response in lymphoid tissues to antiretroviral therapy of HIV-1 infection. Science 276: 960–964.Google Scholar
  186. 186.
    Dunbar CE, Emmons RV. Gene transfer into hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells: Progress and problems. [Review]. Stem Cells (Dayt) 1994; 12: 563–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  187. 187.
    Bordignon C, Mavillo F, Ferrari G. Transfer of the ADA gene into bone marrow cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes for the treatment of patients affected by ADA deficient SCID. Human Gene Therapy 1993; 4: 513.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998

Authors and Affiliations

  • Clay Smith
  • Cristina Gasparetto

There are no affiliations available

Personalised recommendations