Nonsequential Multiple Ionization in Strong Laser Fields

  • H. Rottke
Chapter
Part of the Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics book series (SSAOPP, volume 35)

Abstract

In 1965, it was experimentally observed that photoionization of an atom through absorption of many photons with an energy fh smaller than the ionization threshold is possible if only the light intensity is chosen high enough [1] . The formation of doubly charged ions in multiphoton ionization was first observed for alkaline-earth atoms with two electrons outside of closed shells [2] and later also for rare-gas atoms irradiated with Nd:YAG laser light [3] . The light intensity necessary to observe multiple ionization is in the 1013 W/cm2 range and higher. This intensity corresponds to an electric field strength of at least 108 V/cm in the wave. At these field strengths, the light—atom interaction can no longer be characterized by perturbation theoretical methods since the external electric field approaches the Coulomb field the valence electrons are exposed to in an atom. Soon after its observation the question arose whether double ionization is a stepwise process [4]:
$$ A + {n_1}w \to {A^ + } $$
(18.1a)
$$ {A^ + } + {n_2}w \to {A^ + }^ + $$
(18.1b)
, or a direct one, where both electrons are removed simultaneously from the atom:
$$ A + nw \to {A^{ + + }} $$
(18.2)
.

Keywords

Momentum Distribution Light Wave Atomic Beam Double Ionization Multiple Ionization 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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  • H. Rottke

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