Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Adhesives and Gap Fillers

  • Chapter
Conservation of Wood Artifacts

Part of the book series: Natural Science in Archaeology ((ARCHAEOLOGY))

Abstract

Adhesives are non-metallic materials which join solids (adherents) to each other by adhesion and cohesion, without causing any significant changes in the solids to be joined. The cohesion derives from internal, intermolecular forces and the molecular size of the adhesive. The adhesion refers to the molecular forces between the solid surfaces of the adherents and a second phase, the adhesive, which may consist of individual particles such as droplets or powders, or a continuous liquid or solid film. The adhesion of adhesives is effected primarily by Van-der-Waal’s forces, but also by electrostatic forces.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anonymous (1985/1986) Bemalte Holzteile im Freien (Fenster usw.). Restauratorenblätter 8:137–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Avent RR (1986a) Factors affecting strength of epoxy-repaired timber. J Struct Eng 112(2):207–221 (AATA 27–585 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Avent RR (1986 b) Design criteria for epoxy repair of timber structures. J Struct Eng 112(2):222–240 (AATA 27–584)

    Google Scholar 

  • Avent RR, Issa CA (1984) Effect of fire on epoxy repair timber. J Struct Eng (12):2858–2875 (AATA 23–742 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Barclay R (1981) Wood consolidation on an eighteenth century English fire engine. Stud Consery 26(4):133–139 (AATA 19–338 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Barclay RL, Grattan DW (1987) A silicone rubber/microballoon mixture for gap filling in wooden objects. In: Grimstad K (ed) ICOM Committee for Conservation, 8th Triennial Meeting, Sydney, 6–11 July 1987, preprints vol 1, pp 183–187 (AATA 25–575 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Barclay RL, Mathias C (1989) An epoxy/microballoon mixture for gap filling in wooden objects. J Am Inst Consery 28(1):31–42 (AATA 27–588 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Boëda E, Connan J, Dessort D, Muhesen S, Mercier N, Valladas H, Tisnerat N (1996) Bitumen as a hafting material on Middle Palaeolithic artefacts. Nature 380: 336–338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brommelle NS, Pye EM, Smith P, Thomson G (eds) (1984) Adhesives and Consolidants. Preprints of the contributions to the Paris Congress, 2–8 Sept 1984. The International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Caputi Jambrenghi E (1989) Il restauro della cassa armonica dell’ organo della chiesa di S. Maria Vetere di Andria (Bari) [The restoration of the soundbox of the organ in the church of Santa Maria Vetere in Andria (Bari)]. In: Tampone G (ed) Legno e restauro: richerche e restauri su architetture e manufatti lignei, pp 228–230, pp 349–350 (AATA 29–2350 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Castelli C, Parri M, Santacesaria A (1991) Il supporto: construzione, stato di conservazione e intervento di restauro (The support: construction, state of conservation, and restoration treatment). In: Chiarini M, Ciatti M, Padovani S (eds) Raffaello a Pitti: “La Madonna del baldacchino”: storia e restauro Firenze, Palazzo Pitti, 23 July-15 Sept 1991, pp 73–77 (AATA 32–2265 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Csere J (1987) A györi mészaros céh lâdâjânak restaurâlâsa (Restoration of the chest of the butchers guild in Györ). Wiz Mütârgyvédelem (16):211–226 (AATA 24–611 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalorovâ A, Brimichovâ M, Klimeö P (1987) Die Tafelgemälde der ehemaligen Flügel des spätgotischen Hauptaltars der Pfarrkirche des Hl. Nikolaus in Precov (Kr. Precov). Renovatio 5 (7): 55–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Decsi G (1987) Acsolt lâda restaurâlâsa (The restoration of a timbered chest). Milz Mütargyvédelem (17):115–124 (AATA 24–616 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Döll M (1997) Methylcellulosen und die Verklebung von Holz. Restauro 103 (5): 332–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Down JL (1984) The yellowing of epoxy resin adhesives: report on natural dark ageing. Stud Consery 29: 63–76

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Down JL (1986) The yellowing of epoxy resin adhesives: report on high-intensity light ageing. Stud Consery 31: 159–170

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Down JL (1995) Adhesive projects at the Canadian Conservation Institute. In: Wright MM, Townsend JH (eds) Resins ancient and modern. Preprints of the SSCR’s 2nd Resins Conference held at the Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, 13–14 Sept 1995, pp 4–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Down JL, MacDonald MA, Tétreault J, Williams RS (1996) Adhesive testing at the Canadian Conservation Institute–an evaluation of selected poly(vinyl acetate) and acrylic adhesives. Stud Consery 41(1):19–44 (AATA 34–1737 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Feller RL, Wilt M (1990) Evaluation of cellulose ethers for conservation. Research in conservation 3. The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles

    Google Scholar 

  • Formica L (1989) Intervento di conservazione di sarcofaghi fenici (Conservation of Phoenician sarcophagi). In: Tampone G (ed) Legno e restauro: richerche e restauri su architetture e manufatti lignei, pp 303–306, 342 (AATA 29–2379 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuller RD (1985) An investigation of the physical and tensile properties of selected elastomeric gap-fillers for wood. MAC Thesis, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario

    Google Scholar 

  • Gianelli I (1989) Il restauro del Cristo ligneo attribuito a Michelozzo di Bartolommeo nella chiesa di San Niccolb Oltrarno (The restoration of the crucifix attributed to Michelozzo di Bartolommeo in the church of San Niccolb Oltrarno in Florence). In: Tampone G (ed) Legno e restauro: richerce e restauri su architetture e manufatti lignei, pp 276–278, 340–341 (AATA 29–2382 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Grattan DW, Barclay RL (1984) Gap fillers for wood. IIC Can Group Newslett 12: 9–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Grattan DW, Barclay RL (1988) A study of gap-fillers for wooden objects. Stud Consery 33(2):71–86 (AATA 26–646 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Grattan DW, Clarke RW (1987) Conservation of waterlogged wood. In: Pearson C (ed) Conservation of marine archaeological objects. Butterworths, London, pp 164–206 (AATA 28–2275 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Haas (1979) Die verschiedenen Methoden der Naßholzkonservierung. 1. Methode Lyofix DML. Z Schweiz Archäol Kunstges 36 (2): 121–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatchfield P (1986) Note on a fill material for water sensitive objects. J Am Inst Consery 25(2):93–96 (AATA 26–650 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann P (1988) Zur Rückformung feiner mittelalterlicher Drechslerware. Arbeitsbl Restaur 21(1) Gruppe 8, pp 153–170 (AATA 26–651 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann P (1995) Das Zuckerschiff. Restauro 101 (5): 350–354

    Google Scholar 

  • Horie CV (1987) Materials for conservation. Organic consolidants, adhesives and coatings. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Jespersen K (1979) Conservation of waterlogged wood by use of tertiary butanol, PEG and freeze-drying. In: De Vries-Zuiderbaan LH (ed) Conservation of waterlogged wood, international symposium on the conservation of large objects of waterlogged wood. Netherland National Commission for UNESCO, The Hague, pp 69–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Kadry A (1986) The Solar boat of Cheops. Int J Underwater Archaeol Underwater Explor 15(2):123–131 (AATA 23–2311 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiss P (1987) 1756-os szücslâda restaurâlâsa (The restoration of a 1756 furrier’s guild chest). Wiz Mütargyvédelem (16):227–234 (AATA 24–678)

    Google Scholar 

  • Koller M (1986) Studien zur gefaßten Skulptur des Mittelalters in Österreich: 2 romanische

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruzifixe aus Salzburg. Österr Z Kunst Denkmalpflege 40(3/4):127–134 (AATA 25–593)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kollmann FF (1975) Principles of wood science and technology, vol II: wood based materials.

    Google Scholar 

  • Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Koob SP (1982) The instability of cellulose nitrate adhesives. Conservator (6): 30–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Koob SP (1984) The continued use of shellac as an adhesive - why? Adhesives and Consolidants. In: Brommelle NS, Pye EM, Smith P, Thomson G (eds) Preprints of the contributions to the

    Google Scholar 

  • Paris Congress, 2–8 Sept 1984. International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works London, p 103 (AATA 21–2355)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer W (1979) Die Alkohol-Äther-Harz-Methode. Z Schweiz Archäol Kunstges 36(2):127–131 Marutzky R (1998) Holzwerkstoffe und Klebstoffe für den Möbelbau. Holz-Zentralblatt 124 (7): 82

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller T (1988) The restoration of the Fonthill Organ. Conservator (12):38–43 (AATA 26–666 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Mintrop B (1997) Elastische Kitte in der Holzrestaurierung. Kölner Beitr Restaur Konsery Kunst Kulturgut 9. Siegl, München

    Google Scholar 

  • Nacsa M (1987) Csalikulacs restauralâsa (Restoration of a csalikulacs (double flask)). Mdz Mütârgyvédelem (17):151–158 (AATA 24–744 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakasato T (1994) (Conservation of wooden panels used as ornamental members of roof decoration.) Hozon Kagaku 33:55–66 (AATA 33–1039)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakhla SM (1986) A comparative study of resins for the consolidation of wooden objects. Stud Consery 31: 38–44

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newey C, Boff R, Daniels V, Pascoe M, Tennent N (1983) Adhesives and Coatings. Science for Conservators 3. Crafts Council, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolaus K (1998) Handbuch der Gemälderestaurierung. Könemann, Köln

    Google Scholar 

  • Noack D (1965) Der gegenwärtige Stand der Dimensionsstabilisierung von Holz und Schlußfolgerungen für die Konservierung der Bremer Kogge. Brem Jahrb 50: 43–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Noack D (1969) Zur Verfahrenstechnik der Konservierung des Holzes der Bremer Kogge. Die Bremer Hanse-Kogge. Röver, Bremen, pp 127–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Park J (1997) The Barton-on-Humber project. A large collection of waterlogged wood: data, retrieval, storage, pre-and post-treatment methods. In: Hoffmann P, Grant T, Spriggs JA, Daley T (eds) Proceedings of the 6th ICOM Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, York 1996, Bremerhaven 1997, pp 503–516

    Google Scholar 

  • Petersohn HR (1989) Die Restaurierung eines Tafelgemäldes aus der Werkstatt des Hans Leonhard Schäufelein. Restauro 95 (1): 14–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips MW, Selwyn JE (1978) Epoxies in wood repairs for historic buildings. Heritage Consery Recreat Service Publ 1, US Department of the Interior, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Pizzi A (2000) Tannery row–The story of some natural and synthetic wood adhesives. Wood Sci Technol 34: 277–316

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rama Rao N, Pandit Rao V (1990) Conservation of an old wooden bullock cart. Ind J Chem Sci 4: 69–71 (AATA 29–697)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice JT (1990) Gluing of archaeological wood. In: Rowell RM, Barbour RJ (eds) Archaeological wood: properties, chemistry, and preservation. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, Adv Chem Ser 225: 373–397

    Google Scholar 

  • Römpp H (1995) Chemie-Lexikon. Falbe J, Regitz M (eds) Thieme, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothe A, Marussich G (1998) Florentine structural stabilization techniques. In: Dardes K, Rothe A (eds) The structural conservation of panel paintings. Proceedings of a symposium at the J. Paul Getty Museum, 24–28 April 1995. The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, pp 306–315

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruhnau B (1995) Die Stabilisierung braunfaulen Holzes. Kölner Beitr Restaur Konsery Kunst Kulturgut 1. Siegl, München

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakuno T, Schniewind AP (1990) Adhesive qualities of consolidants for deteriorated wood. J Am Inst Consery 29 (1): 33–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sauter F, Jordis U, Hayek E (1992) Chemische Untersuchungen der Kittschäftungs-Materialien. In: Höpfel F, Platzer W, Spindler K (eds) Der Mann im Eis, voll. Bericht über das Internationale Symposium 1992 in Innsbruck. Eigenverlag der Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, pp 435–441

    Google Scholar 

  • Schleicher B (1984) Relazione sul restauro della cornice (Report on the restoration of the frame) Il Tondo Doni di Michelangelo e il suo restauro, pp 71–76 (AATA 24–793)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schramm H-P, Hering B (1989) Historische Malmaterialien und ihre Identifizierung. Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Selwitz C (1988) Cellulose nitrate in conservation. Research in conservation 2. The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiraishi N (1993) Plasticization of wood and its application. In: Shiraishi N, Kajita H, Norimoto M (eds) Recent research on wood and wood-based materials. Curr Jpn Mater Res (11):155–167 (AATA 33–1050 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson E, Spirydowicz K (1999) Gordion wooden furniture. Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinkai T, Nagasawa I, Shida T, Sugisita R (1992) Analysis of binding media and adhesives in Buddhist wooden statues. Sci Pap Jpn Antiques Art Crafts (37): 1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Stamm AJ (1959) Effect of polyethylene glycol on the dimensional stability of wood. For Prod J 9 (10): 375–381

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stappel M (2000) Holzergänzung im Außenbereich. Restauro 106 (1): 42–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiner PR (1990) Adhesives for wood: an update. In: Cahn RW (ed) Encyclopedia of materials science and engineering, suppl vol 2. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp 655–660

    Google Scholar 

  • Storch PS (1994) Fills for bridging structural gaps in wooden objects. J Am Inst Consery 33(1):71–75 (AATA 32–889 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Szava I, Curtu I, Rosca C, Romulus C (1994) Devices for wood joints analysis using holographical interferometry. Proc 1st European Symposium on Nondestructive evaluation of wood. University of Sopron, Sopron, Hungary, 21–23 Sept, vol 1, pp 26–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Terfve A (1997) Bilan et perspectives du remontage des barques de Pommeroeul. In: Hoffmann P, Grant T, Spriggs JA, Daley T (eds) Proceedings of the 6th ICOM Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, York 1996, Bremerhaven 1997, pp 517–526

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomaszewski K, Wieczorek K, Chrzanowski A (1986) Z badari nad opracowaniem kitô do uzupelniania ubytkdo w drewnie zabytkowym na bazie zywic pochodzenia krajowego (Studies on the preparation of domestically made resin-based putty to fill in missing fragments in ancient wood). Rocznik przedsiebior stwa paritswo wego Pracownie Konserwacji Zabytkôw (1):259–283 (1990) (AATA 29–2428 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Vâmosi L (1987) Egy avarkori favödör restauralâsa (Restoration of a kit from the Avar period). Müz Mütârgyvédelem (16):57–68 (AATA 24–843 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Wächter O (1995) Zur Alterungsmethodik für synthetische Festigungs-und Klebemittel, die Prophylaxe auf dem Prüfstand. Restauratorenblätter 15: 193–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson J (1987) Suitability of waterlogged wood from British excavations for conservation by freeze-drying. Recent advances in the conservation and analysis of artifacts, jubilee conservation conference, University of London, Institute of Archaeology, Summer Schools Press, pp 273–276

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams DC (1998) A survey of adhesives for wood conservation. In: Dardes K, Rothe A (eds) The structural conservation of panel paintings. Proceedings of a symposium at the J. Paul Getty Museum, 24–28 April 1995. The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, pp 79–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Zumpe R (1981) Die Konservierung von Feuchtholz mit Polyethylenglycol (PEG). Neue Museumskd 24: 129–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Zumpe R (1989) Bergung und Konservierung der Fundgegenstände aus organischen Materialien vom mesolithisch-neolithischen Moorfundplatz Friesack, Kr. Nauen. Veröffentl Museum Ur Frühgesch Potsdam 23: 29–40

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Rathgen-Forschungslabor, Schlossstraße la, 14059, Berlin, Germany

    Dr. rer. nat. Achim Unger

  2. Forest Products Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, 1301 South 46th Street, 94804-4698, Richmond, CA, USA

    Professor Dr. Arno P. Schniewind

  3. Sciences Eberswalde Wood Science and Technology, University of Applied, Alfred-Möller-Straße 1, 16225, Eberswalde, Germany

    Professor Dr. rer. nat. Wibke Unger

Authors
  1. Dr. rer. nat. Achim Unger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Professor Dr. Arno P. Schniewind
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Professor Dr. rer. nat. Wibke Unger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Unger, A., Schniewind, A.P., Unger, W. (2001). Adhesives and Gap Fillers. In: Conservation of Wood Artifacts. Natural Science in Archaeology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06398-9_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06398-9_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-07480-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-06398-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation