Wie ein Land über seine Zukunft denkt. Die Umweltberichterstattung von Bürgerjournalismus und traditionellen Medien in Brasilien
Zusammenfassung
Diese Studie untersucht die Umweltberichterstattung in Brasilien in den Jahren 2011 und 2012, insbesondere die Frage, wie Bürgerjournalismus und traditionelle Medien über das neue Waldgesetz und umstrittene Staudammprojekte berichtet haben. Anhand einer kritischen Diskursanalyse werden Fortschritts- und Nachhaltigkeitsdiskurse in einer Auswahl von insgesamt 440 Artikeln aus fünf Quellen analysiert. Hauptziel dieser Analyse ist es, die Rolle von Bürgermedien in der Öffentlichkeit demokratischer Schwellenländer wie Brasilien zu verstehen, da die bisherige Literatur zu Bürgermedien sich überwiegend auf deren Rolle unter autoritären Regimes konzentriert. Die Analyse zeigt, dass Bürgermedien in demokratischen Schwellenländern wie Brasilien als Gegenöffentlichkeiten dienen, indem sie Akteur_innen in den öffentlichen Diskurs miteinbeziehen, die selten Gehör in den traditionellen Medien finden.
Schlüsselwörter
Bürgermedien Brasilien Öffentlichkeit Schwellenländer Fortschritt Nachhaltigkeit Belo Monte Umweltberichterstattung Gegenöffentlichkeit Global Voices DiskursanalyseLiteratur
- Aguiar, Carly B. de (1995). Imprensa e Eleições '89: imagens e atores da política. Comunicação & Política, 1, S. 179–194.Google Scholar
- Allan, Stuart. (2009). Histories of Citizen Journalism. In: Stuart Allan; Einar Thorsen (Hrgs.), Citizen Journalism. Global Perspectives (S. 17–31). New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
- Amaral, Roberto; Guimarães, Cesar (1994). Media monopoly in Brazil. Journal of Communication, 44(4), S. 26–38.Google Scholar
- Andersen, Uwe (2005). Entwicklungsländer – Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede. Informationen zur politischen Bildung. https://www.bpb.de/izpb/9062/entwicklungslaender-gemeinsamkeiten-und-unterschiede?p=all. (Zugriff: 5. Januar 2017).
- Anderson, Christopher W. (2011). Deliberative, Agonistic, and Algorithmic Audiences. Journalism’s Vision of its Public in an Age of Audience Transparency. International Journal of Communication, 5, S. 529–547.Google Scholar
- Associação Nacional de Editores de Revistas (Aner). (2010). IVC – maiores semanais. http://www.aner.org.br/Conteudo/1/artigo42424-1.asp (Zugriff: 5. März 2013).
- Blommaert, Jan. (2005). Discourse: A Critical Introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- boo-box. (2011). Conteúdo dos Blogs no Brasil. http://imagens.boo-box.com/br/2011/09/Estudo_Blogs_Completo.pdf (Zugriff: 26. April 2013).
- Brasil. Ministério de Minas e Energia/Empresa de Pesquisa Energética. (2011). Plano Decenal de Expansão de Energia 2020. Brasília: MME/EPE.Google Scholar
- Brasil. Presidência da República. (1988). Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988. Brasília: Casa Civil. http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/constituicao.htm. (Zugriff: 26. Mai 2012).
- Brasil. Presidência da República. (2012). Lei Nº 12.651, de 25 de maio de 2012, Código Florestal. http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2011-2014/2012/Lei/L12651.htm#art83 (Zugriff: 16. Juni 2013).
- CartaCapital. Sobre a CartaCapital. http://www.cartacapital.com.br/sobre-cc/ (Zugriff: 5. März 2013).
- Carta, Mino. (2010). Por que apoiamos Dilma. CartaCapital. http://www.cartacapital.com.br/politica/por-que-apoiamos-dilma/ (Zugriff: 5. Januar 2017).
- Conti, Mário Sérgio (1999). Notícias do Planalto: A Imprensa e Fernando Collor. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.Google Scholar
- Costa, Sérgio; Gundo Rial y Costas. (2010). Öffentlichkeit: Themen, Akteure, Strukturen. In: Sérgio Costa; Gerd Kohlhepp; Horst Nitschack; Hartmut Sangmeister (Hrsg.), Brasilien heute: Geographier Raum, Politik, Wirtschaft, Kultur (S. 459–470). Frankfurt am Main: Vervuert Verlag.Google Scholar
- Cox, Robert (2012). Environmental Communication and the Public Sphere. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
- de Araujo, Juliana Gagliardi; de Albuquerque, Afonso (2010). Mediando o regime militar: as narrativas de O Globo sobre os aniversarios da Revolucao de 64 durante o governo Geisel. Revista FAMECOS – Midia, Cultura e Tecnologia.Google Scholar
- Deuze, Mark; Bruns, Axel; Neuberger, Christoph (2007). Preparing for an Age of Participatory News. Journalism Practice 1(3), S. 322–338.Google Scholar
- Diamond, Sara; Poirier, Christian (2010). Brazil’s Native Peoples and the Belo Monte Dam: A Case Study. NACLA Report on the Americas, 43(5), S. 25–29.Google Scholar
- Diário do Verde. (2012). Media Kit. http://diariodoverde.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/M%C3%ADdia-Kit-2012-FINAL-Di%C3%A1rio-do-Verde.pdf (Zugriff: 5. März 2013).
- Diniz, Nilo Sérgio de Melo (2006). The Brazilian Integrated Environmental Policy and the Treaty. Convergence 39(4), S. 73–80.Google Scholar
- Domask, Joseph J. (1998). Evolution of the Environmental Movement in Brazil’s Amazonia. Paper presented at the Meeting of the Latin American Studies Association, The Palmer House- Chicago, Illinois.Google Scholar
- Donos da Mídia. (2009). Comunicação e politicos. http://donosdamidia.com.br/levantamento/politicos (Zugriff: 4. Mai 2013).
- Dryzek, John S. (2013). The Politics of the Earth: Environmental Discourses (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Eilders, Christiane (2008). Massenmedien als Produzenten öffentlicher Meinung – Pressekommentare als Manifestation der politischen Akteursrolle. In: Barbara Pfetsch; Silke Adam (Hrsg.), Massenmedien als politische Akteure: Konzepte und Analysen (S. 27–51). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag.Google Scholar
- el-Nawawy, Mohammed; Khamis, Sahar (2011). Political Blogging and (Re) Envisioning the Virtual Public Sphere: Muslim – Christian Discourses in Two Egyptian Blogs. International Journal of Press/Politics 16(2), S. 234–253.Google Scholar
- Emmer, Martin; Wolling, Jens (2010). Online-Kommunikation und politische Öffentlichkeit. In: Wolfgang Schweiger; Klaus Beck (Hrsg.), Handbuch Online- Kommunikation (S. 37–59). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag.Google Scholar
- Engesser, Sven; Wimmer, Jeffrey (2009). Gegenöffentlichkeit(en) und partizipativer Journalismus im Internet. Publizistik 54, S. 43–63.Google Scholar
- Época. (2011). Nossa Missão. http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Da-Redacao/noticia/2011/12/nossa-missao.html (Zugriff: 5. März 2013).
- Fearnside, Philip M. (2006). Dams in the Amazon: Belo Monte and Brazil’s hydroelectric development of the Xingu River basin. Environmental Management, 38(1), S. 16–27.Google Scholar
- Fröhlich, Romy; Quiring, Oliver; Engesser, Sven (2012). Between Idiosyncratic Self-Interests and Professional Standards: A Contribution to the Understanding of Participatory Journalism in Web 2.0. Results from an Online Survey in Germany. Journalism – Theory, Practice & Criticism 13, S. 1–23.Google Scholar
- Gerhards, Jürgen; Schäfer, Mike S. (2010). Is the Internet a Better Public Sphere? Comparing Old and New Media in the USA and Germany. New Media & Society 12(1), S. 143–160.Google Scholar
- Global Voices Online. (2011). Sponsors. http://globalvoicesonline.org/special-thanks/ (Zugriff: 25. Februar 2012).
- Greenpeace. (2012). Brazilian Congress passes destructive new Forest Code. http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/press/releases/Brazilian-Congress-passes-destructive-new-Forest-Code/ (Zugriff: 2. März 2013).
- Habermas, Jürgen (1990). Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit. Untersuchungen zu einer Kategorie der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft. Frankfurt am Mai.: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
- Habermas, Jürgen (2006). Political Communication in Media Society: Does Democracy Still Enjoy an Epistemic Dimension? The Impact of Normative Theory on Empirical Research. Communication Theory 16, S. 411–426.Google Scholar
- Habermas, Jürgen (2008) Ach, Europa. Kleine politische Schriften XI. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
- Hänska-Ahy, Maximillian T.; Shapour, Roxanna (2013). Who’s reporting the protests? Converging practices of citizen journalists and two BBC World Service newsrooms, from Iran’s election protests to the Arab uprisings. Journalism Studies 14(1), S. 29–45.Google Scholar
- Hochstetler, Kathryn (2013). South-South Trade and the Environment: A Brazilian Case Study. Global Environmental Politics 13(1), S. 30–48.Google Scholar
- Hurwitz, Zachary (2012). Dirty Business in Brazil: Rousseff Backslides on the Environment. NACLA Report on the Americas 45(1), S. 17–22.Google Scholar
- Jurrat, Nadine (2011). Mapping Digital Media: Citizen Journalism and the Internet. London: Open Society Foundations.Google Scholar
- Kopp, Mirjam; Schönhagen, Philomen (2008). Die Laien kommen! Wirklich? Eine Untersuchung zum Rollenselbstbild sogenannter Bürgerjournalistinnen und Bürgerjournalisten. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.Google Scholar
- MacKinnon, Rebecca (2008). Blogs and China correspondence: lessons about global information flows. Chinese Journal of Communication 1(2), S. 242–257.Google Scholar
- Matos, Carolina Oliverira (2012). Media Democratization in Brazil: Achievements and Future Challenges. Critical Sociology, S. 1–14.Google Scholar
- Merkel, Wolfgang (2004). Embedded and Defective Democracies. Democratization 11(5), S. 33–58.Google Scholar
- Mohamed, Ali Sayed (2011). On the Road to Democracy: Egyptian Bloggers and the Internet 2010. Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research 4(2&3), S. 253–272.Google Scholar
- Moreira, Sonia Virginia; Helal, Rodrigues; Leal, Carla (2009). Notes on media, journalism education and news organizations in Brazil. Journalism 10(1), S. 91–107.Google Scholar
- Mueller, Bernardo (2010). The Fiscal Imperative and the Role of Public Prosecutors in Brazilian Environmental Policy. Law & Policy 32(1), S. 104–126.Google Scholar
- Murphy, Patrick D. (2011). Putting the Earth into Global Media Studies. Communication Theory 21(3), S. 217–238.Google Scholar
- Neuberger, Christoph (2009). Internet, Journalismus und Öffentlichkeit. Analyse des Medienumbruchs. In: Christoph Neuberger; Christian Nuernbergk; Melanie Rischke (Hrsg.), Journalismus im Internet: Profession – Partizipation – Technisierung (S. 19–105). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.Google Scholar
- O’Hearn, Donna L. (1975). The Reluctant Amazon Basin. Environment 17(7), S. 16–30.Google Scholar
- Paiva, Grazielle de Albuquerque Moura (2010). A imagem de modernidade brasileira: Collor e a eleição de 1989. Tensões Mundiais 6(11). S. 105–127.Google Scholar
- Papacharissi, Zizi (2010). A Private Sphere. Democracy in a Digital Age. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
- Papacharissi, Zizi, & de Fatima Oliveira, Maria (2012). Affective News and Networked Publics: The Rhythms of News Storytelling on #Egypt. Journal of Communication 62(2), S. 266–282.Google Scholar
- Paulussen, Steve, & Ugille, Pieter (2008). User Generated Content in the Newsroom: Professional and Organisational Constraints on Participatory Journalism. Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture 5(2), S. 24–41.Google Scholar
- Paulussen, Steve, Domingo, David, Heinonen, Ari, Singer, Jane, Quandt, Thorsten, & Vujnovic, Marina (2008). Citizen participation in online news media. An overview of current developments in four European countries and the United States. In: Thorsten Quandt; Wolfgang Schweiger (Hrsg.), Journalismus online. Partizipation oder Profession? (S. 263–283). Wiesbaden: VS.Google Scholar
- Rahimi, Babak (2011). The Agonistic Social Media: Cyberspace in the Formation of Dissent and Consolidation of State Power in Postelection Iran. Communication Review 14(3), S. 158–178.Google Scholar
- Riaz, Sadiq; Pasha, Saadia Anwar (2011). Role of Citizen Journalism in Strengthening Soceties. FWU Journal of Social Sciences 5(1), S. 88–103.Google Scholar
- Robinson, Sue; DeShano, Cathy (2011). “Anyone can know”: Citizen journalism and the interpretive community of the mainstream press. Journalism 12 (8)(8), S. 963–982.Google Scholar
- Ryfe, David M.: Mensing, Donica (2010). Citizen Journalism in a Historical Frame. In: Jack Rosenberry; Burton St. John III (Hrsg.), Public Journalism 2.0. The Promise and Reality of a Citizen-Engaged Press (S. 32–44). New York: Routlegde.Google Scholar
- Scholz, Imme (2005). Environmental Policy Cooperation among Organised Civil Society, National Public Actors and International Actors in the Brazilian Amazon. European Journal of Development Research 17(4), S. 681–705.Google Scholar
- Sonwalkar, Prasun (2009). Citizen Journalism in India: The Politics of Recognition. In: Stuart Allan; Einar Thorsen (Hrsg.), Citizen journalism. Global Perspectives (S. 75–84). New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
- Sorj, Bernardo (2013). The digital divide in Brazil: Conceptual, research and policy challenges. In: Massimo Ragnedda; Glenn W. Muschert (Hrsg.), The Digital Divide: the Internet and Social Inequality in International Perspective (S. 107–117). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- United Nations. UN Conference on Environment and Development. http://www.un.org/geninfo/bp/enviro.html (Zugriff: 15. Juni 2013).
- United Nations. (2012). The Future We Want. http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/futurewewant.html (Zugriff: 19. Juni 2013).
- Wasserman, Herman (2011). Mobile Phones, Popular Media, and Everyday African Democracy: Transmissions and Transgressions. Popular Communication, 9, S. 146–158.Google Scholar
- World Wildlife Fund. (2012). Brazil’s Forest Code: more about Dilma’s ‚partial veto‘ – and why it’s bad news for forests. http://www.wwf.org.uk/wwf_articles.cfm?unewsid=6011 (Zugriff: 2. März 2013).
- Xin, Xin (2010). The Impact of “Citizen Journalism” on Chinese Media and Society. Journalism Practice, 4(3), S. 333–344.Google Scholar
- Zuckerman, Ethan. (2009). Citizen Media and the Kenyan Electoral Crisis. In: Stuart Allan; Einar Thorsen (Hrsg.), Citizen journalism. Global Perspectives (S. 187–196). New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar