Laser Spectroscopy

  • Sune Svanberg
Chapter
Part of the Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics book series (SSAOPP, volume 6)

Abstract

The wide applicability of lasers in spectroscopy is due to several factors. As we have seen, very high intensities can be obtained in a small frequency interval. The favourable spatial properties of laser beams with the possibility of very good focusing is also of great importance. With the advent of tunable lasers, completely new types of experiments have become possible and investigations that were only barely possible with conventional light sources can now be readily performed. It is fair to state that tunable lasers have revolutionized optical spectroscopy. Several monographs and review articles on laser spectroscopy have been published [9.1–9.22]. A wealth of material is presented in the proceedings of International Laser Spectroscopy Conferences [9.23–9.36].

Keywords

Probe Beam Laser Spectroscopy Atomic Beam Rydberg State Quantum Beat 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. [9.1]
    W. Demtröder: Laser Spectrscpy, 2nd edn. (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1996)Google Scholar
  2. [9.2]
    A. Crney: Atmic and Laser Spectrscpy (Clarendn, xfrd 1977)Google Scholar
  3. [9.3]
    L.J. Radziemski, R.W. Slarz, J.A. Paisner (eds.): Laser Spectrscpy and its Applicatins (Dekker, New Yrk 1987)Google Scholar
  4. [9.4]
    V.S. Letkhv, V.P. Chebtayev: Nnlinear Laser Spectrscpy, Springer Ser. pt. Sciences, Vl. 4 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1977)Google Scholar
  5. [9.5]
    M.D. Levensn, S. Kan: Intrductin t Nnlinear Spectrscpy, revised edn. (Academic Press, New Yrk 1988)Google Scholar
  6. [9.6]
    Y.R. Shen: The Principles f Nnlinear ptics (Wiley, New Yrk 1984)Google Scholar
  7. [9.7]
    M. Schubert, B. Wilhelmi: Nnlinear ptics and Quantum Electrnics, Theretical Cncepts (Wiley, New Yrk 1986)Google Scholar
  8. [9.8]
    S. Stenhlm: Fundatins f Laser Spectrscpy (Wiley, New Yrk 1984)Google Scholar
  9. [9.9]
    A.L. Schawlw: Spectrscpy in a new light. Rev. Md. Phys. 54, 697 (1982)ADSGoogle Scholar
  10. [9.10]
    N. Blembergen: Nnlinear ptics and spectrscpy. Rev. Md. Phys. 54, 685 (1982)ADSGoogle Scholar
  11. [9.11]
    G.W. Series: Laser spectrscpy. Cntemp. Phys. 25, 3 (1984)ADSGoogle Scholar
  12. [9.12]
    B. Cuillaud, A. Ducasse: New methds in high-reslutin laser spectrscpy, in Prgress in Atmic Spectrscpy, Pt. C, ed. by H.J. Beyer, H. Kleinpppen (Plenum, New Yrk 1984) p. 57Google Scholar
  13. [9.13]
    R.C. Thmpsn: High-reslutin laser spectrscpy f atmic systems. Rep. Prg. Phys. 48, 531 (1985)ADSGoogle Scholar
  14. [9.14]
    H. Walther (ed.): Laser Spectrscpy f Atms and Mlecules, Tpics Appl. Phys., Vl. 2 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1976)Google Scholar
  15. [9.15]
    K. Shimda (ed.): High-Reslutin Laser Spectrscpy, Tpics Appl. Phys, Vl. 13 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1976)Google Scholar
  16. [9.16]
    Y. Prir, A. Ben-Reuven, M. Rsenbluh: Methds f Laser Spectrscpy (Plenum, New Yrk 1986)Google Scholar
  17. R.A. Smith (ed.): Very High Reslutin Spectrscpy (Academic Press, Lndn 1976)Google Scholar
  18. [9.17]
    A. Mradian, T. Jaeger, P. Stkseth (eds.): Tunable Lasers and Applicatins, Springer Ser. pt. Sci., Vl. 3 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1976)Google Scholar
  19. [9.18]
    M.D. Levensn, W.H. Yen (eds.): Lasers, Spectrscpy and New Ideas. A Tribute t A.L. Schawlw, Springer Ser. pt. Sci., Vl. 54 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1987)Google Scholar
  20. [9.19]
    M.H. Mittelman: Intrductin t the Thery f Laser-Atm Interactins (Plenum, New Yrk 1993)Google Scholar
  21. B.W. Shre: The Thery f Cherent Atmic Excitatin. Vl. 1: Simple Atms and Fields, Vl. 2: Multilevel Atms and Incherence (Wiley, New Yrk, 1990)Google Scholar
  22. [9.20]
    D.L. Andrews, A.A. Demitv: Intrductin t Laser Spectrscpy (Plenum, New Yrk 1995)Google Scholar
  23. [9.21]
    A.P. Ry (ed.): Spectrscpy - Perspectives and Frntiers (Narsa, New Delhi 1997)Google Scholar
  24. S. Mukamel: Principles f Nnlinear ptical Spectrscpy (xfrd University Press, xfrd 1998)Google Scholar
  25. C. Chen-Tannudji, J. Dupnt-Rc, G. Grynberg: Atm-Phtn Interactins - Basic Prcesses and Applicatins (Wiley, New Yrk 1998)Google Scholar
  26. [9.22]
    R. Gupta: Resurce letter LS-1: Laser Spectrscpy. Am. J. Phys. 59, 874 (1991)ADSGoogle Scholar
  27. T.W. Hänsch, H. Walther: Laser spectrscpy and quantum ptics. Rev. Md. Phys. 71, S242 (1999)Google Scholar
  28. [9.23]
    R.G. Brewer, A. Mradian (eds.): Laser Spectrscpy, Prc. 1st Int. Cnf., Vail 1973 (Academic Press, New Yrk 1974)Google Scholar
  29. [9.24]
    S. Harche, J.C. Pebay-Peyrula, T.W. Hänsch, S.E. Harris (eds.): Laser Spectrscpy, Prc. 2nd. Int. Cnf., Megeve 1975, Lecture Ntes Phys., Vl. 43 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1975)Google Scholar
  30. [9.25]
    J.L. Hall, J.L. Carlsten (eds.): Laser Spectrscpy III, Prc. 3rd. Int. Cnf, Jacksn Lake 1977, Springer Ser. pt. Sci., Vl. 7 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1977)Google Scholar
  31. [9.26]
    H. Walther, K,W. Rthe (eds.): Laser Spectrscpy IV, Prc. 4th Int. Cnf., Rttach-Egern 1979, Springer Ser. pt. Sci., Vl. 21 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1979)Google Scholar
  32. [9.27]
    A.R.W. McKellar, T. ka, B.P. Sticheff (eds.): Laser Spectrscpy V, Prc. 5th Int. Cnf., Jasper 1981, Springer Ser. pt. Sci., Vl. 30 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1981)Google Scholar
  33. [9.28]
    H.P. Weber, W. Lüthy (eds.).: Laser Spectrscpy VI, Prc. 6th Int. Cnf., Interlaken 1983, Springer Ser. pt. Sci., Vl. 40 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1983)Google Scholar
  34. [9.29]
    T.W. Hänsch, Y.R. Shen (eds.): Laser Spectrscpy VII, Prc. 7th Int. Cnf., Maui 1985, Springer Ser. pt. Sci., Vl. 49 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1985)Google Scholar
  35. [9.30]
    W. Perssn, S. Svanberg (eds.): Laser Spectrscpy VIII, Prc. 8th Int. Cnf., Are 1987, Springer Ser. pt. Sci., Vl. 55 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1987)Google Scholar
  36. [9.31]
    M.S. Feld, J.E. Thmas, A. Mradian (eds.): Laser Spectrscpy IX (Academic Press, Bstn 1989)Google Scholar
  37. [9.32]
    M. Ducly, E. Giacbin, G. Camy (eds.): Laser Spectrscpy X (Wrld Scientific, Singapre 1992)Google Scholar
  38. [9.33]
    L. Blmfield, Th. Gallagher, D. Larsn (eds.): Laser Spectrscpy XI (AIP, New Yrk 1994)Google Scholar
  39. [9.34]
    M. Ingusci, M. Allegrini, A. Sass (eds.): Laser Spectrscpy XII (Wrld Scientific, Singapre 1996)Google Scholar
  40. [9.35]
    Z.-J. Wang, Y.-Z. Wang, Z.-M. Zhang (eds.): Laser Spectrscpy XIII (Wrld Scientific, Singapre 1998)Google Scholar
  41. [9.36]
    R. Blatt, J. Eschner, D. Leibfried, F. Schmidt-Kaler (eds.): Laser Spectrscpy XIV (Wrld Scientific, Singapre 1999)Google Scholar
  42. [9.37]
    C.J. Latimer: Recent experiments invlving highly excited atms. Cntemp. Phys. 20, 631 (1979)ADSGoogle Scholar
  43. [9.38]
    D. Kleppner: The spectrscpy f highly excited atms. In: Prgress in Atmic Spectrscpy, ed. by W. Hanle, H. Kleinpppen (Plenum, New Yrk 1979) Pt. B, p. 713Google Scholar
  44. D. Kleppner, M.G. Littman, M.L. Zimmerman: Highly excited atms. Sci. Am. 244, 130 (1981)ADSGoogle Scholar
  45. [9.39]
    R.F. Stebbings, F.B. Dunning (eds.): Rydberg States f Atms and Mlecules (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1983)Google Scholar
  46. [9.40]
    T.F. Gallagher: Rydberg atms. Rep. Prg. Phys. 51, 143 (1988)ADSGoogle Scholar
  47. [9.41]
    Ptms. Phys. Rep. 210, 319 (1992)Google Scholar
  48. T.F. Gallagher: Rydberg Atms (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1994)Google Scholar
  49. [9.42]
    J.-P. Cnnerade: Highly Excited Atms (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1997)Google Scholar
  50. [9.43]
    R.R. Jnes, L.D. Nrdam: Electrnic wavepackets. In: Prgress in Atmic, Mlecular, and ptical Physics, Vl. 38, ed. by B. Bedersn, H. Walther (Academic Press, San Dieg 1998) p. 1Google Scholar
  51. G.M. Lankhuijzen, L.D. Nrdam. Rydberg inizatin: Frm field t phtn. In: Prgress in Atmic, Mlecular, and ptical Physics, Vl. 38, ed. by B. Bedersn, H. Walther (Academic Press, San Dieg 1998) p. 121Google Scholar
  52. [9.44]
    Kruit, F.H. Read: J. Phys. E. 16, 313 (1983)ADSGoogle Scholar
  53. D.J. Trevr, L.D. van Werkm, R.R. Freeman: Rev. Sci. Instrum. 60, 1051 (1989)ADSGoogle Scholar
  54. J. Spickermann, K. Martin, H.J. Räder, K. Müllen, R.-P. Krüger, H. Schlaad, A.H.E. Müller: Quantitative analysis f brad mlecular weight distributins btained by matrix-assisted laser desrptin/inisatin time-f-flight mass spectrmetry. Eur. Mass Spectrm. 2, 161 (1996)Google Scholar
  55. [9.45]
    Dear the inizatin limit. Phys. Rev. Lett. 38, 537 (1977)ADSGoogle Scholar
  56. [9.46]
    K. Niemax: Spectrscpy using therminic dide detectrs, Appl. Phys. B 38, 147 (1985)Google Scholar
  57. [9.47]
    T.W. Ducas, M.G. Littman, R.R. Freeman, D. Kleppner: Stark inizatin f high-lying states f sdium. Phys. Rev. Lett. 35, 366 (1975)ADSGoogle Scholar
  58. T.F. Gallagher, L.M. Humphrey, R.M. Hill, S.A. Edelstein: Reslutin f mi and mj levels in the electric field inizatin f highly excited d-states f Na. Phys. Rev. Lett. 37, 1465 (1976)ADSGoogle Scholar
  59. T.F. Gallagher, L.M. Humphrey, R.M. Hill, W. Cke, S.A. Edelstein: Fine structure intervals and plarizabilities f highly excited p and d states f sdium. Phys. Rev. A 15, 1937 (1977)ADSGoogle Scholar
  60. [9.48]
    F.V. Kwalski, R.T. Hawkins, A.L. Schawlw: Digital wavemeter fr cw lasers. J. pt. Sc. Am. 66, 965 (1976)ADSGoogle Scholar
  61. [9.49]
    J.L. Hall, S.A. Lee: Interfermetric real time display f cw dye laser wavelengths with sub-Dppler accuracy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 29, 367 (1976) 9.50 A. Fischer, K. Kullmer, W. Demtröder: Cmputer-cntrlled Fabry—Pért wavemeter. pt. Cmmun 39, 277 (1981)Google Scholar
  62. [9.51]
    L.S. Lee, A.L. Schawlw: Multi-wedge wavemeter fr pulsed lasers. pt. Lett. 6, 610 (1981)Google Scholar
  63. [9.52]
    P. Juncar, J. Pinard: A new methd fr frequency calibratin and laser cntrl. pt. Cmmun 14, 438 (1975)Google Scholar
  64. [9.53]
    T.W. Hänsch, J.J. Snyder: Wavemeters, Dye Lasers, 3rd edn., ed. By F.P. Schäfer, Tpics Appl. Phys., Vl. 1 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1990)Google Scholar
  65. [9.54]
    R. Castell, W. Demtröder, A. Fischer, R. Kullmer, H. Weickenmeier, K. Wikkert: The accuracy f laser wavelength meters. Appl Phys. B 38, 1 (1985)Google Scholar
  66. [9.55]
    M. Herscher: The spherical mirrr Fabry—Pért interfermeter. Appl. pt. 7, 951 (1968)ADSGoogle Scholar
  67. [9.56]
    J.U. White: Lng ptical paths f large aperture. J. pt. Sc. Am. 32, 285 (1942)ADSGoogle Scholar
  68. [9.57]
    J.U. White: Very lng paths in air. J. pt. Sc. Am. 66, 411 (1976)ADSGoogle Scholar
  69. [9.58]
    G. Yale Eastman: The heat pipe. Sci. Am. 218, 38 (1968)Google Scholar
  70. [9.59]
    C.R. Vidal, J. Cper: Heat pipe ven. A new well-defined metal vapr device fr spectrscpic measurements. J. Appl. Phys. 40, 3370 (1969)ADSGoogle Scholar
  71. [9.60]
    I.-L. Chen: Applicatins f laser absrptin spectrscpy. In: 9. 3 p. 261Google Scholar
  72. [9.61]
    T.W. Hänsch, A.L. Schawlw, P. Tschek: Ultrasensitive respnse f a cw dye laser t selective extinctin. IEEE J. Quantum Electrn. QE-8, 802 (1972)Google Scholar
  73. [9.62]
    T.H. Harris: Laser intracavity-enhanced spectrscpy. In: 9. 97 p. 343Google Scholar
  74. V.M. Baev, T.P. Belikva, E.A. Sviridenkv, A.F. Suchkv: JETP 74, 21 (1978)ADSGoogle Scholar
  75. [9.63]
    V.M. Baev, J. Eschner, E. Paeth, R. Schüler, P.E. Tschek: Intra-cavity spectrscpy with dide lasers. Appl. Phys. B 55, 463 (1992)ADSGoogle Scholar
  76. [9.64]
    W. Gurlit, J.P. Burrws, H. Burkhard, R. Böhm, V.M. Baev, P.E. Tschek: Intracavity dide laser fr atmspheric field measurements. Infrared Phys. Technl. 37, 95 (1996)Google Scholar
  77. [9.65]
    A. Keefe, D.A.G. Deacn: Cavity ring-dwn spectrmeter fr absrptin measurements using pulsed laser surces. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 59, 2544 (1988)ADSGoogle Scholar
  78. R.T. Jngma, M.G.H. Bgaarts, I. Hlleman, G. Meijer: Trace gas detectin with cavity ring dwn spectrscpy. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66, 2821 (1995)ADSGoogle Scholar
  79. M.D. Wheeler, S.M. Newman, A.J. rr-Ewing and M.N.R. Ashfld: Cavity ring-dwn spectrscpy. J. Chem. Sc. Faraday Trans. 94, 337 (1998)Google Scholar
  80. 9.66 J.J. Scherer, D. Velkel, D.J. Rakestraw, J.B. Paul, C.P. Cllier, R.J. Saykally, A. Keefe: Infrared cavity ringdwn laser absrptin spectrscpy (IR-CRLAS). Chem. Phys. Lett. 245, 273 (1995)ADSGoogle Scholar
  81. [9.67]
    D.J. Bradley, P. Ewart, J.V. Nichlas, J.R.D. Shaw: Excited state absrptin spectrscpy f alkaline earths selectively pumped by tunable dye lasers. I. Barium arc spectra. J. Phys. B 6, 1594 (1973)Google Scholar
  82. [9.68]
    J.R. Rubbmark, S.A. Brgström, K. Bckasten: Absrptin spectrscpy f laser-excited barium. J. Phys. B 10, 421 (1977)ADSGoogle Scholar
  83. [9.69]
    M.E. Kaminsky, R.T. Hawkins, F.V. Kwalski, A.L. Schawlw: Identificatin f absrptin lines by mdulated lwer-level ppulatin: Spectrum f Na. Phys. Rev. Lett. 36, 671 (1976)ADSGoogle Scholar
  84. [9.70]
    A.L. Schawlw: Simplifying spectra by laser level labeling. Phys. Scr. 25, 333 (1982)ADSGoogle Scholar
  85. [9.71]
    R. Teets, R. Feinberg, T.W. Hänsch, A.L. Schawlw: Simplificatin f spectra by plarizatin labeling. Phys. Rev. Lett. 37, 683 (1976)ADSGoogle Scholar
  86. [9.72]
    P. Esherick: Bund, even-parity J = 0 and J = 2 states f Sr. Phys. Rev. A 15, 1920 (1977)Google Scholar
  87. [9.73]
    J.E.M. Gldsmith, J.E. Lawler: ptgalvanic spectrscpy. Cntemp. Phys. 22, 235 (1981)ADSGoogle Scholar
  88. [9.74]
    C.J. Sansnetti, K.-H. Weber: Reference lines fr dye-laser wavenumber calibratin in the ptgalvanic spectra f uranium and thrium. J. pt. Sc. Am. 131, 361 (1984)ADSGoogle Scholar
  89. [9.75]
    Axner, I. Lindgren, I. Magnussn, H. Rubinsztein-Dunlp: Trace element determinatin in flames by laser-enhanced inizatin spectrmetry. Anal. Chem. 57, 773 (1985)Google Scholar
  90. [9.76]
    Axner, H. Rubinsztein-Dunlp: Detectin f trace amunts f Cr by tw laser-based spectrscpic techniques: Laser-enhanced inizatin in flames and laser-induced flurescence in graphite furnace. Appl. pt. 32, 867 (1993)ADSGoogle Scholar
  91. J. Travis and G. Turk (eds.): Laser-Enhanced Inizatin Spectrmetry (Wiley, New Yrk 1996)Google Scholar
  92. [9.77]
    P. Ljung, E. Nyström, J. Enger, P. Ljungberg,. Axner: Detectin f titanium in electr-thermal atmizers by laser-induced flurescence. Spectrchim. Acta B 52, 675 (1997); B 52, 703 (1997)Google Scholar
  93. P. Ljung,. Axner: Measurements f rubidium in standard reference samples by wavelength-mdulatin dide laser absrptin spectrmetry in a graphite furnace. Spectrchim. Acta B 52, 305 (1997)ADSGoogle Scholar
  94. [9.78]
    X. Hu, S.-J.J. Tsai, J.X. Zhu, K.X. Yang, R.F. Lenard, R.G. Michel: Laser-excited atmic flurescence spectrmetry: Principle, instrumentatin and applicatins. In: Lasers in Analytical Spectrscpy, ed. by J. Sneddn, T.L. Thiem, Y.-I. Lee (VCH Publishers, New Yrk 1997)Google Scholar
  95. [9.79]
    A. Zybin, C. Schnürer-Patschan, M.A. Blshv, K. Niemax: Elemental analysis by dide laser spectrscpy. Trends Anal. Chem. 17, 513 (1998) T. Imasaka: Analytical mlecular spectrscpy with dide lasers. Spectrchim. Acta Rev. 15, 329 (1993)Google Scholar
  96. A.W. Mantz: A review f spectrscpic applicatins f tunable semicnductr lasers. Spectrchim. Acta A 51, 221 (1995)Google Scholar
  97. A.W. Mantz: A review f the applicability f tunable dide-laser spectrscpy at high sensitivity. Micrchem. J. 50, 351 (1994)Google Scholar
  98. M. Ingusci, F.S. Catalitti, C. Frt, F.S. Pavne, M. Prevedelli: A new generatin f light surces fr applicatins in spectrcpy. In: Atmic Physics Methds in Mdern Research, ed. by K. Jungmann, J. Kwalski, I. Reinhard, F. Träger (Springer, Heidelberg, Berlin 1997)Google Scholar
  99. C.E. Wieman, L. Hllberg: Using dide lasers fr atmic physics. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 1 (1991)ADSGoogle Scholar
  100. F.S. Pavne: Dide lasers and their applicatins in spectrscpy. Rivista del Nuv Ciment 19, 1 (1996)Google Scholar
  101. [9.80]
    J.E.M. Gldsmith: Recent advances in flame diagnstics using flurescence and inizatin techniques. In: 9. 30 p. 337Google Scholar
  102. [9.81]
    J.A. Paisner, R.W. Slarz: Resnance phtinizatin spectrscpy. In: 9. 3 p. 175Google Scholar
  103. [9.82]
    P. Camus (ed.): ptgalvanic Spectrscpy and its Applicatins. J. Physique Cll. C7, Suppl. n. 11, Tme 44 (1983)Google Scholar
  104. [9.83]
    P. Hannafrd: Spectrscpy with sputtered atms. Cntemp. Phys. 24, 251 (1983)ADSGoogle Scholar
  105. [9.84]
    K.C. Smith, P.K. Schenck: ptgalvanic spectrscpy f a nen discharge. Chem. Phys. Lett. 55, 466 (1978)ADSGoogle Scholar
  106. [9.85]
    V.S. Letkhv: Laser Phtinizatin Spectrscpy (Academic Press, rland 1987)Google Scholar
  107. [9.86]
    J.C. Travis, G.C. Turk, J.R. Deve, P.K. Schenck, C.A. van Dijk: Prg. Anal. Atm. Spectrsc. 7, 199 (1984)Google Scholar
  108. [9.87]
    I. Magnussn,. Axner, I. Lindgren, H. Rubinsztein-Dunlp: Laserenhanced inizatin detectin f trace elements in a graphite furnace. Appl. Spectrsc. 40, 968 (1986)ADSGoogle Scholar
  109. Axner, I. Magnussn, J. Peterssn, S. Sjöström: Investigatin f the multi-element capability f laser-enhanced inizatin spectrmetry in flames fr analysis f trace elements in water slutin. Appl. Spectrsc. 41, 19 (1987)Google Scholar
  110. [9.88]
    N. Menett: The impact f several atmic and mlecular laser spectrscpic techniques fr chemical analysis. In: Laser Technlgy in Chemistry, Special issue, ed. by H. Medin, S. Svanberg, Appl. Phys. B 46, N. 3 (1988)Google Scholar
  111. [9.89]
    G.S. Hurst, M.G. Payne (eds.): Resnance Inizatin Spectrscpy and its Applicatins 1984, Cnf. Series N. 71 (Institute f Physics, Bristl 1984) G.S. Hurst, C. Grey Mrgan (eds.): Resnance Inizatin Spectrscpy, Cnf. Series N.84 (Institute f Physics, Bristl 1987)Google Scholar
  112. [9.90]
    G.S. Hurst, M.G. Payne (eds.): Principles and Applicatins f Resnance Inizatin Spectrscpy (Adam Hilger, Bristl 1988)Google Scholar
  113. [9.91]
    H.-J. Kluge, B.A. Bushaw, G. Passler, K. Wendt, N. Trautmann: Resnance inizatin spectrscpy fr trace analysis and fundamental research. Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. 350, 78 (1994)Google Scholar
  114. [9.92]
    C.H. Chen, G.S. Hurst, M.G. Payne: Resnance inizatin spectrscpy: Inert gas detectin. In: Prgress in Atmic Spectrscpy, Pt. C, ed. by H.J. Beyer, H. Kleinpppen (Plenum, New Yrk 1984) p. 115Google Scholar
  115. [9.93]
    G.S. Hurst, M.G. Payne, S.D. Kramer, C.H. Chen, R.C. Phillips, S.L. Allman, G.D. Altn, J.W.T. Dabbs, Rd. Willis, B.E. Lehman. Methd fr cunting nble gas atms with istpic selectivity. Rep. Prg. Phys. 48, 1333 (1985)ADSGoogle Scholar
  116. V.S. Letkhv: Detecting individual atms and mlecules with lasers. Sci. Am. 259 (3), 44 (1988)Google Scholar
  117. J.T. Höffges, H.W. Baldauf, T. Eichler, S.R. Helmfrid, H. Walther: Resnance flurescence f a single in. In: Atmic Physics Methds in Mdern Research, ed. by K. Jungmann, J. Kwalski, I. Reinhard, F. Träger (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1997)Google Scholar
  118. [9.94]
    J.A. Gelbwachs (ed.): Laser Spectrscpy fr Detectin. Prc. SPIE Int. Sc. pt. Eng. Vl. 286 (SPIE, Washingtn 1981)Google Scholar
  119. [9.95]
    R.A. Keller: Laser-Based Ultrasensitive Spectrscpy and Detectin. Prc. SPIE Int. Sc. pt. Eng. Vl. 426 (SPIE, Washingtn 1983)Google Scholar
  120. [9.96]
    J.J. Snyder, R.A. Keller (eds.): Ultrasensitive Laser Spectrscpy, Special issue, J. pt. Sc. Am. B 2, Ng (1985)Google Scholar
  121. [9.97]
    D. Kliger (ed.): Ultrasensitive Laser Spectrscpy (Academic Press, New Yrk 1983)Google Scholar
  122. [9.98]
    M. Eigen, R. Rigler: Prc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 5740 (1994)ADSGoogle Scholar
  123. W.E. Merner, R.M. Dicksn, D.J. Nrris: Single-mlecule spectrscpy and quantum ptics in slids. In: Prgress in Atmic, Mlecular, and ptical Physics, Vl. 38, ed. by B. Bedersn, H. Walther (Academic Press, San Dieg 1998) p. 193Google Scholar
  124. M. rrit, J. Bernard, R. Brwn, B. Lunis: ptical spectrscpy f single mlecules in slids. In: Prgress in ptics XXXV, ed. by E. Wlf (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1996), p. 63Google Scholar
  125. Th. Basche, W.E. Merner, M. Rritt, U.P. Wild (eds.): Single Mlecule ptical Detectin, Imaging and Spectrscpy (Wiley-VCH, Munich 1997) K. Kneipp, Y. Wang, H. Kneipp, L.T. Perelman, I. Itzkan, R.R. Dasari, M.S. Feld: Single mlecule detectin using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1667 (1997)Google Scholar
  126. K. Kneipp, H. Kneipp, I. Itzkan, R. Dasari, M.S. Feld: Surface-enhanced Raman scattering: A new tl fr bimedical spectrscpy. Current Science 77, 915 (1999)Google Scholar
  127. [9.99]
    S. Weiss: Flurescence spectrscpy f single bimlecules. Science 283, 1676 (1999) (Special Issue, March 12, 1999)Google Scholar
  128. X. Sunney Xie, J.K. Trautman: Single-mlecule ptical studies at rm temperature. Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 49, 441 (1998)ADSGoogle Scholar
  129. [9.100]
    N. menett (ed.): Analytical Laser Spectrscpy (Wiley, New Yrk 1979)Google Scholar
  130. [9.101]
    E.H. Piepmeier (ed.): Analytical Applicatins f Lasers (Wiley, New Yrk 1986)Google Scholar
  131. [9.102]
    V.S. Letkhv (ed.): Laser Analytical Spectrchemistry (Hilger, Bristl 1986)Google Scholar
  132. [9.103]
    J. Sneddn, T.L. Thiem, Y.-I. Lee (eds.): Lasers in Analytical Spectrscpy (VCH Publishers, New Yrk 1997)Google Scholar
  133. [9.104]
    N. Menett: The rle f lasers in analytical atmic spectrscpy — Where, when and why. J. Anal. At. Spectrm. 13, 385 (1998)ADSGoogle Scholar
  134. [9.105]
    S. Svanberg: Fundamentals f atmspheric spectrscpy. In: Surveillance f Electrmagnetic Pllutin and Resurces by Electrmagnetic Waves, ed. by T. Lund (Reidel, Drdrecht 1978)Google Scholar
  135. [9.106]
    L.B. Kreutzer: Laser ptacustic spectrscpy. A new technique f gas analysis. Anal. Chem. 46, 239A (1974)Google Scholar
  136. [9.107]
    A. Rsencwaig: Phtacustics and Phtacustic Spectrscpy (Wiley, New Yrk 1980)Google Scholar
  137. [9.108]
    V. Letkhv, V. Zharv: Laser pt-Acustic Spectrscpy, Springer Ser. pt. Sci., Vl. 37 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1986)Google Scholar
  138. [9.109]
    A.C. Tam: Applicatins f phtacustic sensing techniques. Rev. Md. Phys. 58, 381 (1986)ADSGoogle Scholar
  139. [9.110]
    P. Hess, J. Pelzl (eds.): Phtacustics and Phtthermal Phenmena, Springer Ser. pt. Sci., Vl. 58 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1988)Google Scholar
  140. [9.111]
    P. Hess (ed.): Phtacustics (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1990)Google Scholar
  141. [9.112]
    M.W. Sigrist: Air mnitring by laser phtacustic spectrscpy. In: Air Mnitring by Spectrscpic Techniques, ed. by M.W. Sigrist (Wiley, New Yrk 1994)Google Scholar
  142. F.G.C. Bijnen, H. Zuckermann, F.J.M. Harren, J. Reuss: Multi-cmpnent trace gas analysis by three phtacustic cells intracavity in a C-laser; bservatin f anaerbic and pst-anaerbic emissin f acetaldehyde and ethanl in cherry tmates. Appl. pt. 37, 3345 (1998)ADSGoogle Scholar
  143. F.J.M. Harren: Phtacustic spectrscpy in trace gas mnitring. In: Encyclpedia f Analytical Chemistry: Applicatins, Thery and Instrumentatin, ed. by R.A. Meyers (Wiley, New Yrk 2000) p. 2203Google Scholar
  144. [9.113]
    C.K.N. Patel, A.C. Tam: Pulsed ptacustic spectrscpy f cndensed matter. Rev. Md. Phys. 53, 517 (1981)ADSGoogle Scholar
  145. [9.114]
    S. Svanberg, P. Tsekeris, W. Happer: Hyperfine structure studies f highly excited D and F levels in alkali atms using a CW dye laser. Phys. Rev. Lett. 30, 817 (1973)ADSGoogle Scholar
  146. S. Svanberg, P. Tsekeris: Hyperfine-structure investigatin f highly excited 2D levels in 87Rb and 133Cs using a cw tunable laser in a tw-step excitatin scheme. Phys. Rev. A 11, 1125 (1975)ADSGoogle Scholar
  147. [9.115]
    G. Belin, I. Lindgren, L. Hlmgren, S. Svanberg: Hyperfine interactin, Zeeman and Stark effects fr excited states in ptassium. Phys. Scr. 12, 287 (1975)ADSGoogle Scholar
  148. [9.116]
    G. Belin, L. Hlmgren, S. Svanberg: Hyperfine interactin, Zeeman and Stark effects fr excited states in rubidium. Phys. Scr. 13, 351 (1976)ADSGoogle Scholar
  149. [9.117]
    G. Belin, L. Hlmgren, S. Svanberg: Hyperfine interactin, Zeeman and Stark effects fr excited states in cesium. Phys. Scr. 14, 39 (1976)ADSGoogle Scholar
  150. [9.118]
    S. Svanberg: Measurement and calculatin f excited alkali hyperfine and Stark parameters. In: 9. 25 p. 183Google Scholar
  151. [9.119]
    R. Neumann, F. Träger, G. zu Putlitz: Laser-micrwave spectrscpy. In: Prgress in Atmic Spectrscpy, Pt. D, ed. by H.K. Beyer, H. Kleinpppen (Plenum, New Yrk 1987) p. 1Google Scholar
  152. T.F. Gallagher: Radifrequency spectrscpy f Rydberg atms. In: Prgress in Atmic Spectrscpy, Pt. D, ed. by H.K. Beyer, H. Kleinpppen (Plenum, New Yrk 1987) p. 12Google Scholar
  153. [9.120]
    K. Fredrikssn, S. Svanberg: Precisin determinatin f the fine structure f the 4d state in sdium using level crssing spectrscpy. Phys. Lett. A 53, 61 (1975)ADSGoogle Scholar
  154. [9.121]
    E. Matthias, R.A. Rsenberg, E.D. Pliakff, M.G. White, S.-T. Lee, D.A. Shirley: Time-reslved VUV spectrscpy using synchrtrn radiatin: Flurescent lifetimes f atmic Kr and Xe. Chem. Phys. Lett. 52, 239 (1977)ADSGoogle Scholar
  155. T. Willer, G. Zimmerer: Time-reslved spectrscpy with synchrtrn radiatin in the vacuum ultravilet. Phys. Scr. T17, 177 (1987) R. Rigler,. Kristensen, R. Rslund, P. Thyberg, K. ba, M. Erikssn: Mlecular structure and dynamics: Beamline fr time-reslved spectrscpy at the MAX synchrtrn in Lund. Phys. Scr. T17, 204 (1987)Google Scholar
  156. [9.122]
    U. Berzinsh, Lu Caiyan, R. Zerne, S. Svanberg: Determinatin f radiative lifetimes f neutral sulphur by time-reslved VUV laser spectrscpy. Phys. Rev. A 55, 1836 (1997)ADSGoogle Scholar
  157. [9.123]
    Se. Jhanssn, A. Jueizadeh, U. Litzén, J. Larssn, A. Perssn, C.-G. Wahlström, S. Svanberg, D.S. Leckrne, G.M. Wahlgren: Cmparisn f new experimental and astrphysical f-values fr sme Ru II lines, bserved in HST spectra f x Lupi. Astrphys. J. 421, 809 (1994)ADSGoogle Scholar
  158. [9.124]
    H. Bergström, G.W. Faris, H. Hallstadius, H. Lundberg, A. Perssn, C.-G. Wahlström: Radiative lifetime and hyperfine-structure studies n laser-evaprated brn. Z. Phys. D 8, 17 (1988)ADSGoogle Scholar
  159. [9.125]
    R.A. Lacy, A.C. Nilssn, R.L. Byer, W.T. Silvfast,.R. Wd II, S. Svanberg: Phtinizatin-pumped gain at 185 nm in a laser-ablated Indium plasma. In: Shrt Wavelength Cherent Radiatin: Generatin and Applicatins, AIP Cnference Prceedings N. 147, ed. by D.T. Attwd, J. Bkr (AIP, New Yrk 1986); and J. pt. Sc. Am. B 6, 1209 (1989)Google Scholar
  160. [9.126]
    Z.-S. Li, J. Nrin, A. Perssn, C.-G. Wahlström, S. Svanberg, P.S. Didge, E. Biémnt: Radiative prperties f neutral germanium btained frm excited state lifetime and branching rati measurements and cmparisn with theretical calculatins. Phys. Rev. A 60, 198 (1999)ADSGoogle Scholar
  161. [9.127]
    M.B. Gaarde, R. Zerne, C. Lu, Z. Jiang, J. Larssn, S. Svanberg: Determinatin f radiative lifetimes f excited states in neutral gld using time-reslved VUV laser spectrscpy. Phys. Rev. A 50, 209 (1994)ADSGoogle Scholar
  162. R. Zerne, J. Larssn, S. Svanberg: Determinatin f radiative lifetimes in the 3d np 2P sequence f neutral cpper by time-reslved VUV laser spectrscpy. Phys. Rev. A 49, 128 (1994)ADSGoogle Scholar
  163. C. Lu, U. Berzinsh, R. Zerne, S. Svanberg: Determinatin f radiative lifetimes n neutral bismuth by time-reslved UV/VUV laser spectrscpy. Phys. Rev. A 52, 1936 (1995)ADSGoogle Scholar
  164. U. Berzinsh, S. Svanberg: Atmic radiative lifetimes measured by pulsed laser spectrscpy in the UV/VUV spectral regin. Adv. Quantum Chem. 30, 283 (1998)ADSGoogle Scholar
  165. Z.S. Li, S. Svanberg, P. Quinet, X. Trdir, E. Biemnt: Lifetime measurements in Yb II with time-reslved laser spectrscpy. J. Phys. B 32, 1731 (1999)ADSGoogle Scholar
  166. [9.128]
    J.C. Cper, N.D. Gibsn, J.E. Lawler: Radiative lifetimes in Cr I by laser-induced flurescence. J. Quant. Spectrsc. Radiat. Transfer 58, 85 (1997) G.NI. Wahlgren, S.G..Jhanssn, U. Litzén, N.D. Gibsn, J.C. Cper, J.E. Lawler, D.S. Leckrne, R. Engleman Jr.: Atmic data fr the Re II resnance multiplet and its applicatin t astrphysics. Astrphys. J. 475, 380 (1997)Google Scholar
  167. [9.129]
    P.B. Cates: The crrectin fr phtn “pile-up”; in the measurement f radiative lifetimes. J. Phys. E 1, 878 (1968)ADSGoogle Scholar
  168. [9.130]
    M. Gustayssn, H. Lundberg, L. Nilssn, S. Svanberg: Lifetime measurements fr excited states f rare-earth atms using pulse-mdulatin f a cw dye laser beam. J. pt. Sc. Am. 69, 984 (1979)ADSGoogle Scholar
  169. J. Carlssn: Accurate time-reslved laser spectrscpy n sdium and bismuth atms. Z. Phys. D 9, 147 (1988)ADSGoogle Scholar
  170. [9.131]
    K. Bhatia, P. Grafström, C. Levinsn, H. Lundberg, L. Nilssn, S. Svanberg: Natural radiative lifetimes in the perturbed 6snd 1D2 sequence f barium. Z. Physik A 303, 1 (1981)ADSGoogle Scholar
  171. T.F. Gallagher, W. Sandner, K.A. Safinya: Prbing cnfiguratin interactin f the Ba 5d7d 1D2 state using radifrequency spectrscpy and lifetime measurements. Phys. Rev. A 23, 2969 (1981)ADSGoogle Scholar
  172. NI. Aymar, R.-J. Champeau, C. Delsart, J.C. Keller: Lifetimes f Rydberg levels in the perturbed 6snd 3D2 series f barium I. J. Phys. B 14, 4489 (1981)ADSGoogle Scholar
  173. [9.132]
    S. Svanberg: Perturbatins in Rydberg sequences prbed by lifetime, Zeeman-effect and hyperfine structure measurements. In: 9.27 p. 301 9.133 J. Carlssn, L. Sturessn: Accurate time-reslved laser spectrscpy n lithium atms. Z. Phys. D 14, 281 (1989)Google Scholar
  174. [9.134]
    J. Carlssn: Accurate time-reslved laser spectrscpy n sdium and bismuth atms. Z. Phys. D 9, 147 (1988)ADSGoogle Scholar
  175. J. Carlssn, P. Jönssn, L. Sturessn, C. Frese Fischer: Multi-cnfigu ratin Hartree-Fck calculatins and time-reslved laser spectrscpy stu dies f hyperfine structure cnstants in sdium. Phys. Scr. 46, 394 (1992)ADSGoogle Scholar
  176. [9.135]
    C. De Michelis, M. Mattili: Spectrscpy and impurity behaviur in fusin plasmas. Rep. Prg. Phys. 47, 1233 (1984)ADSGoogle Scholar
  177. R.C. Isler: Impurities in Tkmaks Nuclear Fusin 24, 1599 (1984)Google Scholar
  178. [9.136]
    R.E. Imhf, F.H. Read: Measurements f lifetimes f atms, mlecules and ins. Rep. Prg. Phys. 40, 1 (1977)ADSGoogle Scholar
  179. [9.137]
    P. Erman: Time-reslved spectrscpy f small mlecules. In: Specialists Peridical Reprts, Mlecular Spectrscpy, Vl. 6, Chap. 5 (The Chemical Sciety, Lndn 1979) p. 174Google Scholar
  180. [9.138]
    J.N. Ddd, G.W. Series: Time-reslved flurescence spectrscpy. In: Prgress in Atmic Spectrscpy, Pt. A, ed. by W. Hanle, H. Kleinpppen (Plenum, New Yrk 1978) p. 639Google Scholar
  181. W.L. Wiese: Atmic transitin prbabilities and lifetimes. In: Prgress in Atmic Spectrscpy, Pt. B, ed. by W. Hanle, H. Kleinpppen (Plenum, New Yrk 1979) p. 1101Google Scholar
  182. [9.139]
    M.C.E. Huber, R.J. Sandeman: The measurement f scillatr strengths. Rep. Prg. Phys. 49, 397 (1986)ADSGoogle Scholar
  183. [9.140]
    Pulsen, J.L. Hall: Spectrscpic investigatin in 29Bi I using tunablecw-dye-laser spectrscpy. Phys. Rev. A 18, 1089 (1978)ADSGoogle Scholar
  184. [9.141]
    S. Svanberg: Natural radiative lifetimes f sme excited Bi I levels belnging t the 6p27s and the 6p26d cnfiguratins measured by the Hanle methd. Phys. Scr. 5, 73 (1972)ADSGoogle Scholar
  185. [9.142]
    H.J. Andrä, A. Gaupp, W. Wittmann: New methd fr precisin lifetime measurements by laser excitatin f fast-mving atms. Phys. Rev. Lett. 31, 501 (1973)ADSGoogle Scholar
  186. [9.143]
    A. Gaupp, P. Kuske, H.J. Andrä: Accurate lifetime measurements f the lwest states in neutral lithium and sdium. Phys. Rev. A 26, 3351 (1982)ADSGoogle Scholar
  187. C.E. Tanner, A.E. Livingstn, R.C. Rafac, F.G. Serpa, K.W. Kukla, H.G. Berry, L. Yung, C.A. Kurtz: Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 2765 (1992)ADSGoogle Scholar
  188. [9.144]
    T. Brage, C. Frese Fischer, P. Jönssn: Effects f cre-valence and cre-cre crrelatin n the line strength f the resnance lines in Li I and Na I. Phys. Rev. A 49, 2181 (1994)ADSGoogle Scholar
  189. C.E. Tanner: Precisin measurements f atmic lifetimes. In: Atmic Physics XIV, ed. by D.J. Wineland, C.E. Wieman, S.J. Smith (AIP Publ., New Yrk 1995) p. 150Google Scholar
  190. [9.145]
    P. Erman, J. Brzzwski, B. Sigfridssn: Gas excitatins using high-frequency deflected electrn beams: A cnvenient methd fr determinatins f atmic and mlecular lifetimes. Nucl. Instrum. Methds 110, 471 (1973)ADSGoogle Scholar
  191. [9.146]
    P. Erman: High-reslutin measurements f atmic and mlecular lifetimes using the high-frequency deflectin technique. Phys. Scr. 11, 65 (1975)ADSGoogle Scholar
  192. [9.147]
    P. Erman: Astrphysical applicatins f time-reslved mlecular spectrscpy. Phys. Scr. 20, 575 (1979); Studies f perturbatins using time reslved techniques. Phys. Scr. 25, 365 (1982)Google Scholar
  193. [9.148]
    J. Brzzwski, P. Bunker, N. Elander, P. Erman: Predissciatin effects in the A, B, and C states f CN and the interstellar frmatin rate f CH via inverse predissciatin. Astrphys. J. 207, 414 (1976)ADSGoogle Scholar
  194. [9.149]
    J.K. Link: Measurement f the radiative lifetimes f the first excited states f Na, K, Rb, and Cs by means f the phase-shift methd. J. pt. Sc. Am. 56, 1195 (1966)ADSGoogle Scholar
  195. P.T. Cunningham, J.K. Link: Measurement f lifetimes f excited states f Na, TI, In, Ga, Cu, Ag, Pb, and Bi by the phase-shift methd. J. pt. Sc. Am. 57, 1000 (1967)ADSGoogle Scholar
  196. L. Armstrng Jr., S. Ferneuille: Theretical analysis f the phase shift measurement f lifetimes using mnchrmatic light. J. Phys. B 8, 546 (1975)ADSGoogle Scholar
  197. [9.150]
    C.H. Crliss, W.R. Bzman: Experimental transitin prbabilities fr spectral lines f seventy elements. NBS Mngraph 53 (Natinal Bureau f Standards, Washingtn, DC 1962)Google Scholar
  198. [9.151]
    W. Marlw: Hakenmethde. Appl. pt. 6, 1715 (1967)Google Scholar
  199. [9.152]
    N.P. Penkin Experimental determinatin f electrnic transitin prbabilities and the lifetimes f the excited atmic and inic states. In: Atmic Physics 6, ed. by R. Damburg (Plenum, New Yrk 1979) p. 33Google Scholar
  200. [9.153]
    W.A. van Wijngaarden, K.D. Bnin, W. Happer: Inverse hk methd fr measuring scillatr strengths fr transitins between excited atmic states. Hyperfine Interact. 38, 471 (1987)ADSGoogle Scholar
  201. [9.154]
    S. Svanberg: Atmic spectrscpy by resnance scattering. Phils. Trans. R. Sc. Lndn A 293, 215 (1979)ADSGoogle Scholar
  202. [9.155]
    J.N. Ddd, G.W. Series: Time-reslved flurescence spectrscpy. In: Prgress in Atmic Spectrscpy, Pt. A, ed. by W. Hanle, H. Kleinpppen (Plenum, New Yrk 1978) p. 639Google Scholar
  203. [9.156]
    S. Harche: Quantum beats and time-reslved flurescence spectrscpy. In: 9. 15 p. 253Google Scholar
  204. [9.157]
    P. Grundevik, H. Lundberg, A.-M. Mârtenssn, K. Nystrm, S. Svanberg: Hyperfine-structure study in the P sequence f 23Na using quantum-beat spectrscpy. J. Phys. B 12, 2645 (1979)ADSGoogle Scholar
  205. [9.158]
    G. Jönssn, C. Levinsn, L Lindgren, A. Perssn, C.G. Wahlström: Experimental and theretical studies f the 4s2np 2P sequence in neutral gallium. Z. Phys. A 322, 351 (1985)ADSGoogle Scholar
  206. [9.159]
    J. Bengtssn, J. Larssn, S. Svanberg, C.-G. Wahlström: Hyperfine-structure study f the 3d105p 2P312 level f neutral cpper using pulsed level-crssing spectrscpy at shrt wavelengths. Phys. Rev. A 41, 233 (1990) J. Bengtssn, J. Larssn, S. Svanberg, C.G. Wahlström: High-reslutin pulsed laser spectrscpy in the UV/VUV spectral regin. In: 9.31 p. 86 S. Svanberg: High-reslutin laser spectrscpy in the UV/VUV spectral regin. In: Applied Laser Spectrscpy, ed. by M. Ingusci, W. Demtröder (Plenum, New Yrk 1990)Google Scholar
  207. G.J. Bengtssn, P. Jönssn, J. Larssn, S. Svanberg: Time-reslved spectrscpic studies f the 7p 2P states f neutral silver fllwing VUV excitatin, Z. Physik D 22, 437 (1991)Google Scholar
  208. J. Larssn, S. Svanberg: High-reslutin VUV spectrscpy using pulsed laser surces. Appl. Phys. B 59, 433 (1994)ADSGoogle Scholar
  209. [9.160]
    D.P. Brien, P. Meystre, H. Walther: Subnatural linewidths in atmic spectrscpy. In: Advanced Atmic and Mlecular Physics, Vl. 21, ed. by D.R. Bates, B. Bedersn (Academic Press, rland 1985)Google Scholar
  210. H. Figger, H. Walther: ptical reslutin beynd the natural linewidth: A level-crssing experiment n the 3 2P372 level f sdium using a tunable dye laser. Z. Phys. 267, 1 (1974)ADSGoogle Scholar
  211. [9.161]
    P. Schenk, R.C. Hilbrn, H. Metcalf: Time-reslved flurescence frm Ba and Ca excited by a pulsed tunable dye laser. Phys. Rev. Lett. 31, 189 (1974)ADSGoogle Scholar
  212. [9.162]
    J. Bengtssn, J. Larssn, S. Svanberg: Hyperfine structure and radiative lifetime determinatin fr the 4d106s 2P states f neutral silver using pulsed laser spectrscpy. Phys. Rev. A 42, 545 (1990)ADSGoogle Scholar
  213. [9.163]
    F. Shimizu, K. Shimuiu, Y. Gmi, H. Takuma: Direct bservatin f hyperfine splittings f the 7Li 2P312 state by subnatural linewidth spectrscpy. Phys. Rev. A 35, 3149 (1987)ADSGoogle Scholar
  214. [9.164]
    J. Larssn, L. Sturessn, S. Svanberg: Manipulatin f level-crssing signals using narrw-band r pulsed laser excitatin. Phys. Scr. 40, 165 (1989)ADSGoogle Scholar
  215. [9.165]
    S.L. Shapir (ed.): Ultrashrt Light Pulses, 2nd edn. Tpics Appl. Phys., Vl. 18 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1984)Google Scholar
  216. W. Kaiser (ed.): Ultrashrt Laser Pulses and Applicatins, 2nd edn. Springer Ser. pt. Sci., Vl. 60 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1993)Google Scholar
  217. [9.166]
    C.V. Shank, E. Ippen, S.L. Shapir: Picsecnd Phenmena, Springer Ser. Chem. Phys., Vl. 4 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1978)Google Scholar
  218. [9.167]
    R.M. Hchstrasser, W. Kaiser, C.V. Shank: Picsecnd Phenmena II, Springer Ser. Chem. Phys., Vl. 14 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1980)Google Scholar
  219. [9.168]
    K. Eisenthal, R.M. Hchstrasser, W. Kaiser, A. Lauberau (eds.): Picsecnd Phenmena III, Springer Ser. Chem. Phys., Vl. 23 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1982)Google Scholar
  220. [9.169]
    D. Austn, K. Eisenthal (eds.): Ultrafast Phenmena IV, Springer Ser. Chem. Phys., Vl. 38 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1984)Google Scholar
  221. [9.170]
    A. Siegman, G. Fleming (eds.): Ultrafast Phenmena V, Springer Ser. Chem. Phys., Vl. 46 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1986)Google Scholar
  222. [9.171]
    P.F. Barbara, W.H. Knx, G.A. Muru, A.H. Zewail (eds.): Ultrafast Phenmena VI (Springer Berlin, Heidelberg 1988)Google Scholar
  223. [9.172]
    P.F. Barbara, W.H. Knx, G.A. Muru, A.H. Zewail (eds.): Ultrafast Phenmena VII (Springer Berlin, Heidelberg 1990)Google Scholar
  224. [9.173]
    P.F. Barbara, W.H. Knx, G.A. Muru, A.H. Zewail (eds.): Ultrafast Phenmena VIII (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1993)Google Scholar
  225. [9.174]
    P.F. Barbara, W.H. Knx, G.A. Muru, A.H. Zewail (eds.): Ultrafast Phenmena IX, Springer Ser. Chem. Phys., Vl. 60 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1994)Google Scholar
  226. [9.175]
    P.F. Barbara, J.G. Fujimt, W.H. Knx, W. Zinth (eds.): Ultrafast Phenmena X, Springer Ser. Chem. Phys., Vl. 62 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1996)Google Scholar
  227. [9.176]
    T. Elsaesser, J.G. Fujimt, D.A. Wiersmaa, W. Zinth (eds.): Ultrafast Phenmena XI (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1998)Google Scholar
  228. [9.177]
    J.C. Diels, W. Rudlph: Ultrashrt Laser Pulse Phenmena (Academic Press, New Yrk 1996)Google Scholar
  229. [9.178]
    T. Baumert, G. Gerber: Femtsecnd spectrscpy f mlecules and dusters. Adv. At. Ml. pt. Phys. 35, 163 (1995)Google Scholar
  230. Elsaesser, M. Werner: Femtsecnd infrared spectrscpy f semicnductrs and semicnductr nanstructures. Phys. Rep. 321, 253 (1999)ADSGoogle Scholar
  231. [9.179.]
    Svelt, S. De Silvresti, G. Denard (eds.): Ultrafast Prcesses in Spectrscpy (Plenum, New Yrk 1996)Google Scholar
  232. [9.180]
    E. Schreiber: Femtsecnd Real-Time Spectrscpy f Small Mlecules and Clusters (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1998)Google Scholar
  233. [9.181]
    R. Schinke: Phtdissciatin Dynamics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1993)Google Scholar
  234. [9.182]
    G.D. Billings, K. V. Mikkelsen: Intrductin t Mlecular Dynamics and Chemical Kinetics (Wiley, Lndn 1996)Google Scholar
  235. [9.183]
    J.W. Hepburn, R.E. Cntinetti, M.A. Jhnsn (eds.): Laser Techniques fr State-Selective and State-t-State Chemistry IV, Prc. SPIE Int. Sc. pt. Eng. 3271 (1997)Google Scholar
  236. [9.184]
    J. Hff, J. Deisenhfer: Phtphysics f phtsynthesis. Phys. Rep. 287, 1 (1997)ADSGoogle Scholar
  237. [9.185]
    S. Letzring: Buying and using a streak camera. Lasers & Appl. (March 1983) p. 49Google Scholar
  238. [9.186]
    R. Trebin, D.J. Kane: Using phase retrieval t measure the intensity and phase f ultra-shrt pulses: Frequency-reslved ptical gating. J. pt. Sc. Am. A 10, 1101 (1993)ADSGoogle Scholar
  239. D.J. Kane, R. Trebin: Characterizatin f arbitrary femtsecnd pulses using frequency-reslved ptical gating. IEEE J. Quantum Electrn. QE-29, 571 (1993)Google Scholar
  240. R. Trebin, K.W. DeLng, D.N. Fittinghff, D.N. Sweetser, M.A. Krumbugel, B.A. Richman, D.J. Kane: Measuring ultra-shrt laser pulses in the time-frequency dmain using frequency-reslved ptical gating. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68, 3277 (1997)ADSGoogle Scholar
  241. A. Baltuska, M. Pshenichnikv, D.A. Wiersma: Amplitude and phase characterizatin f 4.5 fs pulses by frequency-reslved ptical gating. pt. Lett. 23, 1474 (1998)Google Scholar
  242. S. Linden, H. Giessen, J. Kuhl: XFRG, A new methd fr amplitude and phase characterizatin f weak ultrashrt pulses. Phys. Status Slidi 206, 119 (1998)ADSGoogle Scholar
  243. [9.187]
    R.R. Alfan (ed.): The Snpercntinuum Laser Surce (Springer-Verlag, New Yrk 1989)Google Scholar
  244. [9.188]
    P.R. Smith, D.A. Austn, M.C. Nuss: Subpicsecnd phtcnducting diple antennas. IEEE J. Quantum Electrn. QE-24, 255 (1988)Google Scholar
  245. [9.189]
    M. van Exter, Ch. Fattiger, D. Grischkwsky: High-brightness terahertz beams characterized with an ultrafast detectr. Appl. Phys. Lett. 55, 337 (1989)ADSGoogle Scholar
  246. D. Grischkwsky, S. Keiding, M. van Exter, Ch. Fattiger: Far-infrared time-dmain spectrscpy with terahertz beams f dielectrics and semicnductrs. J. pt. Sc. Am. B 7, 2006 (1990)Google Scholar
  247. [9.190]
    M. van Exter, D. Grischkwsky: Characterizatin f an ptelectrnic terahertz beam system. IEEE Trans. Micrwave Thery Tech. 38, 1684 (1990)ADSGoogle Scholar
  248. L. Xu, X.-C. Zhang, D.H. Austn: Terahertz beam generatin by femtsecnd ptical pulses in electr-ptic materials. Appl. Phys. Lett. 61, 1784 (1992)ADSGoogle Scholar
  249. R.A. Cheville, D. Grischkwsky: Far-infrared terahertz time-dmain spectrscpy f flames. pt. Lett. 20, 1646 (1995)Google Scholar
  250. B.B. Hu, M.C. Nuss: Imaging with terahertz waves. pt. Lett. 20, 1716 (1995)Google Scholar
  251. D.M. Mittleman, R.H. Jacbsen, M.C. Nuss: T-ray imaging. IEEE J. Sel. Tpics Quantum Electrn. 2, 679 (1996)Google Scholar
  252. [9.191]
    A.H. Zewail: Laser femtchemistry. Science 242, 1645 (1988) A.H. Zewail: The birth f mlecules. Sci. Am. 263 (6), 40 (1990)Google Scholar
  253. [9.192]
    M. Dantus, M.J. Rsker, A.H. Zewail: Real-time femtsecnd prbing f “transitin states ”; in chemical reactins. J. Chem. Phys. 87, 2395 (1987) M.J. Rsker, M. Dantus, A.H. Zewail: Femtsecnd real-time prbing f reactins. I. The technique. J. Chem. Phys. 89, 6113 (1988)Google Scholar
  254. M.J. Rsker, M. Dantus, A.H. Zewail: Femtsecnd real-time prbing f reactins. II. The dissciatin reactin f ICN. J. Chem. Phys. 89, 6128 (1988)ADSGoogle Scholar
  255. [9.193]
    A.H. Zewail: Femtchemistry. J. Phys. Chem. 97, 12 427 (1993)Google Scholar
  256. S. Pedersen, J.L. Herek, A.H. Zewail: The validity f the “diradical hypthesis ”;: Direct femtsecnd studies f the transitin-state structures. Science 266, 1359 (1994)ADSGoogle Scholar
  257. A.H. Zewail: J. Phys. Chem. 100, 12 701 (1996)Google Scholar
  258. [9.194]
    Prc. Femtsecnd Chemistry — The Berlin Cnference: J. Phys. Chem. 97, 12 424-12 649 (1993) Special issueGoogle Scholar
  259. [9.195]
    A.H. Zewail (ed.): Femtchemistry: Ultrafast Dynamics f the Chemical Bnd, Vls. 1 and 2 (Wrld Scientific, Singapre 1994)Google Scholar
  260. [9.196]
    J. Manz, L. Wöste (eds.): Femtsecnd Chemistry, Vl. 1 and 2 (VCH, Weinheim 1995)Google Scholar
  261. [9.197]
    P. Brumer, M. Shapir: Laser cntrl f chemical reactins. Sci. Am. 272 (3), 34 (1995)Google Scholar
  262. [9.198]
    M.A. El-Sayed, I. Tanaka, Y. Mlin: Ultrafast Prcesses in Chemistry and Phtbilgy (Blackwell Science, xfrd 1995)Google Scholar
  263. [9.199]
    M. Chergui (ed.): Femtchemistry: Ultrafast Chemical and Physical Pr cesses in Mlecular Systems (Wrld Scientific, Singapre 1996)Google Scholar
  264. [9.200]
    V. Sundström (ed.): Femtchemistry and Femtbilgy: Ultrafast Reactin Dynamics at Atmic-Scale Reslutin (Wrld Scientific, Singapre 1997)Google Scholar
  265. [9.201]
    D.L. Andrews: Lasers in Chemistry, 3rd edn. (Springer Verlag, Heidelberg 1997)Google Scholar
  266. [9.202]
    M.J. Rsker, T.S. Rse, A.H. Zewail: Real-time dynamics f phtfragment-trapping resnances n dissciative ptential energy surfaces. Chem. Phys. Lett. 146, 175 (1988)ADSGoogle Scholar
  267. [9.203]
    L.R. Khundkar, A.H. Zewail: Picsecnd phtfragment spectrscpy. IV. Dynamics f cnsecutive bnd breakage in the reactin C2F4I2 -+ C2F4 + 2I. J. Chem. Phys. 92, 231 (1990)ADSGoogle Scholar
  268. [9.204]
    S. Pedersen, L. Banares, A.H. Zewail: Femtsecnd vibratinal transitin state dynamics in a chemical reactin. J. Chem. Phys. 97, 8801 (1992)ADSGoogle Scholar
  269. [9.205]
    M. Shapir, P. Brumer: Cherent and incherent laser cntrl f phtchemical reactins. Int. Rev. Phys. Chem. 13, 187 (1994)Google Scholar
  270. [9.206]
    C.J. Bardeen, V.V. Yaklev, K.R. Wilsn, S.D. Carpenter, P.M. Weber, W.S. Warren: Chem. Phys. Lett. 280, 151 (1997)ADSGoogle Scholar
  271. T.C. Weinacht, J. Ahn, P.H. Bucksbaum: Cntrlling the shape f a quantum wavefunctin. Nature 397, 233 (1999)ADSGoogle Scholar
  272. J. Ahn, T.C. Weinacht, P.H. Bucksbaum: Science 287, 463 (2000)ADSGoogle Scholar
  273. [9.207]
    S.E. Harris: Electrmagnetically induced transparancy. Physics Tday 50, N 7, 36 (1997)ADSGoogle Scholar
  274. Kcharvskaya: Amplificatin and lasing withut inversin. Phys. Rep. 219, 175 (1992)ADSGoogle Scholar
  275. G. Alzetta, A. Gzzini, L. Mi, G. rrils: Nuv Ciment B 36, 5 (1976)ADSGoogle Scholar
  276. [9.208]
    A. Kcharvskaya, Y.I. Khanin: Cherent amplificatin f ultrashrt pulse in the three-level medium withut ppulatin inversin. JETP Lett. 48, 630 (1988)ADSGoogle Scholar
  277. [9.209]
    S.E. Harris: Lasers withut inversin: Interference f lifetime-bradened resnances, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 1033 (1989)ADSGoogle Scholar
  278. [9.210]
    M.. Scully, S.-Y. Zhu, A. Gavridiles: Degenerate quantum-beat laser: Lasing withut inversin and inversin withut lasing. Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 2813 (1989)ADSGoogle Scholar
  279. [9.211]
    P. Mandel: Lasers withut inversin: A useful cncept? Cntemp. Phys. 34, 235 (1993)Google Scholar
  280. [9.212]
    Kcharvskaya: Frm lasers withut inversin t gamma lasers? Laser Physics 5, 284 (1995)Google Scholar
  281. Kcharvskaya, R. Klesv, Yu. Rstvtsev: Lasing withut inversin: a new path t gamma-ray laser. Laser Physics 9, 745 (1999)Google Scholar
  282. [9.213]
    J. Ga, C. Gu, X. Gu, G. Jin, P. Wang, J. Zha, H. Zhang, Y. Jiang, D. Wang, D. Jiang: bservatin f light amplificatin withut ppulatin inversin. pt. Cmmun. 93, 323 (1992)Google Scholar
  283. A. Nttelman, C. Peers, W. Lange: Inversinless amplificatin f picsecnd pulses due t Zeeman cherence. Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1783 (1993) E.S. Fry, X. Li, D. Niknv, G.G. Padmabandu, M.. Scully, A.V. Smith, F.K. Tittel, C. Wang, S.R. Wilkinsn, S.-Y. Zhu: Atmic cherence effect within the sdium D line: Lasing withut inversin via ppulatin trapping. Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 3235 (1993)ADSGoogle Scholar
  284. W.E. van der Veer, R.J.J. van Dienst, A. Dönszelmann, H.B. van Linden van den Heuvell: Experimental demnstratin f light amplificatin withut ppulatin inversin. Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 3243 (1993)ADSGoogle Scholar
  285. A.S. Zibrv, M.D. Lukin, D.E. Niknv, L. Hllberg, M.. Scully, V.L. Velichansky, H.G. Rbinsn: Experimental demnstratin f laser scillatin withut ppulatin inversin via quantum interference in Rb. Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 1499 (1995)ADSGoogle Scholar
  286. G.G. Padmabandu et al.: Laser scillatin withut ppulatin inversin in a sdium atmic beam. Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 2053 (1996)ADSGoogle Scholar
  287. J.A. Kleinfeld, A.D. Streater: Gain and cherence effects induced by strng cw-laser cupling in ptassium-rare-gas mixtures. Phys. Rev. A 53, 1839 (1996)ADSGoogle Scholar
  288. C. Frt, F.S. Catalitti, T.W. Hänsch, M. Ingusci, M. Prevedelli: Gain withut inversin n the cesium D1 line. pt. Cmmun. 139, 31 (1997)Google Scholar
  289. [9.214]
    A. Kaspari, M. Jain, G.Y. Jin, S.E. Harris: Electrmagnetically induced transparancy: Prpagatin dynamics. Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 2447 (1995). Schmidt, R. Wynands, Z. Hussein, D. Meschede: Steep dispersin and grup velcity belw c/3000 in cherent ppulatin trapping. Phys. Rev. A 53, R27 (1996)Google Scholar
  290. L. Vestergaard Hau, S.E. Harris, Z. Duttn, C.H. Behrzi: Light speed reductin t 17 metres per secnd in an ultracld atmic gas. Nature 397, 594 (1999)ADSGoogle Scholar
  291. M.M. Kash, V.A. Sautenkv, A.S. Zibrv, L. Hllberg, G.R. Welch, M.D. Lukin, Y. Rstvtsev, E.S. Fry, M.. Scully: Ultraslw grup velcity and enhanced nnlinear ptical effects in a cherently driven ht atmic gas. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 5229 (1999)ADSGoogle Scholar
  292. D. F. Phillips, A. Fleischhauer, A. Mair, R.L. Walswrth, M.D. Lukin: Strage f light in atmic vapr. Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 783 (2001)ADSGoogle Scholar
  293. C. Liu, Z. Duttn, C.H. Behrzi, L.V. Hau: bservatin f cherent ptical infrmatin strage in an atmic medium using halted light pulses. Nature 409, 490 (2001)ADSGoogle Scholar
  294. [9.215]
    S.E. Harris, L. Vestergaard Hau: Nnlinear ptics at lw light levels. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4611 (1999)ADSGoogle Scholar
  295. A.S. Zibrv, M.D. Lukin, M.. Scully: Nndegenerate parametric self-scillatin via multiwave mixing in cherent atmic media. Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 4049 (1999)ADSGoogle Scholar
  296. M.D. Lukin, A. Imamglu: Nnlinear ptics and quantum entanglement f ultraslw single phtns. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 1419 (2000)ADSGoogle Scholar
  297. [9.216]
    G. Mainfrey, P. Agstini (eds.): Multiphtn Prcesses (CEA, Paris 1991)Google Scholar
  298. [9.217]
    M. Gavrila (ed.): Atms in Intense Laser Fields (Academic Press, Bstn 1992)Google Scholar
  299. [9.218]
    B. Piraux, A. LHuillier, K. Rzazewski (eds.): Super-Intense Laser-Atm Physics, NAT ASI Ser. Vl. 316 (Plenum, New Yrk 1993)Google Scholar
  300. [9.219]
    N.B. Delne, V.P. Krainv: Multiphtn Prcesses in Atms, Vl. 13 (Springer Verlag, Heidelberg 1994)Google Scholar
  301. [9.220]
    S. Svanberg, J. Larssn, A. Perssn, C.-G. Wahlström: Lund high pwer laser facility - Systems and first results. Phys. Scr. 49, 187 (1994)ADSGoogle Scholar
  302. [9.221]
    H.G. Muller, M.V. Fedrv (eds.): Super-Intense Laser-Atm Physics IV (Kluwer, Drdrecht 1996)Google Scholar
  303. [9.222]
    P. Gibbn, E. Förster: Shrt-pulse laser-plasma interactins. Plasma Phys. Cntrl. Fusin 38, 769 (1996)Google Scholar
  304. [9.223]
    P. Lambrpuls, H. Walther (eds.): Multiphtn Prcesses 1996 (IP Publishing, Bristl 1997)Google Scholar
  305. L.F. DiMaur, R.R. Freeman, K. Kulander: Multiphtn, Prcesses: ICMP XIII (AIP, Melville, NY 2000)Google Scholar
  306. [9.224]
    P. Lambrpuls, H. Walther (eds.): Multiphtn, Physics, IP Cnf. Ser., Vl. 154 (IP Publishing, Bristl 1997)Google Scholar
  307. [9.225]
    S. Svanberg, A. LHuillier, C.-G. Wahlström: Atmic physics using shrtwavelength cherent radiatin. Nucl. Instrum. Methds A 398, 55 (1997)ADSGoogle Scholar
  308. [9.226]
    M. Prtpapas, C.H. Keitel, P.L. Knight: Atmic physics with super-high intensity lasers. Rep. Prg. Phys. 60, 389 (1997)ADSGoogle Scholar
  309. [9.227]
    N.H. March: Atms and Mlecules in Intense Fields (Springer Verlag, Heidelberg 1997)Google Scholar
  310. [9.228]
    L. Di Maur, M. Murnane, A. LHuillier (eds.): Applicatins f l. Highfield and Shrt Wavelength Surces (Plenum, New Yrk 1998)Google Scholar
  311. [9.229]
    E. Turcu, B. Dance: X-rays frm Laser Plasmas (Wiley, Chichester 1998)Google Scholar
  312. [9.230]
    D. Giulietti, L.A. Gizzi: X-ray emissin frm laser-prduced plasmas. Riv. Nuv Ciment 21, 1 (1998)Google Scholar
  313. [9.231]
    M. Lntan, G. Muru, F. Pegrar, E. Sindrni (eds.): Superstrng Fields in Plasmas, AIP Cnf. Prc. 426 (AIP, New Yrk 1998)Google Scholar
  314. [9.232]
    F.H.M. Faisal: Thery f Multiphtn Prcesses (Plenum, New Yrk 1987)Google Scholar
  315. [9.233]
    P. Mulser: High Pwer Laser-Matter Interactin (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1999)Google Scholar
  316. [9.234]
    P. Agstini, F. Fabre, G. Mainfray, G. Petite, N. Rahman: Free-free transitins fllwing six-phtn inizatin f xenn atms. Phys. Rev. Lett. 42, 1127 (1979)ADSGoogle Scholar
  317. [9.235]
    J.H. Eberly, J. Javanainen, K. Rzazewski: Abve-threshld inizatin. Phys. Rep. 204, 331 (1991)ADSGoogle Scholar
  318. [9.236]
    L.F. DiMaur, P. Agstini: Inizatin dynamics in strng laser fields. Adv. At. Ml. pt. Phys. 35, 79 (1995)Google Scholar
  319. [9.237]
    H.G. Muller, P. Agstini, G. Petite: Multiphtn Inizatin. In: 9. 217 p. 1Google Scholar
  320. [9.238]
    H.M. van Linden van den Heuvel, H.G. Muller: In: Multiphtn Prcesses, Studies in Mdern ptics, Vl.8, ed. by S.J. Smith, P.L. Knight (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1988)Google Scholar
  321. [9.239]
    P.B. Crkum, N.H. Burnett, F. Brunel: Abve-threshld inizatin in the lng-wavelength limit. Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 1259 (1989)ADSGoogle Scholar
  322. [9.240]
    K.C. Kulander: Time-dependent thery f multiphtn inizatin f xenn. Phys. Rev. A 38, 778 (1988)ADSGoogle Scholar
  323. [9.241]
    R.R. Freeman, P.H. Bucksbaum, H. Milchberg, S. Darack, D. Schumacher, M. Geusic: Abve-threshld inizatin with subpicsecnd laser pulses. Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 1092 (1987)ADSGoogle Scholar
  324. [9.242]
    L.J. Fransinski, K. Cdling, P.A. Hatherly: Science 246, 973 (1989)Google Scholar
  325. [9.243]
    R. Schinke Phtdissciatin Dynamics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1993)Google Scholar
  326. [9.244]
    K. Cdling, L.J. Frasinski: Culmb explsin f simple mlecules in intense laser fields. Cntemp. Phys. 35, 243 (1994)ADSGoogle Scholar
  327. [9.245]
    L.J. Fransinski, P.A. Hatherly, K. Cdling, M. Larssn, A. Perssn, C.-G. Wahlström: Multielectrn dissciative inizatin f C2 in intense laser fields. J. Phys. B 27, L109 (1994)ADSGoogle Scholar
  328. [9.246]
    S. Hunsche, T. Starczewski, A. LHuillier, A. Perssn, C.-G. Wahlström, B. van Linden van den Heuvell, S. Svanberg: Inizatin and fragmentatin f C60 via multiphtn-multiplasmn excitatin. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1966 (1996)ADSGoogle Scholar
  329. [9.247]
    A. McPhersn, G. Gibsn, H. Jara, U. Jhann, T.S. Luk, I.A. McIntyre, K. Byer, C.K. Rhdes: Studies f multi-phtn prductin f vacuum-ultravilet radiatin in rare gases. J. pt. Sc. Am. B 4, 595 (1987)ADSGoogle Scholar
  330. [9.248]
    M. Ferrey, A. LHuillier, X.F. Li, L.A. Lmpré, G. Mainfray, C. Manus: Multiple-harmnic cnversin f 1064 nm radiatin in rare gases. J. Phys. B 21, L31 (1988)ADSGoogle Scholar
  331. [9.249]
    J.L. Krause, K.J. Schaefer, K.C. Kulander: High-harmnic generatin frm atms and ins in the high intensity regime. Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 3535 (1992)ADSGoogle Scholar
  332. [9.250]
    A. LHuillier, T. Auguste, Ph. Balcu, B. Carré, P. Mnt, P. Salières, C. Altucci, M. Gaarde, J. Larssn, E. Mevel, T. Starczewski, S. Svanberg, C.-G. Wahlström, R. Zerne, K.S. Budil, T. Ditmire, M.D. Perry: High-rder harmnics: a cherent surce in the XUV range, J. Nnlinear pt. Phys. Mater. 4, 647 (1995)ADSGoogle Scholar
  333. [9.251]
    A. LHuillier: Generatin and applicatin f high-rder harmnics: An alternative cherent shrt-pulse XUV surce. In: X-Ray Lasers 1996, IP Cnference Series 151, ed. by. S. Svanberg, C.-G. Wahlström (IP Publishing, Bristl 1996)Google Scholar
  334. [9.252]
    C. Lyngâ: PhD Dissertatin (Lund Institute f Technlgy, Lund 1999)Google Scholar
  335. [9.253]
    C.-G. Wahlström, J. Larssn, A. Perssn, T. Starczewski, S. Svanberg, P. Salières, P. Balcu, A. LHuillier: High-rder harmnic generatin in rare gases with an intense shrt-pulse lw-frequency laser. Phys. Rev. A 48, 4709 (1993)ADSGoogle Scholar
  336. [9.254]
    J.J. Macklin, J.M. Kmetec, C.L. Grdn III: High-rder harmnic generatin using intense femtsecnd pulses. Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 766 (1993)ADSGoogle Scholar
  337. [9.255]
    A. LHuillier, Ph. Balcn: High-rder harmnic generatin in rare gases with a 1 ps 1053 nm laser. Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 774 (1993)ADSGoogle Scholar
  338. [9.256]
    S.G. Prestn, A. Sanpera, M. Zepf, W.J. Blyth, C.G. Smith, J.S. Wark, M.H. Key, K. Burnett, M. Nakai, D. Neely, A.A. ffenberger: High-rder harmnics f 248.6 nm KrF laser frm helium and nen ins. Phys. Rev. A 53, 31 (1996)ADSGoogle Scholar
  339. [9.257]
    Z. Chang, A. Rundquist, H. Wang, M.M. Murnane, H. Kapteyn: Generatin f cherent sft X-rays at 2.7 nm using high harmnics. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 2967 (1997)ADSGoogle Scholar
  340. [9.258]
    Ch. Spielmann, N.H. Burnett, S. Sartarnia, R. Kppnitsch, M. Schniirer, C. Kan, M. Lenzner, P. Wbrauschek, F. Krausz: Generatin f cherent X-rays in the water windw using 5 femtsecnd laser pulses. Science 278, 661 (1997)ADSGoogle Scholar
  341. [9.259]
    T. Starczewski, J. Larssn, C.-G. Wahlström, M.H.R. Hutchinsn, J.E. Muffett, R.A. Smith, J.W.G. Tisch: Time-reslved harmnic generatin in an inizing gas. J. Phys. B 27, 3291 (1994)ADSGoogle Scholar
  342. C. Altucci, T. Starczewski, C.-G. Wahlström, E. Mevel, B. Carré, A. LHuillier: Influence f atmic density in high-rder harmnic generatin. J. pt. Sc. Am. B 13, 148 (1996)ADSGoogle Scholar
  343. [9.260]
    J.M. Schins, P. Breger, P. Agstini, R.C. Cnstantinescu, H.G. Muller, A. Buhal, G. Grilln, A. Antnetti, A. Mysyrwicz: Crss-crrelatin measurements f femtsecnd extreme-ultravilet high-rder harmnics. J. pt. Sc. Am. B 13, 197 (1996)ADSGoogle Scholar
  344. [9.261]
    P. Salières, A. LHuillier, Ph. Antine, M. Lewenstein: Study f the spatial and tempral cherence f high-rder harmnics. In: Prgress in Atmic, Mlecular, and ptical Physics, Vl. 41, ed. by B. Bedersn, H. Walther (Academic Press, San Dieg 1999) p. 84Google Scholar
  345. [9.262]
    R. Bnifaci, C. Pellegrini, I.M. Narducci: Cllective instabilities and high gain regime in a free electrn laser. pt. Cmmun. 50, 373 (1984)Google Scholar
  346. B.H. Wiik: The TESLA prject: an acceleratr facility fr basic science. Nucl. Instrum. Methds Phys. Res. A 398, 1 (1997)ADSGoogle Scholar
  347. [9.263]
    C. Lyngâ, F. ssler, T. Metz, J. Larssn: A laser system prviding radia tin tunable frm 35 nm t 2 gm. Appl. Phys. B 72, 913 (2001)ADSGoogle Scholar
  348. [9.264]
    J. Larssn, E. Mevel, R. Zerne, A. LHuillier, C.-G. Wahlström, S. Svanberg: Tw-clur time-reslved spectrscpy f helium using high-rder harmnics. J. Phys. B 28, L53 (1995)ADSGoogle Scholar
  349. [9.265]
    C.V. Shank, J.E. Bjrkhlm, H. Kgelnik: Distributed feedback dye laser. Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 395 (1972)ADSGoogle Scholar
  350. F. Schäfer, W. Schade, B. Garbe, V. Helbig: Temperature-tuned distributed feedback dye laser with high repetitin rate. Appl. pt. 29, 3950 (1990)ADSGoogle Scholar
  351. G.J. Bengtssn, K. Hansen, J. Larssn, W. Schade, S. Svanberg: Determinatin f radiative lifetimes in neutral nitrgen using shrt laser pulses frm a distributed feedback dye laser. Z. Physik D 22, 397 (1991)ADSGoogle Scholar
  352. [9.266]
    P. Cacchiani, W. Ubachs, P.C. Hinnen, C. Lyngâ, A. LHuillier, C.-G. Wahl-ström: Lifetime measurements f the E H, y = 0 and y = 1 states f 12c160 13c160 and 13C180. Astrphys. J. 499, L223 (1998)ADSGoogle Scholar
  353. [9.267]
    P. Erman, A. Karawajcyk, E. Rachlew-Källne, E. Mevel, R. Zerne, A. LHuillier, C.-G. Wahlström: Autinizatin width f the N Rydberg-valence state cmplex in the 11-12 eV regin. Chem. Phys. Lett. 239, 6 (1995)Google Scholar
  354. [9.268]
    K.S.E. Eikema, W. Ubachs, W. Wassen, W. Hgervrst: First laser excitatin f the 4He 1 iS - 2 1P resnance line at 58 nm. Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 1690 (1993)ADSGoogle Scholar
  355. W. Hgervrst, K.S.E. Eikema, W. Ubachs, W. Wassen: In: Laser Spectrscpy, ed. by M. Ingusci, M. Allegrini, A. Sass (Wrld Scientific, Singapre, 1996) p. 92Google Scholar
  356. [9.269]
    R. Haight, J. Bkr, J. Stark, R.H. Strz, R.R. Freeman, P.H. Bucksbaum: Picsecnd time-reslved phtemissin study f the InP (110) surface. Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 1302 (1985)ADSGoogle Scholar
  357. R. Haight, D.R. Peale: Antibnding state n the Ge(111)As surface: spectrscpy and dynamics. Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 3979 (1993); Rev. Sci. Instrum. 65, 1853 (1994)Google Scholar
  358. R. Haight: Electrn dynamics at surfaces. Surf. Sci. Rep. 21, 275 (1995)ADSGoogle Scholar
  359. R. Haight, P.F. Seidler: High reslutin atmic cre level spectrscpy with laser harmnics. Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 517 (1994)ADSGoogle Scholar
  360. H.S. Karlssn, G. Ghiaia, U.. Karlssn: A system fr time-and angle-reslved pht-electrn spectrscpy based n an amplified titanium:sapphire laser system. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67, 3610 (1996)ADSGoogle Scholar
  361. S. Srensen,. Björnehlm, S. Buil, D. Deschamps, T. Kihlgren, A. LHuillier, J. Nrin, G. hrwall, S. Sundin, S. Svenssn, C.-G. Wahl-ström: Femtsecnd pump-prbe phtelectrn spectrscpy f predissciative Rydberg states in acetylene. J. Chem. Phys. 112, 8038 (2000)Google Scholar
  362. [9.270]
    R. Zerne, C. Altucci, M. Bellini, M.B. Gaarde, T.W. Hänsch, A. LHuillier, C.-G. Wahlström: Phase-lcked high-rder harmnic surces. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 1006 (1997)ADSGoogle Scholar
  363. M. Bellini, C. Lyngâ, A. Tzzi, M.B. Gaarde, T.W. Hänsch, A. LHuillier, C.-G. Wahlström: Tempral cherence f ultrashrt high-rder harmnic pulses. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 297 (1998)ADSGoogle Scholar
  364. D. Deschamps, C. Lyngâ, J. Nrin, A. LHuillier, C.-G. Wahlström, J.-F. Hergtt, H. Merdji, P. Salières, M. Bellini, T.W. Hänsch: Extreme ultravilet interfermetry measurements with high-rder harmnics. pt. Lett. 25, 135 (2000)Google Scholar
  365. [9.271]
    G. Farkas, C. Tth: Prpsal fr attsecnd light pulse generatin using laser-induced multiple-harmnic cnversin prcesses in rare gases. Phys. Lett. A 168, 447 (1992)ADSGoogle Scholar
  366. [9.272]
    S.E. Harris, J.J. Macklin, T.W. Hänsch: Atmic scale tempral structure inherent t high-rder harmnic generatin. pt. Cmmun. 100, 487 (1993)Google Scholar
  367. P.B. Crkum, N.H. Burnett, M.Y. Ivanv: Subfemtsecnd pulses. pt. Lett. 19, 1870 (1994)Google Scholar
  368. P. Antine, A. LHuillier, M. Lewenstein: Attsecnd pulse trains using high-rder harmnics. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1234 (1996)ADSGoogle Scholar
  369. I.P. Christv, N.H. Murnane, H.C. Kapteyn: High-harmnic generatin f attsecnd pulses in the “single-cycle”; regime. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1251 (1997)ADSGoogle Scholar
  370. E. Cnstant, V.D. Tatanukhin, A. Stlw, P.B. Crkum: Methds fr the measurement f the duratin f high-harmnic pulses. Phys. Rev. A 56, 3870 (1997)ADSGoogle Scholar
  371. N.A. Papadgiannis, B. Witzel, C. Kalpuzs, D. Charalambidis: bservatin f attsecnd light lcalizatin in higher rder harmnic generatin. Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 4289 (1999)ADSGoogle Scholar
  372. [9.273]
    D.L. Matthews, P.L. Hagelstein, M.D. Rsen, M.J. Eckart, N.M. Cegli, A.U. Hazi, H. Medecki, B.J. MacGwan, J.E. Trebes, B.L. Whitten, E.M. Campbell, C.W. Hatcher, A.M. Hawryluk, R.L. Kauffman, L.D. Pleasance, G. Rambach, J.H. Scfield, G. Stne, T.A. Weaver: Demnstratin f a sft X-ray amplifier. Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 110 (1985)ADSGoogle Scholar
  373. [9.274]
    R.C. Eltn: The Physics f X-Ray Lasers (Academic Press, New Yrk 1990)Google Scholar
  374. J.J. Rcca, P.L. Hagelstein (eds.): Sft X-ray Lasers and Applicatins, Prc. SPIE Int. Sc. pt. Eng. 2520 (SPIE, Bellingham 1995)Google Scholar
  375. J.J. Rcca, L.B. Da Silva (eds.): Sft X-Ray Lasers and Applicatins II, Prc. SPIE Int. Sc. pt. Eng. 3156 (SPIE, Bellingham 1997)Google Scholar
  376. [9.275]
    B.J. MacGwan, L.B. Da Silva, D.J. Fields, C.J. Keane, J.A. Kch, R.A. Lndn, D.L. Matthews, S. Maxn, S. Mrwka, A.L. sterheld, J.H. Scfield, G. Smimkaveg, J.E. Trebes, R.S. Walling: Phys. Fluids B 4, 2326 (1992)ADSGoogle Scholar
  377. [9.276]
    B. Rus, A. Clarilln, B. Gauthé, P. Gedtkindt, P. Jaeglé, G. Jamelt, A. Klisnick, A. Sureau, P. Zeitun: bservatin f intense sft-X-ray lasing at the J = 0 t J = 1 transitin in nenlike zinc. J. pt. Sc. Am. B 11, 564 (1994)Google Scholar
  378. F. Albert, Ph. Zeitun, P. Jaeglé, D. Jyeux, M. Bussukaya, A. Clarilln, S. Hubert, G. Jamelt, A. Klisnick, D. Phalippu, D. Rs, A. ZeitunFakiris: Metal-surface mapping by means f sft-x-ray interfermetry. Phys. Rev. B 60, 11 089 (1999)Google Scholar
  379. [9.277]
    Y. Nagata, K. Midrikawa, M. bara, H. Tashir, K. Tyda: Sft-X-ray amplificatin f the Lyman-z transitin by ptical-field-induced inizatin. Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 3774 (1993)ADSGoogle Scholar
  380. [9.278]
    B.N. Chichkv, A. Egbert, H. Eichmann, C. Mmma, S. Nlte, B. Wellegehausen: Sft-x-ray lasing t the grund states in lw-charged xygen ins. Phys. Rev. A 52, 1629 (1995)ADSGoogle Scholar
  381. [9.279]
    E. Fill, S. Brgström, J. Larssn, T. Starczewski, C.-G. Wahlström, S. Svanberg: XUV spectra f ptical-field inized plasmas. Phys. Rev. E 51, 6016 (1995)ADSGoogle Scholar
  382. S. Brgström, E. Fill, T. Starczewski, J. Steingruber, S. Svanberg, C.-G. Wahlström: Time-reslved X-ray spectrscpy f ptical-fieldinized plasmas. Laser Part. Beams 13, 459 (1995)Google Scholar
  383. [9.280]
    B.E. Lernff, G.Y. Yin, C.L. Grdn III, C.P.J. Barty, S.E. Harris: Demnstratin f a 10 Hz femtsecnd-pulse-driven XUV laser at 41.8 nm in Xe IX. Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 1574 (1995)ADSGoogle Scholar
  384. [9.281]
    J.J. Rcha, V.N. Shlyapstev, F.G. Tmasel,.D. Crtazar, D. Hartshrn, J.L.A. Chilla: Demnstratin f a discharge-pumped table-tp sft-X-ray laser. Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 2192 (1994)ADSGoogle Scholar
  385. [9.282]
    G. Tallents (ed.): X-Ray Lasers, IP Cnf. Ser. Vl. 116 (Institute f Physics Publ., Bristl 1990)Google Scholar
  386. [9.283]
    E.E. Fill (ed.): X-Ray Lasers 1992, IP Cnf. Ser. Vl. 125 (Institute f Physics Publ., Bristl 1992)Google Scholar
  387. [9.284]
    D.C. Eder, D.L. Matthews (eds.): X-Ray Lasers 1994, AIP Cnf. Prc. Vl. 332 (AIP Press, New Yrk 1994)Google Scholar
  388. [9.285]
    S. Svanberg, C.-G. Wahlström (eds.): X-Ray Lasers 1996, IP Cnf. Ser. Vl. 151 (Institute f Physics Publ., Bristl 1996)Google Scholar
  389. [9.286]
    Y. Kat, H. Takuma, H. Daid (eds.): X-Ray Lasers 1998, IP Cnf, Ser. Vl. 159 (Institute f Physics Publ., Bristl 1999)Google Scholar
  390. [9.287]
    J.D. Kinetec, C.L. Grdn III, J.J. Macklin, B.E. Lemff, G.S. Brwn, S.E. Harris: MeV X-ray generatin with a femtsecnd laser. Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 1527 (1992)ADSGoogle Scholar
  391. [9.288]
    K. Herrlin, G. Svahn, C. lssn, H. Petterssn, C. Tillman, A. Perssn, C.-G. Wahlström, S. Svanberg: Generatin f X-rays fr medical imaging by high-pwer lasers: Preliminary results. Radilgy 189, 65 (1993)Google Scholar
  392. [9.289]
    C. Tillman, S Jhanssn, B. Erlandssn, M. Grätz, B. Hemdal, A. Almén, S. Mattsn, S. Svanberg: High-reslutin spectrscpy f laser-prduced plasmas in the phtn energy range abve 10 keV. Nucl. Instrum. Methds A 394, 387 (1997)ADSGoogle Scholar
  393. [9.290]
    G. Hölzer, E. Förster, M. Grätz, C. Tillman, S. Svanberg: X-ray crystal spectrscpy f sub-picsecnd laser-prduced plasmas beynd 50 keV. J. X-Ray Sci. Technl. 7, 50 (1997)Google Scholar
  394. [9.291]
    C. Tillman, A. Perssn, C.-G. Wahlström, S. Svanberg, K. Herrlin: Imaging using hard X-rays frm a laser-prduced plasma. Appl. Phys. B 61, 333 (1995)ADSGoogle Scholar
  395. [9.292]
    R. Lewis: Medical applicatins f synchrtrn radiatin X-rays. Phys. Med. Bil. 42, 1213 (1997)Google Scholar
  396. F.A. Dilmanian, X.Y. Wu, E.C. Parsns, B. Ren, J. Kress, T.M. Buttn, L.D. Chapman, J.A. Cderre, P. Girn, D. Greenberg, D.J. Krus, Z. Liang, D. Marcvici, M.J. Petersen, C.T. Rque, M. Shleifer, D.N. Slat-kin, W.C. Tmlinsn, K. Yamamt, J. Zhu: Single-and dual-energy CT with mnchrmatic synchrtrn X-rays. Phys. Med. Bil. 42, 371 (1997)Google Scholar
  397. [9.293]
    C. Tillman, I. Mercer, S. Svanberg, K. Herrlin: Elemental bilgical imaging by differential absrptin using a laser-prduced X-ray surce. J. pt. Sc. Am. B 13, 209 (1996)ADSGoogle Scholar
  398. [9.294]
    C.L. Grdn III, G.Y. Yin, B.E. Lemff, P.E. Bell, C.P.J. Barty: Time-gated imaging with an ultrashrt-pulse laser-prduced-plasma X-ray surce. pt. Lett. 20, 1056 (1995)Google Scholar
  399. [9.295]
    M. Grätz, A. Pifferi, C.-G. Wahlström, S. Svanberg: Time-gated imaging in radilgy: Theretical and experimental studies. IEEE J. Sel. Tpics Quantum Electrn. 2, 1041 (1996)Google Scholar
  400. [9.296]
    NI. Grätz, L. Kiernan, C.-G. Wahlström, S. Svanberg: Time-gated X-ray tmgraphy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 2899 (1998)ADSGoogle Scholar
  401. M. Grätz, L. Kiernan, K. Herrlin: Time-gated imaging in planar and tmgraphic X-ray imaging. Med. Phys. 26, 438 (1999)Google Scholar
  402. [9.297]
    C. Tillman, G. Grafström, A.-Ch. Jnssn, B.-A. Jönssn, I. Mercer, S. Mattsn, S.-E. Strandh, S. Svanberg: Survival f mammalian cells expsed t ultrahigh dse rates frm a laser-prduced plasma X-ray surce. Radilgy 213, 860 (1999)Google Scholar
  403. [9.298]
    P.M. Renzepis, J.R. Helliwell (eds.): Time-Reslved Diffractin (Xfrd University Press, xfrd 1997)Google Scholar
  404. J. Wark: Time-reslved X-ray diffractin. Cntemp. Phys. 37, 205 (1996)ADSGoogle Scholar
  405. [9.299]
    C. Rischel, A. Russe, I. Uschmann, 0.-A. Albuy, J.-P. Geindre, P. Audebert, J.C. Gauthier, E. Förster, J.-L. Martin, A. Antnetti: Femtsecnd time-reslved X-ray diffractin frm laser-heated rganic films Nature 370, 480 (1997)Google Scholar
  406. R. Jimenez, C. Rse-Petruck, T. Gu, K.R. Wilsn, C.P.J. Barty: Time-reslved X-ray diffractin f GaAs with a 30 fs laser driven plasma surce. In: Ultrafast Phenmena XI, ed. by W. Zinth, J.G. Fujimt, T. Elsaesser, D. Wiersma (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1998)Google Scholar
  407. [9.300]
    L. Larssn, Z. Chang, E. Judd, P.J. Schuck, P.H. Bucksbaum, R.W. Lee, H.A. Padmre, R.W. Falcne: Ultrafast structural changes measured by time-reslved X-ray diffractin. Appl. Phys. A 66, 587 (1998)ADSGoogle Scholar
  408. M. Wulff, F. Schtte, G. Naylr, D. Burgeis, K. Mffat, G. Muru: Time-reslved structures f macrmlecules at the ESRF: Single-pulse Laue diffractin, strbscpic data cllectin and femtsecnd flash.phtlysis. Nucl. Instrum. Methds Phys. Res. A 398, 69 (1997)ADSGoogle Scholar
  409. [9.301]
    D. Umstadter, T.B. Nrris (eds.): Feature Issue n ptics f Relativistic Electrns. IEEE J. Quantum Electrn. 33, 1877 (1997)Google Scholar
  410. D. Umstadter, S.-Y. Chen, R. Wagner, A. Maksimchuk, G. Sarkisv: Nnlinear ptics in relativistic plasmas. pt. Express 2, 282 (1998)ADSGoogle Scholar
  411. [9.302]
    J. Fan, T.R. Clark, H.M. Milchberg: Generatin f a plasma waveguide in an elngated, high repetitin rate gas jet. Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 3064 (1998)ADSGoogle Scholar
  412. [9.303]
    E. Esarey, P. Sprangle, J. Krall, A. Ting: verview f plasma-based acceleratr cncepts. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. PS-24, 252 (1996)Google Scholar
  413. R. Wagner, S.-Y. Chen, A. Maksimchuk, D. Umstadter: Electrn acceleratin by a laser wakefield in a relativistically self-guided channel. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3125 (1997)ADSGoogle Scholar
  414. A. Maksimchuk, S. Gu, K. Filipp, G. Muru, D. Umstadter: bservatin f high-energy prtn beam in interactin f high-intensity subpicsecnd laser pulse with thin fil. APS Div. f Plasma Physics Meeting, Seattle 1999 (AIP News Update 457, Nv. 15 1999)Google Scholar
  415. [9.304]
    S. Matinyan: Lasers as a bridge between atmic and nuclear physics. Phys. Rep. 298, 199 (1998)ADSGoogle Scholar
  416. G. Pretzler, A. Saemann, A. Pukv, D. Rudlph, T. Schätz, U. Schramm, P. Thirlf, D. Habs, K. Eidmann, G.D. Tsakiris, J. Meyer-ter-Vehn, K.J. Witte: Neutrn prductin by 200 mJ ultrashrt laser pulses. Phys. Rev. E 58, 2 (1998)Google Scholar
  417. K. Ledingham, P.A. Nrreys: Nuclear physics merely using a light surce. Cntemp. Phys. 40, 367 (1999)ADSGoogle Scholar
  418. G. Gahn, G.D. Tsakiris, G. Pretzler, K.J. Witte, C. Delfin, C.-G. Wahl-ström, D. Habs: Generating psitrns with femtsecnd-laser pulses. Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 2662 (2000)ADSGoogle Scholar
  419. A. Andreev et al.: Excitatin and decay f lw-lying nuclear states in a dense plasma prduced by a subpicsecnd laser pulse. J. Exp. Ther. Phys. 91, 1163 (2000)ADSGoogle Scholar
  420. [9.305]
    P.A. Nrreys et al.: Phys. Plasmas 6, 2150 (1999)ADSGoogle Scholar
  421. M. Chwn: A cheap prtn surce culd transfrm raditherapy. New Scientist, Dec. 4, 1999Google Scholar
  422. [9.306]
    G.C. Baldwin, J.C. Slem: Rev. Md. Phys. 69 1085 (1997)ADSGoogle Scholar
  423. V.S. Letkhv: in Frntiers in Laser Spectrscpy, Prceedings f the LesGoogle Scholar
  424. Huches Summer Schls, Vl. 2, ed. by R. Ballian, S. Harche, S. Liberman (Nrth-Hlland, Amsterdam 1977)Google Scholar
  425. C.B. Cllins, F. Davanl, M.C. Ysif, R. Dussart, J.M. Hicks, S.A. Karamian, C.A. Ur, I.I. Ppescu, V.I. Kirischuk, J.J. Carrll, H.E. Rberts, P. McDaniel, C.E. Crist: Accelerated emissin f gamma rays frm the 31 yr ismer 178-Hf induced by X-ray irradiatin. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 695 (1999)ADSGoogle Scholar
  426. Kcharvskaya, R. Klesv, Yu. Rstvtsev: Lasing withut inversin: a new path t gamma-ray laser. Laser Physics 9, 745 (1999)Google Scholar
  427. [9.307]
    W.J. Hgan (ed.): Energy frm Inertial Fusin (IAEA, Vienna 1995) 9.308 M. Tabak, J. Hammer, M.E. Glinsky, W.L. Kruer, S.C. Wilks, J. Wdswrth, E.M. Campbell, M.D. Perry: Ignitin and high gain with ultrapwerful lasers. Phys. Plasmas 1, 1626 (1994)Google Scholar
  428. M.D. Perry, D. Penningtn, B.C. Stuart, G. Tietbhl, J.A. Britten, C. Brwn, S. Herman, B. Glick, M. Kartz, J. Miller, H.T. Pwell, M. Vergin, V. Yanvsky: Petawatt laser pulses. pt. Lett. 24, 160 (1999)Google Scholar
  429. [9.309]
    K. Fredrikssn, H. Lundberg, S. Svanberg: Fine-and hyperfine structure investigatin in the 5D - nF series f cesium. Phys. Rev. A 21, 241 (1980)ADSGoogle Scholar
  430. [9.310]
    K. Fredrikssn, L. Nilssn, S. Svanberg: Stark interactin fr alkali atms (unpublished reprt, 1980)Google Scholar
  431. [9.311]
    M.A. Zaki Ewiss, W. Hgervrst, W. Vassen, B.H. Pst: The Stark effect in the 6snf Rydberg series f barium. Z. Phys. A 322, 211 (1985)ADSGoogle Scholar
  432. [9.312]
    R. Frisch: Experimenteller Nachweis des Einsteinschen Strahlungsruckstsses. Z. Physik 86, 42 (1933)ADSGoogle Scholar
  433. [9.313]
    J.-L. Piqué, J.-L. Vialle: Atmic-beam deflectin and bradening by recils due t phtn absrptin r emissin. pt. Cmmun. 5, 402 (1972)Google Scholar
  434. R. Schieder, H. Walther, L. Wöste: Atmic beam deflectin by the light f a tunable dye laser. pt. Cmmun. 5, 337 (1972)Google Scholar
  435. [9.314]
    A.P. Kazantzev: Acceleratin f atms by a resnant field. Sv. Phys. JETP 36, 1628 (1973)Google Scholar
  436. [9.315]
    F. Tuchard, J.M. Serre, S. Büttgenbach, P. Guimbal, R. Klapisch, M. de Saint Simn, C. Thibault, H.T. Dung, P. Juncar, S. Liberman, J. Pinard, J.-L. Vialle: Electric quadruple mments and istpic shifts f radiactive sdium istpes. Phys. Rev. C 25, 2756 (1982)ADSGoogle Scholar
  437. [9.316]
    S. Liberman: High reslutin laser spectrscpy f radiactive atms. In: 9. 30 p. 162Google Scholar
  438. [9.317]
    H.T. Dung, P. Juncar, S. Liberman et al.: First bservatin f the blue ptical lines f francium. Eurphys. Lett. 3, 175 (1987)ADSGoogle Scholar
  439. S.V. Andreev, V.S. Letkhv, V.I. Mishin: Laser resnance phtinizatin spectrscpy f Rydberg levels in Fr. Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 1274 (1987)ADSGoogle Scholar
  440. [9.318]
    W. Ertmer, B. Hfer: Zer-field hyperfine structure measurements f metastable states 3d24s 4F3/2,9/2 f 45Sc using laser flurescence atmicbeam-magnetic-resnance technique. Z. Phys. A 276, 9 (1976)ADSGoogle Scholar
  441. S.D. Rsner, R.A. Hlt, T.D. Gaily: Measurement f the zer-field hyperfine structure f a single vibratin-rtatin level f Nat by a laser-flurescence mlecular-beam-resnance technique. Phys. Rev. Lett. 35, 785 (1975)Google Scholar
  442. [9.319]
    P. Grundevik, M. Gustayssn, I. Lindgren, G. lssn, L. Rbertssn, A. Rsén, S. Svanberg: Precisin methd fr hyperfine structure studies in lw-abundance istpes: The quadruple mment f 43Ca. Phys. Rev. Lett. 42, 1528 (1979)ADSGoogle Scholar
  443. [9.320]
    W.H. Wing, G.A. Ruff, W.E. Lamb, J. J. Spezeski: bservatin f the infrared spectrum f the hydrgen mlecular in HD. Phys. Rev. Lett. 36, 1488 (1976)ADSGoogle Scholar
  444. [9.321]
    S.L. Kaufmann: High reslutin laser spectrscpy in fast beams. pt. Cmmun. 17, 309 (1976)Google Scholar
  445. [9.322]
    E.W. tten: Hyperfine and istpe shift measurements. In: Atmic Physics 5, ed. by R. Manus, M. Prir, H. Shugart (Plenum, New Yrk 1977)Google Scholar
  446. [9.323]
    P. Jaquint, R. Klapisch: Hyperfine spectrscpy f radiactive atms. Rep. Prg. Phys. 42, 773 (1979)ADSGoogle Scholar
  447. [9.324]
    R. Neugart, S.L. Kaufman, W. Klempt, G. Mruzzi: High reslutin spectrscpy in fast beams. In: 9. 25 p. 446Google Scholar
  448. R. Neugart: Cllinear fast-beam laser spectrscpy. In: Prgress in Atmic Spectrscpy, Pt. D, ed. by H.K. Beyer, H. Kleinpppen (Plenum, New Yrk 1987) p. 75Google Scholar
  449. [9.325]
    H.J. Kluge: ptical spectrscpy f shrtlived istpes. In: Prgress in Atmic Spectrscpy, Pt. B, ed. by W. Hanle, H. Kleinpppen (Plenum, New Yrk 1979) p. 727Google Scholar
  450. H.J. Kluge: Hyperfine Interact. 24 - 26, 69 (1985)Google Scholar
  451. [9.326]
    H. H Strke: Istpic shifts. In: Atmic Physics 8, ed. by I. Lindgren, A. Rsen, S. Svanberg (Plenum, New Yrk 1983) p. 509Google Scholar
  452. [9.327]
    S. Svanberg: Laser spectrscpy applied t the study f hyperfine interactins. Hyperfine Interact. 15 /16, 111 (1983)ADSGoogle Scholar
  453. [9.328]
    H.T. Schmidt, P. Frck, M. Grieser, D. Habs, J. Kenntner, G. Miersch.Google Scholar
  454. R. Repnw, U. Schramm, T. Schussler, D. Schwam, A. Wlf: Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 1616 (1994)ADSGoogle Scholar
  455. S. Mannervik, L. Brström, J. Lidberg, L.. Nrlin, P. Ryen: Strng hyperfine induced quenching f a metastable state in Xe+ bserved by hyperfine selective laser prbing f a stred in beam. Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 3675 (1996)ADSGoogle Scholar
  456. J. Lidberg, A. Al-Khalidi, L.-. Nrlin, P. Ryen, X. Trdir, S. Man nervik: Lifetime f the metastable 3d 2D3/2 and 3d 2D5/2 levels in Ca+ measured by laser prbing f a stred in beam. J. Phys. B 32, 757 (1999)ADSGoogle Scholar
  457. [9.329]
    M. Larssn: Atmic and mlecular physics with in strage rings. Rep. Prg. Phys. 58, 1267 (1995)ADSGoogle Scholar
  458. U. Kühl: Strage ring laser spectrscpy. In: Prgress in Atmic, Mlecular, and ptical Physics, Vl. 40, ed. by B. Bedersn, H. Walther (Academic Press, San Dieg 1999) p. 114Google Scholar
  459. P.H. Mkler, Th. Stöhlker: The physics f highly charged heavy ins revealed by strage/cler rings. In: Prgress in Atmic, Mlecular, and ptical Physics, Vl. 37, ed. by B. Bedersn, H. Walther (Academic Press, San Dieg 1996) p. 297Google Scholar
  460. [9.330]
    M. Larssn, H. Danared, J.R. Mwat, P. Sigray, G. Sundström, L. Brström, A. Filevich, A. Källberg, S. Mannervik, K.G. Rensfelt, S. Datz: Direct high-energy neutral-channel dissciative recmbinatin f cld H.3 in an in strage ring. Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 430 (1993)ADSGoogle Scholar
  461. S. Datz, G. Sundström, Ch. Biedermann, L. Brström, H. Danared, S. Mannervik, J.R. Mwat, M. Larssn: Branching prcesses in the dissciative recmbinatin f H3. Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 896 (1995)ADSGoogle Scholar
  462. [9.331]
    G. Budker: In: Prc. Int. Symp. n Electrn and Psitrn Strage Rings, ed. by H. Zyngier, E. Cremieux-Alcan (Presses Universitaire, Saclay 1966)Google Scholar
  463. G. Budker et al.: in Prc. IV All-Unin Meeting n Acceleratrs f Charged Particles, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. VS-22, 2093 (1975)Google Scholar
  464. H.Danared, G. Andler, L. Bagge, C.J. Herrlander, J. Hilke, J. JeanssnGoogle Scholar
  465. A. Källberg, A. Nilssn, A. Paâl, K.-G. Rensfelt, U. Rsengärd, J. Starker, M. f Ugglas: Electrn cling with an ultracld electrn beam. Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 3775 (1994)ADSGoogle Scholar
  466. S. Schröder, R. Klein, N. Rs, M. Gerhard, R. Grieser, G. Huber, A. Karafillides, M. Krieg, N. Schmidt, T. Kuhl, R. Neumann, V. Balykin et al.: First laser cling f relativistic ins in a strage ring. Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2901 (1990)ADSGoogle Scholar
  467. J.S. Hangst, M. Kristensen, J.S. Nielsen,. Pulsen, J.P. Schiffer, P. Shi: Laser cling f a stred in beam t 1 mK. Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 1238 (1991)Google Scholar
  468. [9.332]
    D.M. Maletic, A.G. Ruggier (eds.): Crystalline Beams and Related Issues (Wrld Scientific, Singapre 1996)Google Scholar
  469. [9.333]
    L.H. Andersen, T. Andersen, P. Hvelplund: Studies f negative ins in strage rings. Adv. At. Ml. pt. Phys. 38, 155 (1998)Google Scholar
  470. D. Hanstrp: An in beam apparatus fr cllinear phtdetachment experiments. Nucl. Instrum. Methds B 100, 165 (1995)ADSGoogle Scholar
  471. D. Hanstrp. G. Haefller, A.E. Klinkmüller, U. Ljungblad, U. Berzinsh, I.Yu. Kiyan, D.J. Pegg: Tw-electrn dynamics in phtdetachment. In: Mdern Trends in Atmic Physics, Adv. Quantum Chem. 30, 311 (1998)Google Scholar
  472. [9.334]
    D. Hanstrp, P. Devynck, W.G. Graham, J.R. Petersn: bservatin f metastable autdetaching Ca—. Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 368 (1989)ADSGoogle Scholar
  473. [9.335]
    V.V. Petrunin, J.D. Vldstad, P. Balling, P. Kristensen, T. Andersen, H.K. Haugen: Resnant inizatin spectrscpy f Ba— metastable and stable ins. Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 1911 (1995)ADSGoogle Scholar
  474. [9.336]
    P.H. Lee, M.L. Sklnick: Saturated nen absrptin inside a 6328 A laser. Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 303 (1967)ADSGoogle Scholar
  475. [9.337]
    W.E. Lamb Jr.: Thery f the ptical laser. Phys. Rev. A 134, 1429 (1964)ADSGoogle Scholar
  476. [9.338]
    W.R. Rwley, B.W. Jlliffe, K.C. Schttn, A.J. Wallard, P.T. Wds: Laser wavelength measurements and the speed f light. pt. Quantum Electrn. 8, 1 (1976)ADSGoogle Scholar
  477. J.L. Hall: Stabilized lasers and precisin measurements. Science 202, 147 (1978)ADSGoogle Scholar
  478. [9.339]
    K.M. Evensn, D.A. Jennings, F.R. Petersn, J.S. Wells: Laser frequency measurements: A review, limitatins, extensin t 197 THz (1.5 mm). In: 9. 25 p. 57Google Scholar
  479. D.A. Jennings, F.R. Petersen K.M. Evensn: Direct frequency measurement f the 260 THz (1.15 µ) Ne laser: And beynd. In: 9. 26 p. 31Google Scholar
  480. [9.340]
    D.A. Jennings, C.R. Pllck, F.R. Petersen, R.E. Drullinger, K.M. Even-sn, J.S. Wells: Direct frequency measurement f the I2 stabilized He-Ne 473 THz (633 nm) laser. pt. Lett. 8. 136 (1983)Google Scholar
  481. [9.341]
    R.G. Deve, R.G. Brewer: Laser frequency divisin and frequency stabilizatin. Phys. Rev. A 30, 2827 (1984)ADSGoogle Scholar
  482. R.G. Deve, C. Fabre, K. Jungmann, J. Hffnagle, R.G. Brewer: Precisin ptical-frequency difference measurements. Phys. Rev. A 37, 1802 (1988)ADSGoogle Scholar
  483. [9.342]
    T. Wilkie: Time t remeasure the metre. New Scientist (ct. 27, 1983)Google Scholar
  484. [9.343]
    Dcuments cncerning the new definitin f the metre. Metrlgia 19, 163 (1984)Google Scholar
  485. [9.344]
    M.D. Levensn, A.L. Schawlw: Hyperfine interactins in mlecular idine. Phys. Rev. A 6, 10 (1972)ADSGoogle Scholar
  486. [9.345]
    T.W. Hänsch, I.S. Shahin, A.L. Schawlw: High reslutin saturatin spectrscpy f the sdium D line with a pulsed tunable dye laser. Phys. Rev. Lett. 27, 707 (1971)ADSGoogle Scholar
  487. [9.346]
    C. Brdé: Spectrscpie dabsrptin saturée de diverses mlécules au myen des lasers â gas carbnique et a prxyde dazte. C. R. Acad. Sci. B 271, 371 (1970)Google Scholar
  488. [9.347]
    S. Svanberg, G.-Y. Yan, T.P. Duffey, A.L. Schawlw: High-cntrast Dppler-free transmissin spectrscpy. pt. Lett. 11, 138 (1986)Google Scholar
  489. S. Svanberg, G.-Y. Yan, T.P. Duffey, W.-M. Du, T.W. Hänsch, A.L. Schawlw: Saturatin spectrscpy fr ptically thick atmic samples. J. pt. Sc. Am. B 4, 462 (1987)ADSGoogle Scholar
  490. [9.348]
    C. Wieman, T.W. Hänsch: Dppler-free laser plarizatin spectrscpy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 36, 1170 (1976)ADSGoogle Scholar
  491. [9.349]
    T.W. Hänsch, I.S. Shahin, A.L. Schawlw: ptical reslutin f the Lamb shift in atmic hydrgen. Nature 235, 56 (1972)Google Scholar
  492. T.W. Hänsch, M.H. Nayfeh, S.A. Lee, S.M. Curry, I.S. Shahin: Precisin measurement f the Rydberg cnstant by laser saturatin spectrscpy f the Balmer-ce line in hydrgen and deuterium. Phys. Rev. Lett. 32, 1336 (1974)ADSGoogle Scholar
  493. [9.350]
    J.E.M. Gldsmith, E.W. Weber, T.W. Hänsch: New measurement f the Rydberg cnstant using plarizatin spectrscpy f H. Phys. Rev. Lett. 41, 1525 (1978)ADSGoogle Scholar
  494. [9.351]
    K. Pachucki, D. Leibfried, M. Weitz, A. Huber, W. König, T.W. Hänsch: Thery f the energy levels and precise tw-phtn spectrscpy f atmic hydrgen and deuterium. J. Phys. B 29, 177 (1996)ADSGoogle Scholar
  495. [9.352]
    P. Zha, W. Lichten, J.C. Bergquist, H.P. Layer: Remeasurement f the Rydberg cnstant. Phys. Rev. A 34, 5138 (1986)ADSGoogle Scholar
  496. [9.353]
    P. Zha, W. Lichten, H. Layer, J. Bergquist: New value fr the Rydberg cnstant frm the hydrgen Balmer-i3 transitin. Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 1293 (1987)ADSGoogle Scholar
  497. [9.354]
    F. Biraben, J.C. Garreau, L. Julien: Determinatin f the Rydberg cnstant by Dppler-free tw-phtn spectrscpy f hydrgen Rydberg states. Eurphys. Lett. 2, 925 (1986); and in 9. 30 p. 8Google Scholar
  498. [9.355]
    T.W. Hänsch, A.L. Schawlw, G.W. Series: The spectrum f atmic hydrgen. Sci. Am. 240 (3) 72 (1979)ADSGoogle Scholar
  499. G.W. Series (ed.): The Spectrum f Atmic Hydrgen: Advances (Wrld, Scientific, Singapre 1988)Google Scholar
  500. G.F. Bassani, M. Ingusci, T.W. Hänsch (eds.): The Hydrgen Atm (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1989)Google Scholar
  501. B. Cagnac, M D Plimmer. L. Julien, F. Biraben: The hydrgen atm, a tl fr metrlgy. Rep. Prg. Phys. 57, 853 (1995)ADSGoogle Scholar
  502. B. Cagnac: Tw-phtn methd fr metrlgy in hydrgen. In: Atmic Physics Methds in Mdern Research, ed. by K. Jungmann, J. Kwalski, I. Reinhard, F. Träger (Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin 1997)Google Scholar
  503. [9.356]
    A.I. Fergusn, J.M. Tlchard: Laser spectrscpy f atmic hydrgen. Cntemp. Phys. 28, 383 (1987)ADSGoogle Scholar
  504. [9.357]
    H.R. Schlssberg, A. Javan: Saturatin behaviur f a Dppler-bradened transitin invlving levels with clsely spaced structure. Phys. Rev. 150, 267 (1966)ADSGoogle Scholar
  505. [9.358]
    T.W. Hänsch, P. Tschek: Thery f a three-level gas laser amplifier. Z. Physik 236, 213 (1970)ADSGoogle Scholar
  506. [9.359]
    M.A. Buchiat, L. Pttier: An atmic preference between left and right. Sci. Am. 250 (6), 76 (1984)Google Scholar
  507. M.-A. Buchiat, L. Pttier: ptical experiments and weak interactins. Nature 234, 1203 (1986)Google Scholar
  508. M. A. Buchiat, C. Buchiat: Parity vilatin in atms. Rep. Prg. Phys. 60, 1352 (1997)ADSGoogle Scholar
  509. [9.360]
    E.D. Cmmins Parity vilatin in atms. In: 9. 30 p. 43Google Scholar
  510. [9.361]
    T.P. Emmns, E.N. Frtsn: Parity cnservatin in atms. In: Prgress in Atmic Spectrscpy, Pt. D, ed. by H.K. Beyer, H. Kleinpppen (Plenum, New Yrk 1987) p. 237Google Scholar
  511. D.N. Stacey: Parity nn-cnservatin in atms. In: Atmic Physics 13, ed. by H. Walther, T.W. Hänsch, B. Neizert (AIP Publishing, New Yrk 1993) p. 46Google Scholar
  512. [9.362]
    P.A. Vetter, D.M. Meekhf, P.K. Majumder, S.K. Lamreaus, E.N. Frtsn: Precise test f electrweak thery frm a new measurement f parity nncnservatin in atmic thallium. Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 2658 (1995)ADSGoogle Scholar
  513. [9.363]
    M.J.D. MacPhersn, K.P. Zetie, R.B. Warringtn, D.N. Stacey, J.P. Hare: Precise measurement f parity nncnserving ptical rtatin at 876 nm in atmic bismuth. Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 2784 (1991)ADSGoogle Scholar
  514. [9.364]
    M.C. Necker, B.P. Mastersn, C.E. Wieman: Precisin measurement f parity nncnservatin in atmic cesium: A lw-energy test f the electrweak thery. Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 310 (1988)ADSGoogle Scholar
  515. C.S. Wd, S.C. Bennett, D. Ch, B.P. Mastersn, J. L Rberts, C.E. Tanner, C.E. Wieman: Measuerement f parity nncnservatin and an ana-ple mment in cesium. Science 275, 1759 (1997)Google Scholar
  516. S.C. Bennett, C.E. Wieman: Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 2484 (1999); ibid. 83, 889 (1999)ADSGoogle Scholar
  517. [9.365]
    S.A. Blundell, W.R. Jhnsn, J. Sapirstein: High-accuracy calculatin f the 6 5112-7 Si/2 parity-nncnserving transitin in atmic cesium and implicatins fr the standard mdel. Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 1411 (1990); Phys. Rev. A 43, 3407 (1991)Google Scholar
  518. A.C. Hartley, E. Lindrth, A. Mârtenssn-Pendrill: Parity nncnservatin and electric diple mments in caesium and thallium. J. Phys. B 23, 3417 (1990)ADSGoogle Scholar
  519. [9.366]
    Ya.B. Zel Dvich: Electrmagnetic interactin with parity vilatin. Sv. Phys. JETP 6, 1184 (1968)Google Scholar
  520. V.F. Dimitriev, I.B. Kriplvich, V.B. Telitsin: Nuclear anaple mments in single-particle apprximatin. Nucl. Phys. A 577, 691 (1994)ADSGoogle Scholar
  521. C. Buchiat, C.A. Piketty: Nuclear spin dependent parity vilating electrn-nucleus interactin in heavy atms. The anaple mment and the perturbatin f the hadrnic vectr neutral current by the hyperfine interactin. Phys. Lett. B 269, 195 (1991)ADSGoogle Scholar
  522. [9.367]
    V.W. Hughes: High precisin atmic spectrscpy f munium and simple munic atms. In: Atmic Physics Methds in Mdern Research, ed. by K. Jungmann, J. Kwalski, I. Reinhard, F. Träger (Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin 1997)Google Scholar
  523. V.W. Hughes: High-precisin spectrscpy f psitrnium and munium. Adv. Quantum Chem. 30, 99 (1998)ADSGoogle Scholar
  524. D. Taqqu, F. Biraben, C.A.N. Cnde, T.W. Hänsch, F.J. Hartmann, P. Hauser, P. Indelicat, P. Knwles, F. Kttmann, F. Mulhauser, C. Petitjean, R. Phl, P. Rabinwitz, R. Rsenfelder, J.M.F. Sants, W. Sctt, L.M. Simns, J.F.C.A. Vels: Laser spectrscpy f the Lamb shift in munic hydrgen. Hyperfine Interact. 119, 317 (1999)ADSGoogle Scholar
  525. [9.368]
    J. Eades (ed.): Prceedings the Antihydrgen Wrkshp, July 1992, Hyperfine Interact. 76 (1993)Google Scholar
  526. G. Gabrielse, D.S. Hall, A. Khabbaz, T. Rach, P. Yesley, C. Heimann, H. Kalinwsky, W. Jhe: Cmparing the antiprtn and the prtn and prgress twards antihydrgen. In: Atmic Physics 15, ed. by H.B. van Linden van den Heuvell, J.T.M. Walraven, M.W. Reynlds (Wrld Scientific, Singapre 1997) p. 446Google Scholar
  527. K.S.E. Eikema, J. Walt, T.W. Hänsch: Cntinuus wave cherent Lyman-alpha radiatin. Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 3828 (1999)ADSGoogle Scholar
  528. [9.369]
    M.S. Srem, A.L. Schawlw: Saturatin spectrscpy in mlecular idine by intermdulated flurescence. pt. Cmmun. 5, 148 (1972)Google Scholar
  529. [9.370]
    J.E. Lawler, A.I. Fergusn, J.E.M. Gldsmith, D.J. Jacksn, A.L. Schawlw: Dppler-free intermdulated ptgalvanic spectrscpy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 42, 1046 (1979)ADSGoogle Scholar
  530. [9.371]
    D.R. Lyns, A.L. Schawlw, G.-Y. Yan: Dppler-free radifrequency ptgalvanic spectrscpy. pt. Cmmun 38, 35 (1981)Google Scholar
  531. [9.372]
    E.E. Mariner, M. Stuke: Dppler-free ptacustic spectrscpy. pt. Cmmun. 30, 349 (1979)Google Scholar
  532. [9.373]
    T.P. Duffey, D. Kammen, A.L. Schawlw, S. Svanberg, 11.-R. Xia, G.-G. Xia, G.-Y. Yan: Laser spectrscpy using beam verlap mdulatin. pt. Lett. 10, 597 (1986)Google Scholar
  533. [9.374]
    T.W. Hänsch, D.R. Lyns, A.L. Schawlw, A. Siegel, Z.-Y. Wang, G.-Y. Yan: Plarizatin intermdulated excitatin (PLINEX) spectrscpy f helium and nen. pt. Cmmun. 37, 87 (1981)Google Scholar
  534. [9.375]
    M. Geppert-Mayer: Über Elementarakte mit zwei Quantensprüngen. Ann. Phys. 9, 273 (1931)Google Scholar
  535. [9.376]
    L.S. Vasilenk, V.P. Chebtayev, A.V. Shishaev: Line shape f a tw-phtn absrptin in a standing-wave field in a gas. JETP Lett. 12, 113 (1970)ADSGoogle Scholar
  536. [9.377]
    F. Biraben, B. Cagnac, G. Grynberg: Experimental evidence f tw-phtnGoogle Scholar
  537. transitin withut Dppler bradening. Phys. Rev. Lett. 32, 643 (1974) 9.378 G. Grynberg, B. Cagnac: Dppler-free multiphtn spectrscpy. Rep. Prg. Phys. 40, 791 (1977)Google Scholar
  538. N. Blembergen, M.D. Levensn: Dpplerfree tw-phtn absrptin spectrscpy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 31, 645 (1974)Google Scholar
  539. [9.379]
    T.W. Hänsch, K.C. Harvey, G. Meisel, A.L. Schawlw: Tw-phtn spectrscpy f Na 3s — 4d withut Dppler bradening using a cw dye laser. pt. Cmmun. 11, 50 (1974)Google Scholar
  540. [9.380]
    H. Rinneberg, J. Neukammer, G. Jönssn, H. Hiernymus, A. König, K. Vietzke: High-n Rydberg atms and external fields. Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 382 (1985)ADSGoogle Scholar
  541. J. Neukammer, H. Rinneberg, K. Vietzke, A. König, H. Hiernymus, IVI. Khl, H.-J. Grabka: Spectrscpy Rydberg atms at 500: bservatin quasi-Landau resnances in lw magnetic fields. Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2947 (1987)ADSGoogle Scholar
  542. [9.381]
    B.P. Sticheff, E. Wineberger: Dppler-free tw-phtn absrptin spectrum f rubidium. Can. J. Phys. 57, 2143 (1979)ADSGoogle Scholar
  543. [9.382]
    C.-J. Lrenzen, K. Niemax, L.R. Pendrill: Precise measurements f 39K nS and nD energy levels with an evacuated wavemeter. pt. Cmmun. 39, 370 (1981)Google Scholar
  544. [9.383]
    K.-H. Weber, C.J. Sansnetti: Accurate energies f nS, nP, nF and nG levels f neutral cesium. Phys. Rev. A 35, 4650 (1987)ADSGoogle Scholar
  545. [9.384]
    M.J. Seatn: Quantum defect thery. Rep. Prg. Phys. 46, 167 (1983) 9.385 E. Matthias, H. Rinneberg, R. Beigang, A. Timmermann, J. Neukammer,Google Scholar
  546. K. Lücke: Hyperfine structure and istpe shifts in alkaline earth atms. In: Atmic Physics 8, ed. by I. Lindgren, A. Rsén, S. Svanberg (Plenum, New Yrk 1983) p. 543Google Scholar
  547. H. Rinneberg: Rydberg series f tw-electrn systems studied by hyperfine interactins. In: Prgress in Atmic Spectrscpy, Pt. D, ed. by H.K. Beyer, H. Kleinpppen (Plenum, New Yrk 1987) p. 157Google Scholar
  548. [9.386]
    M. Aymar: Rydberg series f alkaline-earth atms Ca thrugh Ba. The interplay f laser spectrscpy and multi-channel quantum defect thery. Phys. Rep. 110, 163 (1984)ADSGoogle Scholar
  549. [9.387]
    W. Hgervrst: Laser spectrscpy f Rydberg states f tw-electrn atms. Cmments At. Ml. Phys. 13, 69 (1983)Google Scholar
  550. [9.388]
    C. Wieman, T.W. Hänsch: Precisin measurement f the 1S Lamb shift and the 1S-2S istpe shift f hydrgen and deuterium. Phys. Rev. A 22, 192 (1980)ADSGoogle Scholar
  551. [9.389]
    E.A. Hildum, U. Besl, D.H. McIntyre, R.G. Beausleil, T.W. Hänsch: Measurements f the is — 2s frequency in atmic hydrgen. Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 576 (1986)ADSGoogle Scholar
  552. [9.390]
    R.G. Beausleil, D.H. McIntyre, C.J. Ft, E.A. Hildum, B. Cuillaud, T.W. Hänsch: Cntinus wave measurement f the 1S Lamb shift in atmic hydrgen. Phys. Rev. A 35, 4878 (1987); ibid. A 39, 4591 (1989)Google Scholar
  553. C. Zimmermann, R. Kallenback, T.W. Hänsch: High-reslutin spectrscpy f the hydrgen is — 2s transitin in an atmic beam. Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 571 (1990)ADSGoogle Scholar
  554. [9.391]
    T.W. Hänsch, R.G. Beausleil, B. Cuillaud, C. Ft, E.A. Hildum, D.H. McIntyre: High reslutin laser spectrscpy f atmic hydrgen. In: 9. 30 p. 2Google Scholar
  555. F. Schmidt-Kaler, D. Leibfried, S. Seel, C. Zimmermann, W. König, M. Weitz, T.W. Hänsch: High-reslutin spectrscpy f the hydrgen is - 2s transitin in an atmic hydrgen and deuterium. Phys. Rev. A 51, 2789 (1995)ADSGoogle Scholar
  556. A. Huber, B. Grss, M. Weitz, T.W. Hänsch: High-reslutin spectrscpy f the 1S-2S transitin in atmic hydrgen. Phys. Rev. A 59, 1844 (1999) M. Niering, R. Hlzwarth, R. Reichert, P. Pkasv, Th. Udem, M. Weitz, T.W. Hänsch, P. Lemnde, G. Santarelli, M. Abgrall, P. Laurent, C. Salmn, A. Clairn: Measurement f the hydrgen 1S-2S transitin frequency by phase cherent cmparisn with a micrwave cesium funtain clck. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 5496 (2000)Google Scholar
  557. [9.392]
    J. Catin, P. Luc: Atlas du Spectre dAbsrptin de la Mlécule de Tellure (Labratire Aime Cttn, CNRS II, rsay 1980)Google Scholar
  558. [9.393]
    S. Gersternkrn, P. Luc: Atlas du Spectre dAbsrptin de la Mlecule dIde 14 800-20 000 cm-1 (Editins du CNRS, Paris 1978)Google Scholar
  559. [9.394]
    C.J. Ft, B. Cuillaud, R.G. Beausleil, T.W. Hänsch: Cntinus tw-phtn spectrscpy f hydrgen is - 2s. Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 1913 (1985)ADSGoogle Scholar
  560. [9.395]
    M.G. Bshier, P.E.G. Baird, C.J. Ft, E.A. Hinds, M.D. Plimmer, D.N. Stacey, J.B. Swan, D.A. Tate,D.M. Warringtn, G.K. Wdgate: Precisin cw laser spectrscpy f hydrgen and deuterium. In: 9. 30 p. 18Google Scholar
  561. [9.396]
    Th. Udem, A. Huber, B. Grss, J. Reichert, M. Prevedelli, M. Weitz, T.W. Hänsch: Phase-cherent measurement f the hydrgen 1S-2S transitin frequency with an ptical frequency interval divider chain. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 2646 (1997)ADSGoogle Scholar
  562. [9.397]
    B. de Beauvir, F. Nez, L. Juilien, B. Cagnac, F. Biraben, D. Tuahri, L. Hilic,. Acef, A. Clarin, J.J. Zndy: Abslute frequency measurement f the 2S-8S/D transitins in hydrgen and deuterium: New determinatin f the Rydberg cnstant. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 440 (1997)Google Scholar
  563. [9.398]
    P. Zha, W. Lichten, H.P. Layer, J.C. Bergquist: Abslute wavelength measurements and fundamental atmic physics. In: 9. 30 p. 12Google Scholar
  564. [9.399]
    S. Burzeix, B. de Beauvir, F. Nez, M.D. Plimmer, F. de Tmasi, L. Julien, F. Biraben: High reslutin spectrscpy f the hydrgen atm: Determinatin f the 1S Lamb shift. Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 384 (1996)ADSGoogle Scholar
  565. [9.400]
    M. Kurgi, B. Widiyatmk, Y. Takeuchi, M. htsu: Limit f ptical-frequency cmb generatin due t material dispersin. IEEE J. Quantum Electrn. QE-31, 2120 (1995)Google Scholar
  566. S.A. Diddams, L.S. Ma, J. Ye, J.L. Hall: Bradband ptical frequency cmb generatin with a phase-mdulated parametric scillatr. pt. Lett. 24, 1747 (1999)Google Scholar
  567. Udem, J. Reichert, R. Hlzwarth, T.W. Hänsch: Abslute ptical frequency measurement f the Cs D1 line with a mde-lcked laser. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3568 (1999)ADSGoogle Scholar
  568. R. Hlzwarth, Th. Udem, T.W. Hänsch, J.C. Knight, W.J. Wadswrth, P.St.J. Russel: ptical frequency synthesizer fr precisin spectrscpy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2264 (2000)Google Scholar
  569. [9.401]
    M.M. Salur, C. C.en-Tannudji: bservatin f Ramseys interference fringes in the prfile f Dppler-free tw-phtn resnances. Phys. Rev. Lett. 38, 757 (1977)ADSGoogle Scholar
  570. [9.402]
    R. Teets, J. Eckstein, T.W. Hänsch: Cherent tw-phtn excitatin by multiple light pulses. Phys. Rev. Lett. 38, 760 (1977)ADSGoogle Scholar
  571. [9.403]
    M. Bellini, A. Bartli, T.W. Hänsch: Tw-phtn Furier spectrscpy with femtsecnd light pulses. pt. Lett. 22, 540 (1997)Google Scholar
  572. [9.404]
    J.C. Bergquist, S.A. Lee, J.L. Hall: Saturated absrptin with spatially separated laser fields: bservatin f ptical Ramsey fringes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 38, 159 (1977); and in 9. 25 p. 142Google Scholar
  573. [9.405]
    R.G. Beausleil, T.W. Hänsch: Tw-phtn ptical Ramsey spectrscpy f freely falling atms. pt. Lett. 10, 547 (1985)Google Scholar
  574. R.G. Beausleil, T.W. Hänsch: Ultra-high-reslutin tw-phtn ptical Ramsey spectrscpy f an atmic funtain. Phys. Rev. A 33, 1661 (1986) M.A. Kasevich, E. Riffs, S. Chu, R.G. Deve: RF spectrscpy in an atmic funtain. Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 612 (1989)Google Scholar
  575. B. Grss, A. Huber, M. Niering, M. Weitz, T.W. Hänsch: ptical Ramsey spectrscpy f atmic hydrgen. Eurphys. Lett. 44, 186 (1998)ADSGoogle Scholar
  576. [9.406]
    T.W. Hänsch, A.L. Schawlw: Cling f gases by laser radiatin. pt. Cmmun. 13, 68 (1975)Google Scholar
  577. [9.407]
    D. Wineland, H. Dehmelt: Prpsed 1014v « v laser flurescence spectrscpy n Tl+ mn-in scillatr III. Bull. Am. Phys. Sc. 20, 637 (1975)Google Scholar
  578. [9.408]
    V.S. Letkhv, V.G. Mingin, B.D. Pavlik: Cling and trapping f atms and mlecules by a resnant laser field. pt. Cmmun. 19, 72 (1976) V.S. Letkhv: Laser cntrl f atmic mtin: Velcity selectin, cling and trapping. Cmments At. Ml. Phys. 6, 119 (1977)Google Scholar
  579. V.S. Letkhv, V.G. Mingin, B.D. Pavlik: Cling and capture f atms and mlecules by a resnant light field. Sv. Phys. JETP 45, 698 (1977)ADSGoogle Scholar
  580. [9.409]
    V.I. Balykin, V.S. Letkhv, V.I. Mishin: Cling f sdium atms by resnant laser emissin. JETP Lett. 29, 560 (1979)ADSGoogle Scholar
  581. V.I. Balykin, V.S. Letkhv, V.I. Mishin: Cling f sdium atms by resnant laser emissin. Sv. Phys. JETP 51, 692 (1980)ADSGoogle Scholar
  582. S.V. Andreev, V.I. Balykin, V.S. Letkhv, V.G. Mingin: Radiative slwing and reductin f the energy spread f a beam f sdium atms t 1.5K in an ppsitely directed laser beam. JETP Lett. 34, 442 (1982)ADSGoogle Scholar
  583. [9.410]
    J. Prdan, A. Migdal, W.D. Phillips, I. S, H. Metcalf, J. Dalibard: Stpping atms with laser light. Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 992 (1985)Google Scholar
  584. W. Phillips, J. Prdan, H. Metcalf: Laser cling and electrmagnetic trapping f neutral atms. J. pt. Sc. Am. B 2, 1751 (1985)ADSGoogle Scholar
  585. H. Metcalf, W.D. Phillips: Laser cling f atmic beams: Cmments. At. Ml. Phys. 16, 79 (1985)Google Scholar
  586. W.D. Phillips, H. Metcalf: Laser deceleratin f an atmic beam. Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 596 (1982)ADSGoogle Scholar
  587. J.V. Prdan, W.D. Phillips, H. Metcalf: Laser prductin f very slw mnenergetic atmic beam. Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 1149 (1982)ADSGoogle Scholar
  588. [9.411]
    W.D. Phillips, P.L. Guld, P.D. Lett: Cling, stpping and trapping atms. Science 239, 877 (1988)ADSGoogle Scholar
  589. [9.412]
    F.M. Penning: Physica 3, 873 (1936) J.R. Pierce: Thery and Design f Electrn Beams (van Nstrand, New Yrk 1949), Chap.3Google Scholar
  590. [9.413]
    I. Bergström, C. Carlberg, R. Schuch (eds.): Trapped Charged Particles and Related Fundamental Physics. Phys. Scr. T59 (1995)Google Scholar
  591. C. Carlberg et al.: Smiletrap - A wide range high-precisin mass spectrmeter. Ieee Trans. Instrum. Meas. 44, 553 (1995)Google Scholar
  592. F. DiFilipp, V. Natarajan, M. Bradley, F. Palmer, D.E. Pritchard: Accurate atmic mass measurements frm Penning trap cmparisns f individual ins. In: Atmic Physics XIV, ed. by D.J. Wineland, C.E. Wieman, S.J. Smith (AIP Publ., New Yrk 1995) p. 149Google Scholar
  593. M.P. Bradley, J.V. Prt, S. Rainville, J.K. Thmpsn, D.E. Pritchard: Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 4510 (1999)ADSGoogle Scholar
  594. [9.414]
    G. Bllen et al.: Isltrap: A Penning trap system fr accurate n-line mass determinatins f shrt-lived istpes. Nucl. Instrum. Methds A 368, 675 (1996)ADSGoogle Scholar
  595. [9.415]
    W. Paul, H.P. Reinhard, U. vn Zahn: Das elektrische Massenfilter als Massenspektrmeter and Istpentrenner. Z. Physik 152, 143 (1958)ADSGoogle Scholar
  596. [9.416]
    W. Paul: Electrmagnetic traps fr charged and neutral particles. In: Nbel Lectures in Physics 1981-1990, ed. by G. Ekspng (Wrld Scientific, Singapre 1993), p. 601Google Scholar
  597. H.G. Dehmelt: Experiments with an islated subatmic particle at rest. In: Nbel Lectures in Physics 1981-1990, ed. by G. Ekspng (Wrld Scientific, Singapre 1993), p. 583Google Scholar
  598. [9.417]
    D.J. Wineland, R.E. Drullinger, F.L. Walls: Radiatin pressure cling f bund resnant absrbers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 1638 (1978)ADSGoogle Scholar
  599. W. Neuhauser, M. Hhenstatt, P. Tschek, H. Dehmelt: ptical-sideband cling f visible atm clud cnfined in parablic well. Phys. Rev. Lett. 41, 233 (1978)ADSGoogle Scholar
  600. D.J. Wineland, W.M. Itan: Spectrscpy f a single Mg+ in. Phys. Lett. A 82, 75 (1981)ADSGoogle Scholar
  601. [9.418]
    W. Neuhauser, M. Hhenstatt, P. Tsçhek, H. Dehmelt: Lcalized visible Ba mn-in scillatr. Phys. Rev. A 22, 1137 (1980)ADSGoogle Scholar
  602. [9.419]
    F. Diedrich, E. Peik, J.M. Chen, W. Quint, H. Walther: bservatin f a phase transitin f stred laser-cled ins. Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2931 (1987); and Phys. Blätter 44, 12 (1988); Nature 334, 309 (1988)ADSGoogle Scholar
  603. [9.420]
    E.P. Wigner: Trans. Faraday Sc. 34, 678 (1938)Google Scholar
  604. [9.421]
    D.J. Wineland, J.C. Bergquist, W.M. Itan, J.J. Bllinger, C.H. Manney: Atmic-in Culmb cluster in an in trap. Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2935 (1987)ADSGoogle Scholar
  605. J. Hffnagle, R.V. Deve, L. Reyna, R.G. Brewer: rder-chas transitin f tw trapped ins. Phys. R.v. Lett. 61, 255 (1988)ADSGoogle Scholar
  606. R.G. Brewer, J. Hffnagle, R.G. Deve, L. Reyna, W. Henshaw: Cllisin-induced tw-in chas. Nature 344, 305 (1990)ADSGoogle Scholar
  607. [9.422]
    D.J. Wineland, C. Mnre, D.M. Meekhf, B.E. King, D. Leibfried, W.M. Itan, J.C. Bergquist, D. Berkeland, J.J. Bllinger, J. Miller: Cherent quantum state manipulatin f trapped atmic ins. Adv. Quantum Chem. 30, 41 (1998)ADSGoogle Scholar
  608. A. Steane: Quantum cmputing. Rep. Prg. Phys. 61, 117 (1998)MathSciNetADSGoogle Scholar
  609. H.J. Kimble, C.J. Hd, T.W. Lynn, H. Mabuchi, D.W. Verny, J. Ye: The quantum internet, in 9. 36 p. 80Google Scholar
  610. [9.423]
    D.A. Church: Cllisin measurements and excited-level lifetime measurements n ins stred in Paul, Penning and Kingdn in traps. Phys. Rep. 228, 253 (1993)ADSGoogle Scholar
  611. H.A. Klein: In Traps. In: Experimental Methds in the Physical Sciences, Vl. 29A, ed. by F.B. Dunning, R.G. Hulet (Academic Press, San Dieg 1995) p. 349Google Scholar
  612. J.I. Cirac, A.S. Parkins, R. Blatt, P. Zller: Nnclassical states f mtin in in traps. Adv. At. Ml. pt. Phys. 37, 238 (1996)Google Scholar
  613. J.I. Cirac, A.S. Parkins, R. Blatt, P. Zller: Nnclassical states f mtin in in traps. In: Prgress in Atmic, Mlecular, and ptical Physics, Vl. 37, ed. by B. Bedersn, H. Walther (Academic Press, San Dieg 1996) p. 238Google Scholar
  614. [9.424]
    P.F. Fisk: Trapped-in and trapped-atm micrwave frequency standards. Rep. Prg. Phys. 60, 761 (1997)ADSGoogle Scholar
  615. K. Gibble, S. Chu: Future slw-atm frequency standards. Metrlgia 29, 201 (1992)ADSGoogle Scholar
  616. Mnre, J. Bllinger: Atmic physics in in traps. Physics Wrld (March 1997) p. 37Google Scholar
  617. NI. Rberts, P. Taylr, G.P. Barwd, P. Gill, H.A. Klein, W.R.C. Rwley: bservatin f an electric ctuple transitin in a single in. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1876 (1997)ADSGoogle Scholar
  618. B.E. Yung, F.C. Cruz, W.M. Itan, J.C. Bergquist: Visible laser with subhertz linewidths. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3799 (1999)ADSGoogle Scholar
  619. [9.425]
    H.G. Dehmelt: Prpsed 10146,v > v laser flurescence spectrscpy n Tl+ mn-in scillatr II. Bull. Am. Phys. Sc. 20, 60 (1975)Google Scholar
  620. [9.426]
    Th. Sauter, W. Neuhauser, R. Blatt, P.E. Tschek: bservatin f quantum jumps. Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 1696 (1986); see als Phys. Scr. T22, 129 (1988) and 9. 30 p. 121Google Scholar
  621. J.E. Bergquist, R.G. Hulet, W.M. Itan, D.J. Wineland: bservatin f quantum jumps in a single atm. Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 1699 (1986); see als Phys. Scr. T22, 79 (1988) and 9. 30 p. 117Google Scholar
  622. W. Nagurney, J. Sandberg, H. Dehmelt: Shelved ptical electrn amplifier bservatin f quantum jumps Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 2797 (1986); see als 9. 30 p. 114Google Scholar
  623. W. Nagurney: The mn-in scillatr: An apprach t an ideal atmic spectrmeter. Cmments At. Ml. Phys. 21, 321 (1988)Google Scholar
  624. [9.427]
    J.C. Bergquist, F. Diedrich, W.M. Itan, D.J. Wineland: Hg+ single in spectrscpy. In: 9. 31 p. 274Google Scholar
  625. B.C. Yung, R.J. Rafac, J.A. Beall, F.C. Cruz, W.M. Itan, D.J. Wineland, J.C. Bergquist: Hg+ ptical frequency standard: Recent prgress. In: 9.36 p. 61; Physics Tday 3, 37 (2001)Google Scholar
  626. [9.428]
    S. Chu, L. Hllberg, J.E. Bjrkhlm, A. Cable, A. Ashkin: Three-dimensinal viscus cnfinement and cling f atms by resnance radiatin pressure. Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 48 (1985)ADSGoogle Scholar
  627. [9.429]
    P.D. Lett, R.N. Walls, Ch.I. Westbrk, W.D. Phillips, P.L. Guld, H. J. Metcalf: bservatin f atms laser cled belw the Dppler limit. Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 169 (1988)ADSGoogle Scholar
  628. [9.430]
    J. Dalibard, C. Chen-Tannudji: Dressed-atm apprach t atmic mtin in laser light: the diple frce revisited. J. pt. Sc. Am. B 2, 1707 (1986)ADSGoogle Scholar
  629. [9.431]
    J. Dalibard, C. Chen-Tannudji: Laser cling belw the Dppler limit by plarizatin gradients: simple theretical mdels. J. pt. Sc. Am. B 6, 2023 (1989)ADSGoogle Scholar
  630. [9.432]
    C. Chen-Tannudji: Thesis (Paris 1962); Ann. Phys. 7, 423 and 469 (1962)Google Scholar
  631. C. Chen-Tannudji: in Cargese Lectures in Physics, ed. by Levy (Grdn & Breach, 1968)Google Scholar
  632. [9.433]
    C. Chen-Tannudji, J. Dupnt-Rc, G. Grynberg: Atm-Phtn Interactins - Basic Prcesses and Applicatins, Chap. VI (Wiley, New Yrk 1992)Google Scholar
  633. [9.434]
    P.J. Ungar, D.S. Weiss, E. Riffs, S. Chu: ptical mlasses and multilevel atms: Thery. J. pt. S.. Am. 6, 2058 (1989)ADSGoogle Scholar
  634. [9.435]
    A. Ashkin: Trapping f atms by resnance radiatin pressure. Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 729 (1978)ADSGoogle Scholar
  635. S. Chu, J.E. Bjrkhlm, A. Ashkin, A. Cable: Experimental bservatin f ptically trapped atms. Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 314 (1986)ADSGoogle Scholar
  636. [9.436]
    V.S. Letkhv: Narrwing f the Dppler width in a standing light wave. JETP Lett. 7, 272 (1968)ADSGoogle Scholar
  637. [9.437]
    K.-J. Kugler, W. Paul, U. Trinks A magnetic strage ring fr neutrns. Phys. Lett. B 72, 422 (1978)ADSGoogle Scholar
  638. [9.438]
    D.E. Pritchard: Cling neutral atms in a magnetic trap fr precisin spectrscpy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 1336 (1983)ADSGoogle Scholar
  639. A.L. Migdall, J.V. Prdan, W.D. Phillips, T.H. Bergemann, H.J. Metcalf: First bservatin f magnetically trapped neutral atms. Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 2596 (1985)ADSGoogle Scholar
  640. [9.439]
    E.L. Raab, M.G. Prentiss, A.E. Cable, S. Chu, D.E. Pritchard: Trapping f neutral sdium atms with radiatin pressure. Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2631 (1987)ADSGoogle Scholar
  641. [9.440]
    G. Alzetta, A. Gzzini, L. Mi, G. rrils: Nuv Ciment B 36, 5 (1976) E. Arimnd, G. rrils: Lett. Nuv Ciment 17, 333 (1976)ADSGoogle Scholar
  642. [9.441]
    A. Aspect, E. Arimnd, R. Kaiser, N. Vansteenkiste, C. ChenTannudji: Laser cling belw the ne-phtn recil energy by velcity-selective cherent ppulatin trapping. Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 826 (1988)ADSGoogle Scholar
  643. [9.442]
    J. Lawall, F. Bardu, B. Saubamea, K. Shimizu, M. Leduc, A. Aspect, C. Chen-Tannudji: Tw-dimensinal subrecil laser cling. Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1915 (1994)ADSGoogle Scholar
  644. J. Lawall, S. Kulin, B. Saubamea, N. Bigelw, M. Leduc, C. ChenTannudji: Three-dimensinal laser cling f helium beynd the single-phtn recil limit. Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4194 (1995)ADSGoogle Scholar
  645. [9.443]
    M. Kasevich, S. Chu: Laser cling belw a phtn recil with three-level atms. Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 1741 (1992)ADSGoogle Scholar
  646. N. Davidsn, H.J. Lee, M. Kasevich, S. Chu: Raman cling f atms in tw and three dimensins. Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 3158 (1994)ADSGoogle Scholar
  647. H.J. Lee, C.S. Adams, M. Kasevich, S. Chu: Raman cling f atms in an ptical diple trap. Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 2658 (1996)ADSGoogle Scholar
  648. [9.444]
    A. Bârdny, A. Kerek, M. Larssn, S. Mannervik, L. Nrlin (eds.): Wrkshp and sympsium n the physics f lw-energy stred and trapped particles. Phys. Scr. T22, 1 (1988)Google Scholar
  649. P. Meystre, S. Stenhlm (eds.): The mechanical effects f light. J. pt. Sc Am. B 2, 1706-1860 (1985) (special issue)Google Scholar
  650. S. Stenhlm: Light frces put a handle n the atm: T cl and trap atms by laser light. Cntemp. Phys. 29, 105 (1988)ADSGoogle Scholar
  651. V.G. Mingin, V.S. Letkhv: Laser Light Pressure n Atms (Harwd, Lndn 1987)Google Scholar
  652. W.D. Phillips, H.J. Metcalf: Cling and trapping f atms. Sci. Am. 256 (3), 36 (1987)Google Scholar
  653. P.L. Guld, P.D. Lett, W.D. Phillips- New measurements with ptical mlasses. In: 9. 30 p. 64Google Scholar
  654. D.J. Wineland, W.M. Itan,.J.C. Bergquist, J.J. Bllinger: Trapped Ins and Laser Cling, NBS Technical Nte 1086 (NBS, Washingtn, DC 1985) D.J. Wineland, W.M. Itan, R.S. VanDyck Jr.: High-reslutin spectrscpy f stred ins. In: Advances in Atmic and Mlecular Physics, Vl. 19, ed. by.R. Bates, B. Bedersn (Academic Press, New Yrk 1983) D.J. Wineland, W.M. Itan, J.C. Bergquist, J.J. Bllinger, J.D. Prestige: Spectrscpy f stred ins. In: Atmic Physics 9, ed. by R.S. Van Dyck Jr., E.N. Frtsn (Wrld Scientific, Singapre 1985) p. 3Google Scholar
  655. S. Stenhlm: The semiclassical thery f laser cling. Rev. Md. Phys. 58, 699 (1986)ADSGoogle Scholar
  656. C.J. Ft: Laser cling and trapping f atms. Cntemp. Phys. 32, 369 (1991)ADSGoogle Scholar
  657. S. Chu: Laser trapping f neutral particles. Sci. Am. 266(2), 48 (1992) C. Chen-Tannudji: Laser cling and trapping f neutral atms: Thery. Phys. Rep. 219, 153 (1992)Google Scholar
  658. M. Metcalf, P. van der Straten: Cling and trapping f neutral atms. Phys. Rep. 244, 203 (1994)ADSGoogle Scholar
  659. H. Walther: Atms in cavities and traps. Adv. At. Ml. pt. Phys. 32, 379 (1994)Google Scholar
  660. N.R. Newbury, C. Wieman: Resurce Letter TNA-1: Trapping f neutral atms. Am. J. Phys. 64, 18 (1996)ADSGoogle Scholar
  661. E. Arimnd: Cherent ppulatin trapping in laser spectrscpy. In: Prgress in ptics XXXV, ed. by E. Wlf (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1996) p. 259Google Scholar
  662. A. Ashkin: ptical trapping and manipulatin f neutral particles using lasers. Prc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 4853 (1997)ADSGoogle Scholar
  663. M. Metcalf, P. van der Straten: Laser Cling and Trapping (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1999)Google Scholar
  664. [9.445]
    V.I. Balykin, V.S. Letkhv, Yu.B. vchinnikv, A.I. Sidrv: Fcusing f an atmic beam and imaging f atmic surces by means f a laser lens based n resnance-radiatin pressure. J. Md. pt. 35, 17 (1988)ADSGoogle Scholar
  665. V.I. Balykin, V.S. Letkhv, V.G. Mingin: Laser cntrl f the mtin f neutral atms and ptical atmic traps. Phys. Scr. T22, 119 (1988)Google Scholar
  666. I. Balykin, V.S. Letkhv: Laser ptics n neutral atmic beams. Phys. Tday (April 1989) p. 23Google Scholar
  667. [9.446]
    K. Clppenburg, G. Hennig, A. Mihm, H. Wallis, W. Ertmer: ptical elements fr manipulating atms. In: 9. 30 p. 87Google Scholar
  668. [9.447]
    C.S. Adams: Atmic ptics. Cntemp. Phys. 35, 1 (1994)ADSGoogle Scholar
  669. C.S. Adams, NI. Sigel, J. Mlynek: Atm ptics. Phys. Rep. 240, 143 (1994) K. Sengslck, W. Ertmer: Laser manipulatin f atms. Adv. At. Ml. pt. Phys. 35, 1 (1995)Google Scholar
  670. V.V. Balykin: Atm waveguides. In: Prgress in Atmic, Mlecular, and ptical Physics, Vl. 41, ed. by B. Bedersn, H. Walther (Academic Press, San Dieg 1999) p. 182Google Scholar
  671. [9.448]
    P.E. Mskwitz, P.L. Guld, S.R. Atlas, D.E. Pritchard: Diffractin f an atmic beam by standing-wave radiatin. Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 370 (1983) P.L. Guld, G.A. Ruff, D.E. Pritchard: Diffractin f atms by light: The near-resnant Kapitza—Dirac effect. Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 827 (1986)Google Scholar
  672. Carnal, J. Mlynek: Yungs duble-slit experiment with atms: A simple atm interfermeter. Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2689 (1991)ADSGoogle Scholar
  673. D.K. Keith, C.E. Ekstrm, Q.A. Turchette, D.E. Pritchard: An interfermeter fr atms. Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2693 (1991)ADSGoogle Scholar
  674. F. Riehle, Th. Kisteers, A. White, J. Helmecke, Ch. J. Brdé: ptical Ramsey spectrscpy in a rtating frame: Sagnac effect in a matter-wave interfermeter. Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 177 (1991)Google Scholar
  675. M. Kasevich, S. Chu: Atmic interfermetry using stimulated Raman transitins. Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 181 (1991)ADSGoogle Scholar
  676. C.S. Adams,. Carnal, J. Mlynek: Atm interfermetry. Adv. At. Ml. pt. Phys. 34, 1 (1994)Google Scholar
  677. P. Berman (ed.): Atm Interfermetry (Academic Press, New Yrk 1997)Google Scholar
  678. [9.449]
    I. Percival: Atm interfermetry, spacetime and reality. Physics Wrld (March 1997)Google Scholar
  679. T.L. Gustaysn, P. Bryer, M.A. Kasevich: Precisin rtatin measurements with an atmic interfermeter gyrscpe. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 2046 (1997)ADSGoogle Scholar
  680. A. Peters, K.Y. Chung, S. Chu: Measurement f gravitatinal acceleratin by drpping atms. Nature 400, 849 (1999)ADSGoogle Scholar
  681. M. Arndt,. Nairz, J. Vss-Andreae, C. Keller, G. van der Zuw, A. Zeilinger: Nature 401, 680 (1999)Google Scholar
  682. [9.450]
    J. Fujita, M. Mrinaga, T. Kishimt, M. Yasuda, S. Matsui, F. Shimizu Manipulatin f an atmic beam by a cmputer-generated hlgram. Nature 380, 691 (1996)ADSGoogle Scholar
  683. M. Mrinaga, M. Yasuda, T. Kishimt, F. Shimizu- Hlgraphic manipulatin f a cld atmic beam. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 802 (1996)ADSGoogle Scholar
  684. F. Shimizu, J. Fujita, S. Mitake, T. Kishimt: Hlgraphy with cld atms. In: 9. 36 p. 227Google Scholar
  685. [9.451]
    C.I. Westbrk, R.N. Watts, C.E. Tanner, S.L. Rlstn, W.D. Phillips, P.D. Lett, P.L. Guld: Lcalizatin f atms in a three-dimensinal standing wave. Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 33 (1990)ADSGoogle Scholar
  686. P.S. Jessen, C. Gerz, P.D. Lett, W.D. Phillips, S.L. Rlstn, R.J.C. Spreeuw, C.I. Westbrk: bservatin f quantized mtin f Rb atms in an ptical field. Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 49 (1992)ADSGoogle Scholar
  687. A. Hemmerich, T.W. Hänsch: Tw-dimensinal atmic crystal bund by light. Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 410 (1993)ADSGoogle Scholar
  688. D. Grynberg, B. Lunis, P. Verkerk, J.-Y. Curtis, C. Salmn: Quantized mtin f cld cesium atms in tw-and three-dimensinal ptical ptentials. Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 2249 (1993)ADSGoogle Scholar
  689. A. Kastberg, W.D. Phillips, W.S.L. Rlstn, R.J.C. Spreeuw, P.S. Jessen: Adiabatic cling f cesium t 700 nK in an ptical lattice. Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 1542 (1995)ADSGoogle Scholar
  690. [9.452]
    P.L. Guld, P.D. Lett, P.S. Julienne, W.D. Phillips, H.R. Thrsheim, J. Weiner: bservatin f assciative inizatin f ultracld laser-trapped sdium atms. Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 788 (1988)Google Scholar
  691. P.D. Lett, P.S. Jessen, W.D. Phillips S.L. Rlstn, C.I. Westbrk, P.L. Guld: Laser mdificatin f ultracld cllisins: Experiment. Phys. ev. Lett. 67, 2139 (1991)Google Scholar
  692. J. Weiner: Advances in ultracld cllisins: Experimentatin and thery. Adv. At. Ml. pt. Phys. 35, 45 (1995)Google Scholar
  693. [9.453]
    J.D. Weinstein, R. deCarvalh, T. Guillet, B. Friedrich, J.M. Dyle: Magnetic trapping f calcium mnhydride mlecules at millikelvin temperatures. Nature 395, 148 (1998)ADSGoogle Scholar
  694. H.L. Bethlem, G. Berden, G. Meijer: Decelerating neutral diplar mlecules. Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 1558 (1999)ADSGoogle Scholar
  695. [9.454]
    S.N. Atutv, S.P. Pdjachev, A.M. Shalagin: Diffusin pulling f Na vapr int the light beam. pt. Cmmun. 57, 236 (1986)Google Scholar
  696. [9.455]
    Kh. Gelinukhanv, A.M. Shalagin: Sv. Phys.-JETP 51, 839 (1980) E.R. Eliel: Light-induced drift. Adv. At. Ml. pt. Phys. 31, 199 (1993) H.G.C. Werij, J.P. Werdman, J.J.M. Beenakker, I. Kuscer: Demnstratin f a semipermeable ptical pistn. Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 2237 (1984) G. Nienhuis: Thery f light-induced drift and the ptical pistn. Phys. Rev. A 31, 1636 (1985)Google Scholar
  697. [9.456]
    S.N. Bse: Z. Phys. 26, 176 (1924)ADSGoogle Scholar
  698. A. Einstein: Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. 1924, 261 (1924); ibid. 1925, 3 (1925)Google Scholar
  699. [9.457]
    H.F. Hess: Evaprative cling f magnetically trapped and cmpressed spin-plarized hydrgen. Phys. Rev. B 34, 3476 (1986)ADSGoogle Scholar
  700. H.F. Hess, G.P. Kchanski, J.M. Dyle, N. Masuhara, D. Kleppner, T.J. Greytak: Magnetic trapping f spin-plarized atmic hydrgen. Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 672 (1987)ADSGoogle Scholar
  701. N. Masuhara, J.M. Dyle, J.C. Sandberg, D. Kleppner, T.J. Greytak, H.F. Hess, G.P. Kchanski: Evaprative cling f spin-plarized atmic hydrgen. Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 935 (1988)ADSGoogle Scholar
  702. [9.458]
    M.H. Andersn, J.R. Ensher, M.R. Matthews, C.E. Wieman, E.A. Crnell: bservatin f Bse—Einstein cndensatin in a dilute atmic vapr. Science 269, 198 (1995)ADSGoogle Scholar
  703. [9.459]
    K.B. Davies, M.. M.Wes, M.R. Andrews, N.J. van Druten, D.S. Durfee, D.N. Kurn, W. Ketterle: Bse—Einstein cndensatin in a gas f sdium atms. Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 3969 (1995)ADSGoogle Scholar
  704. [9.460]
    Physics Tday (August 1995) p.17Google Scholar
  705. [9.461]
    M.R. Andrews, C.G. Twsend, H.-J. Miesner, D.S. Durfee, D.M. Kurn, W. Ketterle: bservatin f interference between tw Bse cndensates. Science 275, 637 (1997)Google Scholar
  706. [9.462]
    M.-. Mewes, M.R. Andrews, D.M. Kurn, D.S. Durfee, C.G. Twnsend, W. Ketterle: utput cupler fr Bse—Einstein cndensed atms. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 582 (1997)ADSGoogle Scholar
  707. [9.463]
    I. Blch, T.W. Hänsch, T. Esslinger: Atm laser with a cw utput cupler. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3008 (1999)ADSGoogle Scholar
  708. W. Hagley, L. Deng, M. Kzuma, J. Wen, M.A. Edwards, K. Helmerssn, S.L. Rlstn, W.D. Phillips. A well-cllimated quasi-cntinuus atm laser. Science 283, 1706 (1999)ADSGoogle Scholar
  709. S. Inuye, T. Pfau, S. Gupta, A.P. Chikkatur, A. Grlitz, D.E. Pritchard, W. Ketterle: Phase-cherent amplificatin f atmic matter waves. Nature 402, 641 (1999)ADSGoogle Scholar
  710. [9.464]
    C.C. Bradley, C.A. Sackett, J.J. Tllett, R.G. Hulet: Evidence fr Bse—Einstein cndensatin in an atmic gas with attractive interactins. Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 1687 (1995)ADSGoogle Scholar
  711. C.C. Bradley, C.A. Sackett, R.G. Hulet: Bse—Einstein cndensatin f lithium: bservatin f a limited cndensate number. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 985 (1997)ADSGoogle Scholar
  712. A. Griffin, D.W. Snke, S. Stringari (eds.): Bse—Einstein cndensatin (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1995)Google Scholar
  713. Ch. Twsend, W. Ketterle, S. Stringari: Bse—Einstein cndensatin. Physics Wrld (March 1997) p. 29Google Scholar
  714. W. Ketterle, M.R. Andrews, K.B. Davies, D.S. Durfee, D.M. Krn, M.-. Mewes, N.J. van Druten: Bse—Einstein cndensatin f ultra-cld atmic gases. Phys. Scr. T66, 31 (1996)Google Scholar
  715. K. Burnett: Bse—Einstein cndensatin with evapratively cled atms. Cntemp. Phys. 37, 1 (1996)MathSciNetADSGoogle Scholar
  716. W. Ketterle, N.J. Druten: Evaprative cling f trapped atms. Adv. At. Ml. pt. Phys. 37, 181 (1996)Google Scholar
  717. W. Ketterle, N.J. van Druten: Evaprative cling. In: Prgress in Atmic, Mlecular, and ptical Physics, Vl. 37, ed. by B. Bedersn, H. Walther (Academic Press, San Dieg 1996) p. 181Google Scholar
  718. E.A. Crnell, C.E. Wieman: The Bse—Einstein cndensate. Sci. Am. 278 (3), 26 (1998)Google Scholar
  719. A.S. Parkins, D.F. Walls: The physics f trapped dilute-gas Bse—Einstein cndensates. Phys. Rep. 303, 1 (1998)ADSGoogle Scholar
  720. B.P. Andersn, M.A. Kasevich: Science 282, 1686 (1998)ADSGoogle Scholar
  721. M.R. Matthews, B.P. Andersn, P.C. Haljan, D.S. Hall, C.E. Wieman, E.A. Crnell. Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 2498 (1999)ADSGoogle Scholar
  722. C. Raman, M. Köhl, R. nfri, D.S. Durfee, C.E. Kuklewicz, Z. Hadzibabic, W. Ketterle: Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 2502 (1999)ADSGoogle Scholar
  723. S.L. Crnish, N.R. Claussen, J.L. Rberts, E.A. Crnell, C.E. Wieman: Stable 85Rb Bse—Einstein cndensates with widely tunable interactins. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 1795 (2000)ADSGoogle Scholar
  724. [9.465]
    L. Deng, E.W. Hagley, J. Wen, M. Trippenbach, Y. Band, P.S. Julienne, J.E. Simsarian, K. Helmerssn, S.L. Rlstn, W.D. Phillips: Fur-wave mixing with matter waves. Nature 398, 218 (1999)ADSGoogle Scholar
  725. S.L. Rlstn: Linear and nn-linear atm ptics with Bse—Einstein Cndensates. In: 9. 36 p. 120Google Scholar
  726. [9.466]
    W.C. Stwalley, L.H. Nsanw: Pssible new quantum systems. Phys. Rev. Lett. 36, 910 (1976)ADSGoogle Scholar
  727. I.F. Silvera, J.T.M. Walraven: Stabilizatin f atmic hydrgen at lw temperature. Phys. Rev. Lett. 44, 164 (1980)ADSGoogle Scholar
  728. D.G. Fried, T.C. Killian, L. Willmann, D. Landhuis, S.C. Mss, D. Kleppner, T.J. Greytak: Bse—Einstein cndensatin f atmic hydrgen. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 3811 (1999)ADSGoogle Scholar
  729. [9.467]
    B. DeMarc, D.S. Jin: nset f Fermi degeneracy in a trapped atmic gas. Science 285, 1703 (1999)Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2001

Authors and Affiliations

  • Sune Svanberg
    • 1
  1. 1.Department of PhysicsLund Institute of TechnologyLundSweden

Personalised recommendations