Literaturverzeichnis

Abdel-Gayed RG, Bradley D, Hamid NM, Lawes M (1984) Lewis number effects on turbulent burning velocity. 20^th Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 505Google Scholar

Ackermann J, Wulkow M (1990) MACRON — A Program Package for Macromolecular Kinetics. Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum Berlin, Preprint SC-90-14Google Scholar

Alkemade V, Homann KH (1989) Formation of C₆H₆ isomers by recombination of propynyl in the system sodium vapour/propynylhalide. Z Phys Chem NF 161:19CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Amsden AA, O’Rourke PJ, Butler TD (1989) KIVAII: A computer program for chemically reactive flows with sprays. LA-11560-MS, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los AlamosGoogle Scholar

Aris R (1962) Vectors, tensors, and the basic equations of fluid mechanics. Prentice Hall, New YorkMATHGoogle Scholar

Arnold A, Becker H, Hemberger R, Hentschel W, Ketterle W, Köllner M, Meienburg W, Monkhouse P, Neckel H, Schäfer M, Schindler KP, Sick V, Suntz R, Wolfram J (1990a) Laser in situ monitoring of combustion processes. Appl Optics 29:4860CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arnold A, Hemberger R, Herden R, Ketterle W, Wolfram J (1990b) Laser stimulation and observation of ignition processes in CH₃OH-O₂-mixtures. 23^rd Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 1783Google Scholar

Arrhenius S (1889) Über die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit bei der Inversion von Rohrzucker durch Säuren. Z Phys Chem 4:226Google Scholar

Ashurst WT (1995) Modeling turbulent flame propagation. 25^th Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 1075Google Scholar

Atkins PW (1990) Physical chemistry, 4^th ed. Freeman, New YorkGoogle Scholar

Bäuerle B, Hoffmann F, Behrendt F, Warnatz J (1995) Detection of Hot Spots in the End Gas of an IC Engine Using Two-Dimensional LIF of Formaldehyde. 25^th Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 135Google Scholar

Bamford CH, Tipper CFH (Ed) (1977) Comprehensive Chemical Kinetics, Vol 17: Gas Phase Combustion. Elsevier, Amsterdam/Oxford/New YorkGoogle Scholar

Bar M, Nettesheim S, Totermund HH, Eiswirth M, Ertl G (1995) Transition between fronts and spiral waves in a bistable surface reaction. Phys Rev Lett 74:1246CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bartok W, Engleman VS, Goldstein R, del Valle EG (1972) Basic kinetic studies and modeling of nitrogen oxide formation in combustion processes. AIChE Symp Ser 68(126):30Google Scholar

Baulch DL, Cox AM, Just T, Kerr JA, Pilling MJ, Troe J, Walker RW, Warnatz J (1991) Compilation of rate data on C₁/C₂ Species Oxidation. J Phys Chem Ref Data 21:3Google Scholar

Baulch DL, Cobos CJ, Cox AM, Frank P, Hayman G, Just T, Kerr JA, Murrels T, Pilling MJ, Troe J, Walker RW, Warnatz J (1994) Compilation of rate data for combustion modelling Supplement I. J Phys Chem Ref Data 23:847CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Becker H, Monkhouse PB, Wolfrum J, Cant RS, Bray KNC, Maly R, Pfister W, Stahl G, Warnatz J (1991) Investigation of extinction in unsteady flames in turbulent combustion by 2D- LIF of OH radicals and flamelet analysis. 23^rd Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 817Google Scholar

Behrendt F, Deutschmann O, Maas U, Warnatz J (1995) Simulation and sensitivity analysis of the heterogeneous oxidation of methane on a platinum foil. J Vac Sci Technol A13:1373Google Scholar

Bergner P, Eberius H, Just T, Pokomy H (1983) Untersuchung zur Kohlenwasserstoff-Emission eingeschlossener Flammen im Hinblick auf die motorische Verbrennung. VDI-Berichte 498:233Google Scholar

Bilger RW (1976) The structure of diffusion flames. Comb Sci Technol 13:155CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bilger RW (1980) Turbulent flows with nonpremixed reactants. In: Libby PA, Williams FA (Ed) Turbulent reactive flows. Springer, New YorkGoogle Scholar

Bird RB, Stewart WE, Lightfoot EN (1960) Transport phenomena. J. Wiley & Sons, New YorkGoogle Scholar

Bish ES, and Dahm WJA (1995) Strained dissipation and reaction layer analysis of nonequilibrium chemistry in turbulent reacting flows. Comb Flame 100:457CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bish ES, Dahm WJA (1996) Experimental study of the fine scale structure of conserved scalar mixing in turbulent flows Part III: A model for nonequilibrium mixing-chemistry coupling. J Fluid Mech, in DruckGoogle Scholar

Bockhorn H (Ed) (1994) Soot formation in combustion. Springer, Berlin/HeidelbergGoogle Scholar

Bockhorn H, Fetting F, Wenz HW (1983) Investigation of the formation of high molecular hydrocarbons and soot in premixed hydrocarbon-oxygen flames. Ber Bunsenges Phys Chem 87:1067Google Scholar

Bockhom H, Chevalier C, Warnatz J, Weyrauch V (1990) Bildung von promptem NO in Kohlenwasserstoff-Luft-Flammen. 6. TECFLAM-Seminar, TECFLAM, DLR StuttgartGoogle Scholar

Bockhom H, Chevalier C, Warnatz J, Weyrauch V (1991) Experimental Investigation and modeling of prompt NO formation in hydrocarbon flames. In: Santoro RJ, Felske JD (Ed) HTD-Vol 166, Heat transfer in fire and combustion systems, Book No G00629-1991Google Scholar

Boddington T, Gray P, Kordylewski W, Scott SK (1983) Thermal explosions with extensive reactant consumption: A new criterion for criticality. Proc R Soc London, Ser A, 390 (1798): 13CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bodenstein M, Lind SC (1906) Geschwindigkeit der Bildung des Bromwasserstoffs aus seinen Elementen. Z Phys Chem 57:168Google Scholar

Bond GC (1990) Heterogeneous catalysis: Principles and applications, 2^nd ed. Oxford Press, OxfordGoogle Scholar

Borghi R (1984) In: Bruno C, Casci C (Ed) Recent advances in aeronautical science. Pergamon, LondonGoogle Scholar

Boudart M, Djega-Mariadassouo G (1984) Kinetics of heterogeneous catalytic reactions. Princeton University Press, PrincetonGoogle Scholar

Bowman CT (1993) Control of combustion-generated nitrogen oxide emissions: Technology driven by regulation. 24^th Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 859Google Scholar

Bradley D (1993) How fast can we bum? 24^th Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 247Google Scholar

Braun M (1988) Differentialgleichungen und ihre Anwendungen. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York/London/Paris/Tokyo, S 521Google Scholar

Bray KNC (1980) Turbulent flows with premixed reactants. In: Libby PA, Williams FA (Ed) Turbulent reacting flows. Springer, New YorkGoogle Scholar

Brown GM, Kent JC (1985) In: Yang WC (Ed) Flow Visualization III. Hemisphere, London, S 118Google Scholar

Buch KA, Dahm WJA (1996a) Experimental study of fine scale structure of conserved scalar mixing in turbulent flows Part I: Sc > 1. J Fluid Mech 317:21CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Buch KA, Dahm WJA (1996b) Experimental study of the fine scale structure of conserved scalar mixing in turbulent flows Part II: Sc ≈ 1, J Fluid Mech, in DruckGoogle Scholar

Burcat A (1984) In: Gardiner WC (Ed) Combustion chemistry. Springer, New YorkGoogle Scholar

Burke SP, Schumann TEW (1928) Ind Eng Chem 20:998CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Candel S, Veynante D, Lacas F, Darabiha N (1994) Current progress and future trends in turbulent combustion. Combust Sci Technol 98:245CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chevalier C, Louessard P, Müller UC, Warnatz J (1990a) A detailed low-temperature reaction mechanism of n-heptane auto-ignition. Proc. 2^nd Int. Symp. on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in reciprocating Engines. The Japanese Society of Mechanical Engineers, Tokyo, S 93Google Scholar

Chevalier C, Warnatz J, Melenk H (1990b) Automatic generation of reaction mechanisms for description of oxidation of higher hydrocarbons. Ber Bunsenges Phys Chem 94:1362Google Scholar

Cho SY, Yetter RA, Dryer FL (1992) A computer model for one-dimensional mass and energy transport in and around chemically reacting particles, including complex gas-phase chemistry, multicomponent molecular diffusion, surface evaporation, and heterogeneous reaction. J Comp Phys 102:160MATHCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Christmann K (1991) Introduction to surface physical chemistry. Springer, Berlin/HeidelbergGoogle Scholar

Chue RS, Lee JHS, Scarinci T, Papyrin A, Knystautas R (1993) Transition from fast deflagration to detonation under the influence of wall obstacles. In: Kuhl AL, Leyer JC, Borisov AA, Sirignano WA (Ed), Dynamic aspects of detonation and explosion phenomena. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics 153:270Google Scholar

Clift R, Grace JR, Weber ME (1978) Bubbles, drops, and particles. Academic Press, New YorkGoogle Scholar

Coltrin ME, Kee RJ, Rupley FM (1993) Surface Chemkin: A general formalism and software for analyzing heterogeneous chemical kinetics at a gas-surface interface. Inti J Chem Kin 23:1111CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Correa SM (1992) A review of NO_x formation under gas-turbine combustion conditions. Comb Sci Technol 87:329CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dahm WJA, Bish ES (1993) High resolution measurements of molecular transport and reaction processes in turbulent combustion. In: Takeno T (Ed), Turbulence and molecular processes in combustion, S 287. Elsevier, New YorkGoogle Scholar

Dahm WJA, Tryggvason G, Zhuang MM (1995) Integral method solution of time-dependent strained diffusion-reaction equations with multi-step kinetics, to appear in SIAM Journal of Applied MathematicsGoogle Scholar

Damköhler G (1940) Z Elektrochem 46:601Google Scholar

Dean AM, Hanson RK, Bowman CT (1990) High temperature shock tube study of reactions of CH and C-atoms with N₂.23^rd Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 259Google Scholar

Deuflhard P, Wulkow M (1989) Impact of Computing in Science and Engineering 1:269MATHCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Deutschmann O, Behrendt F, Warnatz J (1994) Modelling and Simulation of Heterogeneous Oxidation of Methane on a Platinum Foil. Catalysis Today 21:461CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dibble RW, Masri AR, Bilger RW (1987) The spontaneous Raman scattering technique applied to non-premixed flames of methane. Comb Flame 67:189CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dimotakis PE, Miller PL (1990) Some consequences of the boundedness of scalar fluctuations. Phys Fluids A2:1919Google Scholar

Dinkelacker F, Buschmann A, Schäfer M, Wolfrum J (1993) Spatially resolved joint measurements of OH- and temperature fields in a large premixed turbulent flame. Proceedings of the Joint Meeting of the British and German Sections of the Combustion Institute, Queens College, Cambridge, S 295Google Scholar

Dixon-Lewis G, Fukutani S, Miller JA, Peters N, Warnatz J et al. (1985) Calculation of the structure and extinction limit of a methane-air counterflow diffusion flame in the forward stagnation region of a porous cylinder. 20^th Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 1893Google Scholar

Dopazo C, O’Brien EE (1974) An approach to the description of a turbulent mixture. Acta Astron 1:1239MATHCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dreier T, Lange B, Wolfram J, Zahn M, Behrendt F, Warnatz J (1987) CARS measurements and computations of the structure of laminar stagnation-point methane-air counterflow diffusion flames. 21^st Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 1729Google Scholar

Du DX, Axelbaum RL, Law CK (1989) Experiments on the sooting limits of aerodynamicallystrained diffusion flames. 22^nd Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 387Google Scholar

Eberius H, Just T, Keim S, Warnatz J, Nowak U (1987) Konversion von brennstoffgebundenem Stickstoff am Beispiel von dotierten Propan-Luft-Flammen. VDI-Berichte 645:626Google Scholar

Eckbreth AC (1988) Laser diagnostics for combustion temperature and species. In: Gupta AK and Lilley DG (Ed), Energy and engineering sciences Vol 6Google Scholar

Edwards DH (1969) A survey of recent work on the structure of detonation waves, 12^th Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 819Google Scholar

El-Gamal M, Warnatz J (1995) Soot formation in combustion processes. In: Der Arbeitsprozess des Verbrennungsmotors, Technische Universität Graz, in DruckGoogle Scholar

Esser C (1990) Simulation der Zündung und Verbrennung höherer Kohlenwasserstoffe. Dissertation, Universität HeidelbergGoogle Scholar

Esser C, Maas U, Warnatz J (1985) Chemistry of the combustion of higher hydrocarbons and its relation to engine knock. Proc. 1^st Int. Symp. on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in reciprocating Engines. The Japanese Society of Mechanical Engineers, Tokyo, S 335Google Scholar

Faeth GM (1984) Evaporation and combustion of sprays. Prog Energy Combust Sci 9:1CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fenimore CP (1979) Studies of fuel-nitrogen in rich flame gases. 17^th Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 661Google Scholar

Forsythe GE, Wasow WR (1969) Finite-difference methods for partial differential equations. Wiley, New YorkGoogle Scholar

Frank-Kamenetskii DA (1955) Diffusion and heat exchange in chemical kinetics. Princeton University Press, PrincetonGoogle Scholar

Frenklach M (1985) Chem. Eng. Sci. 40:1843CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frenklach M, Clary D (1983) Ind Eng Chem Fundam 22:433CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frenklach M, Warnatz J (1987) Detailed modeling of PAH profiles in a sooting low pressure acetylen flame. Comb Sci Technol 51:265CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frenklach M, Wang H (1991) Detailed modeling of soot particle nucleation and growth. 23^rd Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 1559Google Scholar

Frenklach M, Ramachandra MK, Matula MA (1984) 20th Symp (Inti) Comb, S 871. The Combustion Institute, PittsburghGoogle Scholar

Frenklach M, Clary DW, Gardiner jr WC, Stein SE (1985) 20th Symp (Intl) Comb, S 887. The Combustion Institute, PittsburghGoogle Scholar

Frenklach M, Clary DW, Yuan T, Gardiner jr WC, Stein SE (1986) Combust. Sci. Tech. 50:79CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fric TF (1993) Effects of fuel-air unpremixedness on NO_x emissions. J Propulsion Power 9:708CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fristrom RM, Westenberg AA (1965) Flame structure. McGraw-Hill, New YorkGoogle Scholar

Gaydon A, Wolfhard H (1979) Flames, their structure, radiation, and temperature. Chapman and Hall, LondonGoogle Scholar

Gehring M, Hoyermann K, Schacke H, Wolfram J (1973) Direct studies of some elementary steps for the formation and destruction of nitric oxide in the H-N-O system. 14^th Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 99Google Scholar

Gill A, Warnatz J, Gutheil E (1994) Numerical investigation of the turbulent combustion in a direct-injection stratified-charge engine with emphasis on pollutant formation. Proc. COMODIA (1994), S 583. JSME, YokohamaGoogle Scholar

Glarborg P, Miller JA, Kee RJ (1986) Kinetic modeling and sensitivity analysis of nitrogen oxide formation in well-stirred reactors. Comb Flame 65:177CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Görner K (1991) Technische Verbrennungssysteme. Springer Berlin/Heidelberg/New YorkCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gordon S, McBride BJ (1971) Computer program for calculation of complex chemical eqilibrium compositions, rocket performance, incident and reflected shocks and Chapman-Jouguet detonations. NASA SP-273Google Scholar

Goyal G, Warnatz J, Maas U (1990a) Numerical studies of hot spot ignition in H₂-O₂ and CH₄-air mixtures. 23^rd Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 1767Google Scholar

Goyal G, Maas U, Warnatz J (1990b) Simulation of the transition from deflagration to detonation. SAE 1990 Transactions, Journal of Fuels & Lubricants, Section 4, Vol 99, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc, Warrendale, PA, S 1Google Scholar

Günther R (1987), 50 Jahre Wissenschaft und Technik der Verbrennung, BWK 39 Nr 9Google Scholar

Gutheil E, Bockhom H (1987) The effect of multi-dimensional PDFs in turbulent reactive flows at moderate Damköhler number. Physicochemical Hydrodynamics 9:525Google Scholar

Hall RJ, Eckbreth AC (1984) In: Erf RK (Ed) Laser applications Vol V. Academic Press, New YorkGoogle Scholar

Hanson RK, Seitzman JM, Paul P (1990) Planar laser-fluorescence imaging of combustion gases. Appl Phys B50:441Google Scholar

Heard DE, Jeffries JB, Smith GP, Crosley DR (1992) LIF measurements in methane/air flames of radicals important in prompt-NO formation. Comb Flame 88:137CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heywood JB (1988) Internal combustion engine fundamentals. McGraw-Hill, New YorkGoogle Scholar

Hinze J (1972) Turbulence, 2^nd ed. McGraw-Hill, New YorkGoogle Scholar

Hirschfelder JO (1963) Some remarks on the theory of flame propagation. 9^th Symp (Int) Comb, Academic Press, New York, S 553Google Scholar

Hirschfelder JO, Curtiss CF (1949) Theory of propagation of flames. Part I: General equations. 3^rd Symp. Comb, Flame and Explosion Phenomena, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, S 121Google Scholar

Hirschfelder JO, Curtiss CF, Bird RB (1964) Molecular theory of gases and liquids. Wiley, New YorkGoogle Scholar

Hobbs ML, Radulovic PT, Smoot LD (1993) Combustion and gasification of coals in fixed-beds. Progr Energy Comb Sci 19:505CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Homann KH (1975) Reaktionskinetik. Steinkopff, DarmstadtCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Homann KH (1984) Formation of large molecules, particulates, and ions in premixed hydrocarbon flames; progress and unresolved questions. 20^th Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 857Google Scholar

Homann K, Solomon WC, Warnatz J, Wagner HGg, Zetzsch C (1970) Eine Methode zur Erzeugung von Fluoratomen in inerter Atmosphäre. Ber Bunsenges Phys Chem 74:585Google Scholar

Hottel HC, Hawthorne WR (1949) Diffusion in laminar flame jets. 3^rd Symp (Intl) Comb, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, S 254Google Scholar

Hsu DSY, Hoffbauer MA, Lin MC (1987) Surface Sci. 184:25CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hurst BE (1984) Report 84-42-1, Exxon ResearchGoogle Scholar

John F (1981) Partial differential equations. In: Applied mathematical sciences Vol 1. Springer, New York Heidelberg Berlin, S 4Google Scholar

Jones WP, Whitelaw JH (1985) Modelling and measurement in turbulent combustion. 20^th Symp (Intl) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 233Google Scholar

Jost W (1939) Explosions und Verbrennungsvorgänge in Gasen. Julius Springer, BerlinGoogle Scholar

Kauzmann W (1966) Kinetic theory of gases. Benjamin/Cummings, LondonGoogle Scholar

Kee RJ, Rupley FM, Miller JA (1987) The CHEMKIN thermodynamic data base. SANDIA Report SAND87-8215, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore CAGoogle Scholar

Kee RJ, Rupley FM, Miller JA (1989a) CHEMKIN-II: A Fortran chemical kinetics package for the analysis of gas-phase chemical kinetics. Sandia National Laboratories Report SAND89-8009Google Scholar

Kee RJ, Miller JA, Evans GH, Dixon-Lewis G (1989b) A computational model of the structure and extinction of strained opposed-flow premixed methane-air flames. 22^nd Symp (Intl) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 1479Google Scholar

Kent JH, Bilger RW (1976) The prediction of turbulent diffusion flame fields and nitric oxide formation. 16^th Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 1643Google Scholar

Kerstein AR (1992) Linear-eddy modelling of turbulent transport 7. Finite-rate chemistry and multistream mixing. J Fluid Mech 240:289CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Klaus P, Warnatz J (1995) A contribution towards a complete mechanism for the formation of NO in flames. Joint meeting of the French and German Sections of the Combustion Institute, MulhouseGoogle Scholar

Kolb T, Jansohn P, Leuckel W (1988) Reduction of NO_x emission in turbulent combustion by fuel-staging / effects of mixing and stoichiometry in the reduction Zone. 22^nd Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 1193Google Scholar

Kolmogorov AN (1942) Izw Akad Nauk SSSR Ser Phys 6:56Google Scholar

Kordylewski W, Wach J (1982) Criticality for thermal ignition with reactant consumption. Comb Flame 45:219CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kramer MA, Kee RJ, Rabitz H (1982) CHEMSEN: A computer code for sensitivity analysis of elementary reaction models. SANDIA Report SAND82-8230, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore CAGoogle Scholar

Lam SH, Goussis DA (1989) Understanding complex chemical kinetics with computational singular perturbation. 22^nd Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 931Google Scholar

Launder BE, Spalding DB (1972) Mathematical models of turbulence. Academic Press, London/New YorkMATHGoogle Scholar

Lauterbach J, Asakura K, Rotermund HH (1995) Subsurface oxygen on Pt(100): kinetics of the transition from chemisorbed to subsurface state and its reaction with CO, H₂, and O₂. Surf Sci 313:52CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Law CK (1989) Dynamics of stretched flames. 22^nd Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 1381Google Scholar

Lee JC, Yetter RA, Dryer FL (1995) Comb. Flame 101:387CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Libby PA, Williams FA (1980) Fundamental aspects of turbulent reacting flows. In: Libby PA, Williams FA (Ed) Turbulent reacting flows. Springer, New YorkGoogle Scholar

Libby PA, Williams FA (1994) Turbulent reacting flows. Academic Press, New YorkMATHGoogle Scholar

Liew SK, Bray KNC, Moss JB (1984) A stretched laminar flamelet model of turbulent nonpremixed combustion. Comb Flame 56:199CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lindemann FA (1922) Trans Farad Soc 17:599CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Liu Y, Lenze B (1988) The Influence of turbulence on the burning velocity of premixed CH₄-H₂ flames with different laminar burning velocities. 22^nd Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 747Google Scholar

Ljungström S, Kasemo B, Rosen A, Wahnström T, Fridell E (1989) Surface Sci. 216:63CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lobert JM, Warnatz J (1993) Emissions from the Combustion Process in Vegetation, in: Crutzen PJ, Goldammer JG (Ed), Fire in the environment: The ecological, atmospheric, and climatic importance of vegetation fires (Dahlem Konferenzen ES 13), S 15. John Wiley & Sons, ChicesterGoogle Scholar

Long MB, Levin PS, Fourguette DC (1985) Simultaneous two-dimensional mapping of species concentration and temperature in tubulent flames. Opt Lett 10:267CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Long MB, Smooke MD, Xu Y, Zum RM, Lin P, Frank JH (1993) Computational and experimental study of OH and CH radicals in axisymmetric laminar diffusion flames. 24^th Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 813Google Scholar

Lovell W (1948) Knocking characteristics of hydrocarbons. Ind Eng Chem 40:2388CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lovett JA, Abuaf N (1992) Emissions and stability characteristics of flameholders for leanpremixed combustion. Proc. International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress, JASME 92-GT-120Google Scholar

Lutz AE, Kee RJ, Miller JA (1987) A Fortran program to predict homogeneous gas-phase chemical kinetics including sensitivity analysis. SANDIA Report SAND87-8248, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore CAGoogle Scholar

Lutz AE, Kee RJ, Miller JA, Dwyer HA, Oppenheim AK (1989) Dynamic effects of autoignition centers for hydrogen and C_1,2-hydrocarbon fuels. 22^nd Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 1683Google Scholar

Lyon RK (1974) U.S. Patent No 3 900 544Google Scholar

Maas U (1990) private communicationGoogle Scholar

Maas U, Pope SB (1992) Simplifying chemical kinetics: Intrinsic low-dimensional manifolds in composition space. Comb Flame 88:239CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maas U, Pope SB (1993) Implementation of simplified chemical kinetics based on intrinsic lowdimensional manifolds. 24^th Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 103Google Scholar

Maas U, Warnatz J (1988) Ignition processes in hydrogen-oxygen mixtures. Comb Flame 74:53CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maas U, Warnatz J (1989) Solution of the 2D Navier-Stokes equation using detailed chemistry. Impact of Computing in Science and Engineering 1:394MATHCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Magre P, Dibble RW (1988) Finite chemical kinetic effects in a subsonic turbulent hydrogen flame. Comb Flame 73:195CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Malte PC, Pratt DT (1974) Measurement of atomic oxygen and nitrogen oxides in jet-stirred combustion. 15^th Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 1061Google Scholar

Marsal (1976) Die numerische Lösung partieller Differentialgleichungen in Wissenschaft und Technik. Bibliographisches Institut Mannheim/Wien/ZürichMATHGoogle Scholar

Masri AR, Bilger RW, Dibble RW (1988) Turbulent nonpremixed flames of methane near extinction: probability density functions. Comb Flame 73:261CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mathur S, Tondon PK, Saxena SC (1967) Heat conductivity in ternary gas mixtures. Mol Phys 12:569CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McMillin BK, Palmer JL, Hanson RK (1993) Temporally resolved two-line fluorescence imaging of NO temperature in a transverse jet in a supersonic cross flow. Appl Optics 32:7532CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McMurtry PA, Menon S, Kerstein AR (1992) A linear eddy sub-grid model for turbulent reacting flows: application to hydrogen-air combustion. 24^th Symp (Intl) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 271Google Scholar

Miller JA, Melius CF (1991) 202nd ACS National Meeting, New York, S 1440Google Scholar

Mittelbach G, Voje H (1986) Anwendung des SNCR-Verfahrens hinter einer Zyklonfeuerung. In: NO_x-Bildung und NO_x-Minderung bei Dampferzeugern für fossile Brennstoffe. VGB-HandbuchGoogle Scholar

Morley C (1987) A fundamentally based correlation between alkane structure and octane number. Comb Sci Technol 55:115CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Moss JB (1979) Simultaneous measurements of concentration and velocity in an open premixed turbulent flame. Comb Sci Technol 22:115Google Scholar

Nau M, Wölfert A, Maas U, Warnatz J (1996) Application of a combined pdf/finite-volume scheme on turbulent methane diffusion flames. 8th International Symposium on Transport Pheneomena in Combustion, in DmckGoogle Scholar

Nehse M, Warnatz J, Chevalier C (1996) Kinetic modelling of the oxidation of large aliphatic hydrocarbons. 26^th Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, in DruckGoogle Scholar

Nguyen QV, Edgar BL, Dibble RW (1995) Experimental and numerical comparison of extractive and in-situ laser measurements of non-equilibrium carbon monoxide in lean-pre-mixed natural gas combustion. Comb Flame 100:395CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nowak U, Warnatz J (1988) Sensitivity analysis in aliphatic hydrocarbon combustion. In: Kuhl AL, Bowen JR, Leyer J-C, Borisov A (Ed) Dynamics of reactive systems, Part I. AIAA, New York, S 87Google Scholar

NO_x-Symposium Karlsruhe, Proceedings (1985). Rentz O, Ißle F, Weibel M (Hrsg). VDI, DüsseldorfGoogle Scholar

Onsager L (1931) Phys Rev 37:405, 38:2265MATHCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Oppenheim AK, Manson N, Wagner HGg (1963) AIAA J 1:2243CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Oran ES, Boris JP (1993) Computing turbulent shear flows — a convenient conspiracy. Computers in Physics 7:523Google Scholar

Perrin M, Namazian N, Kelly J, Schefer RW (1995) Effect of confinement and blockage ratio on nonpremixed turbulent bluff-body burner flames. Poster, 23^rd Symposium (International) on Combustion, OrleansGoogle Scholar

Peters N (1987) Laminar flamelet concepts in turbulent combustion. 21^st Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 1231Google Scholar

Peters N, Warnatz J (Ed) (1982) Numerical methods in laminar flame propagation. Vieweg-Verlag, WiesbadenMATHGoogle Scholar

Pitz WJ, Warnatz J, Westbrook CK(1989) Simulation of auto-ignition over a large temperature Range. 22^nd Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 893Google Scholar

Poinsot T, Veynante D, Candel S (1991) Diagrams of premixed turbulent combustion based on direct numerical simulation. 23^th Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 613Google Scholar

Pope SB (1986) PDF methods for turbulent reactive flows. Prog Energy Combust Sci 11:119MathSciNetCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pope SB (1991) Computations of Turbulent Combustion: Progress and Challenges. 23^rd Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 591Google Scholar

Prandtl L (1925) Über die ausgebildete Turbulenz. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik 5:136MATHGoogle Scholar

Prandtl L (1945) Über ein neues Formelsystem der ausgebildeten Turbulenz. Nachrichten der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse, S 6Google Scholar

Raffel B, Warnatz J, Wolfrum J (1985) Experimental study of laser-induced thermal ignition in O₂/O₃ mixtures. Appl Phys B 37:189CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Razdan MK, Stevens JG (1985) CO/air turbulent diffusion flame: Measurements and modeling. Comb Flame 59:289CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reynolds WC (1986) The element potential method for chemical equilibrium analysis: implementation in the interactive program STANJAN version 3. Dept, of Engineering, Stanford UniversityGoogle Scholar

Reynolds WC (1989) The potential and limitations of direct and large eddy simulation. In: Whither turbulence? Turbulence at crossroads. Lecture notes in physics, Springer, New York, S 313Google Scholar

Rhodes RP (1979) In: Murthy SNB (Ed) Turbulent mixing in non-reactive and reactive flows, Plenum Press, New York, S 235Google Scholar

Riedel U, Schmidt R, Warnatz J (1992) Different levels of air dissociation chemistry and Its coupling with flow models. In: Bertin JJ, Periaux J, Ballmann J (Ed), Advances in Hypersonics — Vol. 2: Modeling Hypersonic Flows. Birkhäuser, BostonGoogle Scholar

Riedel U, Schmidt D, Maas U, Warnatz J (1994) Laminar flame calculations based on automatically simplified chemical kinetics. Proc. Eurotherm Seminar #35, Compact Fired Heating Systems, Leuven, BelgiumGoogle Scholar

Roberts WL, Driscoll JF, Drake MC, Goss LP (1993) Images of the quenching of a flame by a vortex — To quantify regimes of turbulent combustion. Comb Flame 94:58CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Robinson PJ, Holbrook KA (1972) Unimolecular reactions. Wiley-Interscience, New YorkGoogle Scholar

Rogg B, Behrendt F, Warnatz J (1987) Turbulent non-premixed combustion in partially premixed diffusion flamelets with detailed chemistry. 21^st Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 1533Google Scholar

Roshko A (1975) Progress and Problems in Turbulent Shear Flows. In: Murthy SNB (Ed) Turbulent Mixing in Nonreactive and Reactive Flow, Plenum, New YorkGoogle Scholar

Rosten H, Spalding B (1987) PHOENICS: Beginners guide; user manual; photon user guide. Concentration Heat and Momentum LTD, LondonGoogle Scholar

Schwanebeck W, Warnatz J (1972) Reaktionen des Butadiins I: Die Reaktion mit Wasserstoffatomen. Ber Bunsenges Phys Chem 79:530Google Scholar

Semenov NN (1928) Z Phys Chem 48:571Google Scholar

Seitzman JM, Kychakoff G, Hanson RK (1985) Instantaneous temperature field measurements using planar laser-induced fluorescence. Opt Lett 10:439CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sherman FS (1990) Viscous Flow. McGraw-Hill, New YorkMATHGoogle Scholar

Shvab VA (1948) Gos Energ izd Moscow-LeningradGoogle Scholar

Sick V, Arnold A, Dießel E, Dreier T, Ketterle W, Lange B, Wolfram J, Thiele KU, Behrendt F, Warnatz J (1991) Two-dimensional laser diagnostics and modeling of counterflow diffusion flames. 23^rd Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 495Google Scholar

Sirignano WA (1984) Fuel droplet vaporization and spray combustion theory. Prog Energy Combust Sci 9:291CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith JR, Green RM, Westbrook CK, Pitz WJ (1984) An experimental and modeling study of engine knock. 20^th Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 91Google Scholar

Smooke MD (Ed) (1991) Reduced kinetic mechanisms and asymptotic approximations for methane-air flames. Lecture notes in physics 384, Springer, New YorkGoogle Scholar

Smooke MD, Mitchell RE, Keyes DE (1989) Numerical solution of two-dimensional axisymmetric laminar diffusion flames. Comb Sci Technol 67:85CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smoot LD (1993) Fundamentals of coal combustion. Elsevier, Amsterdam/Oxford/New YorkGoogle Scholar

Solomon PR, Hamblen DG Carangelo RM, Serio MA, Deshpande, GV (1987) A general model of coal de volatilization. ACS paper 58/ WP No 26Google Scholar

Spalding DB (1970) Mixing and chemical reaction in steady confined turbulent flames. 13th Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 649Google Scholar

Speight JG (1994) The chemistry and technology of coal. Marcel Dekker, Amsterdam/New YorkGoogle Scholar

Stahl G, Warnatz J (1991) Numerical investigation of strained premixed CH₄-air flames up to high pressures. Comb Flame 85:285CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stapf P, Maas U, Warnatz J (1991) Detaillierte mathematische Modellierung der Tröpfchenverbrennung. 7. TECFLAM-Seminar „Partikel in Verbrennungsvorgängen“, Karlsruhe, S 125. DLR StuttgartGoogle Scholar

Stapf P, Maly R, Dwyer HA, Warnatz J (1994) A Numerical Study of Heating, Mixture Formation, and Detailed Combustion Around a Fuel Droplet Under Engine-Like Conditions. Proc. COMODIA, S 343. JSME, YokohamaGoogle Scholar

Stefan J (1874) Sitzungsberichte Akad. Wiss. Wien II 68:325Google Scholar

Stein SE, Walker JA, Suryan MM, Fahr A (1991) A new path to benzene in flames, 23^rd Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 85Google Scholar

Strehlow RA (1985) Combustion fundamentals. McGraw-Hill, New YorkGoogle Scholar

Stull DR, Prophet H (Ed) (1971) JANAF thermochemical tables. U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington DC, and addendaGoogle Scholar

Subramanian VS, Buermann DH, Ibrahim KM, Bachalo WD (1995) Application of an integrated phase Doppler interferometer/rainbow thermometer7point-diffraction interferometer for characterizing burning droplets. 23^rd Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 495Google Scholar

Takeno T (1995) Transition and structure of jet diffusion flames. 25^th Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 1061Google Scholar

Takeno T, Nishioka M, Yamashita H (1993) Prediction of NO_x emission index of turbulent diffusion flames, in: Takeno T (Ed), Turbulence and molecular processes in combustion, S 375. Elsevier, Amsterdam/LondonGoogle Scholar

Tien CL, Lienhard JH (1971) Statistical Thermodynamics. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New YorkGoogle Scholar

Thome AP (1988) Spectrophysics, 2^nd ed, Chapman and Hall, London/New YorkGoogle Scholar

Tom HWK, Mate CM, Zhu XD, Crowell JE, Heinz TF, Somorjai GA, Shen YR (1984) Surface studies by optical second harmonic generation: the adsorption of O₂, CO, and sodium on the Rh(l 11) surface. Phys Rev Lett 52:348CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tsuji H, Yamaoka I (1967) The counterflow diffusion flame in the forward stagnation region of a porous cylinder. 11^th Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 979Google Scholar

Tsuji H, Yamaoka I (1971) Structure analysis of counterflow diffusion flames in the forward stagnation region of a porous cylinder. 13^th Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 723Google Scholar

von Karman Th (1930) Mechanische Ähnlichkeit und Turbulenz. Nachrichten der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse, S 58Google Scholar

Wagner HGg (1979) Soot formation in combustion. 17^th Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 3Google Scholar

Warnatz J (1978a) Calculation of the structure of laminar flat flames I: Flame velocity of freely propagating ozone decomposition flames. Ber Bunsenges Phys Chem 82:193Google Scholar

Warnatz J (1978b) Calculation of the structure of laminar flat flames II: Flame velocity of freely propagating hydrogen-air and hydrogen-oxygen flames. Ber Bunsenges Phys Chem 82:643Google Scholar

Warnatz J (1979) The structure of freely propagating and burner-stabilized flames in the H₂-CO-O₂ system. Ber Bunsenges Phys Chem 83:950Google Scholar

Warnatz J (1981a) The structure of laminar alkane-, alkene-, and acetylene flames. 18^th Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 369Google Scholar

Warnatz J (1981b) Concentration-, pressure-, and temperature dependence of the flame velocity in the hydrogen-oxygen-nitrogen mixtures. Comb Sci Technol 26:203CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Warnatz J (1981c) Chemistry of stationary and instationary combustion processes. In: Ebert KH, Deuflhard P, Jäger W (Ed) Modelling of chemical reaction systems, Springer, Heidelberg, S 162CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Warnatz J (1982) Influence of transport models and boundary conditions on flame structure. In: Peters N, Warnatz J (Ed), Numerical methods in laminar flame propagation, Vieweg, WiesbadenGoogle Scholar

Warnatz J (1983) The mechanism of high temperature combustion of propane and butane. Comb Sci Technol 34:177CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Warnatz J (1984) Critical survey of elementary reaction rate coefficients in the C/H/O system. In: Gardiner WC jr. (Ed) Combustion chemistry. Springer-Verlag, New YorkGoogle Scholar

Warnatz J (1987) Production and homogeneous selective reduction of NO in combustion processes. In: Zellner R (Ed) Formation, distribution, and chemical transformation of air pollutants. DECHEMA, Frankfurt, S 21Google Scholar

Warnatz J (1988) Detailed studies of combustion chemistry. Proceedings of the contractors’ meeting on EC combustion research, EC, Bruxelles, S 172Google Scholar

Warnatz J (1990) NO_x Formation in high-temperature processes. Eurogas ’90, Tapir, Trondheim, S 303Google Scholar

Warnatz J (1991) Simulation of ignition processes. In: Larrouturou B (Ed) Recent advances in combustion modeling. World Scientific, Singapore, S 185Google Scholar

Warnatz J (1993) Resolution of gas phase and surface chemistry into elementary reactions. 24^th Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 553Google Scholar

Warnatz J, Bockhom H, Möser A, Wenz HW (1983) Experimental investigations and computational simulations of acetylene-oxygen flames from near stoichiometric to sooting conditions. 19^th Symp (Intl) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 197Google Scholar

Warnatz J, Allendorf MD, Kee RJ, Coltrin ME (1994) A model of hydrogen-oxygen combustion on flat-plate platinum catalytist. Combust. Flame 96:393CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Westbrook CK, Dryer FL (1981) Chemical kinetics and modeling of combustion processes. 18^th Symp (Int) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 749Google Scholar

Williams A (1990) Combustion of liquid fuel sprays. Butterworth & Co, LondonGoogle Scholar

Williams FA (1984) Combustion theory. Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo ParkGoogle Scholar

Williams WR, Marks CM, Schmidt LD (1992) Steps in the reaction H₂ + O₂ = H₂0 on Pt: OH desorption at high temperature. J Chem Phys 96:5922CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wilke CR (1950) A viscosity equation for gas mixtures. J Chem Phys 18:517CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wolfram J (1972) Bildung von Stickstoffoxiden bei der Verbrennung. Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik 44:656CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wolfram J (1986) Einsatz von Excimer- und Farbstofflasem zur Analyse von Verbrennungsprozessen VDI Berichte 617:301Google Scholar

Wolfram J (1992) Laser in der Reaktionstechnik-Analytik und Manipulation. Chem Ing-Tech 64, Nr 3:242CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Xu J, Behrendt F, Warnatz J (1994) 2D-LIF Investigation of Early Stages of Flame Kemel Development after Spark Ignition. Proc. COMODIA, S 69. JSME, YokohamaGoogle Scholar

Yang JC, Avedisian CT (1988) The combustion of unsupported heptane/hexadecane mixture droplets at low gravity. 22^nd Symp (Intl) Comb, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, S 2037Google Scholar

Zeldovich YB (1946) The oxidation of nitrogen in combustion and explosions. Acta Physicochim. USSR 21:577Google Scholar

Zeldovich YB (1949) Zhur Tekhn Fiz 19, 1199; English: NACA Tech Memo No 1296(1950)Google Scholar

Zeldovich YB, Frank-Kamenetskii DA (1938) The theory of thermal propagation of flames. Zh Fiz Khim 12:100Google Scholar