Phytopharmaka II pp 15-48 | Cite as
Bioäquivalenzuntersuchungen von Phytopharmaka — Grundlagen, Design, statistische Verfahren und moderne bioanalytische Nachweisverfahren
Zusammenfassung
Für die bezugnehmende Zulassung eines neuen Generikums genügt in der Regel die Bestimmung der Bioäquivalenz mit dem Referenzpräparat. Dazu ist der statistisch einwandfreie Beleg zu liefern, daß die beiden Präparate ähnliche oder weitgehend identische Blutkonzentrationsverläufe zeigen [1, 2]. Die Plasmakonzentrationsprofile werden dabei als Surrogate für die zu erwartende klinische Wirksamkeit angesehen. Um sicherzustellen, daß das Testpräparat zuverlässig die gleiche Wirksamkeit wie das Referenzpräparat erwarten läßt, wurden von den Behörden — zu Recht — enge Grenzen dafür gesetzt, was unter „ähnlich oder weitgehend identisch“ zu verstehen ist. Dieser Bereich wird durch den Punktschätzer (errechneter Mittelwert) und die sogenannten „Akzeptanzschranken“ festgelegt. Sie werden so berechnet, daß für jeden einzelnen Probanden die Quotienten aus dem Meßwert (z. B. Cmax oder AUC) nach Gabe des Test-und nach Gabe des Referenzpräparates gebildet werden. Das 90% kürzeste Konfidenzintervall um den Mittelwert dieser Quotienten darf nach der sogenannten „Inklusionsregel“ nicht außerhalb vorher festgelegter Akzeptanzschranken fallen. Der Punktschätzer soll nicht kleiner sein als 0,8.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
- 1.Williams R L (1991) Bioequivalence and therapeutic equivalence. In: Welling P G, Tse F L S, Dighe S V (Eds): Pharmaceutical bioequivalence. 1–15 Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, Basel, Hong KongGoogle Scholar
- 2.Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte: 7. Bekanntmachung gemäß § 26 Absatz 3 des Arzneimittelgesetzes (AMG) über die Zulassung nach § 21 AMG und die Verlängerung der Zulassung von Arzneimitteln nach § 105 AMG (Bioverfügbarkeit/Bioäquivalenz), vom 20. Juni 1995. Bundesanzeiger 129; 13. Juli 1995Google Scholar
- 3.USP23–NF18; The United States Pharmacopeia — The National Formulary (1994). United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USAGoogle Scholar
- 4.Feiden K (1992) (Hrsg): Arzneimittelpriifrichtlinien - Sammlung nationaler und internationaler Richtlinien. Kapitel 2.66 Investigation on bioavailability and bioequivalence. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Stuttgart; 2. ErgänzungslieferungGoogle Scholar
- 5.Opie L H, Messerli F H (1995) Nifedipine and mortality: Grave defects in the dossier. Circulation 92: 1068–1073PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 6.Kloner R A (1995) Nifedipine in ischemic heart disease. Circulation 92: 1074–1078PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 7.Kleinbloesem C H, van Brummelen P, van de Linde J A, Voogd P J, Breimer D D (1984) Nifedipine: Kinetics and dynamics in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 35: 742–749Google Scholar
- 8.Muldner H, Zoller M (1984) Antidepressive Wirkung eines auf den Wirkstoffkomplex Hypericin standardisierten Hypericum-Extraktes. Biochemische und klinische Untersuchungen. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 34: 918–920Google Scholar
- 9.Couldwell W T, Gopalakrishna R, Hinton D R, He S, Weiss M H, Law R E, Apuzzo M L, Law R E (1994) Hypericin: a potential antiglioma therapy. Neurosurgery 35: 705–709PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 10.Steinbeck-Klose A, Wernet P (1993) Successful long term treatment over 40 months of HIV-patients with intravenous hypericin. Int Conf AIDS 9: 470Google Scholar
- 11.Mcaulife V, Gulick R, Hochster H, Liebes L, Vaccariello J, Hussey S, Bassiakos Y, Balfour H, Stein D, Crumpacker C, et al. (1993) A phase I dose escalation study of synthetic hypericin in HIV infected patients. Natl Conf Hum Retroviruses Relat Infect 1: 159Google Scholar
- 12.Fumer V, Bek M, Gold J (1991) A phase I/II unblinded dose ranging study of hypericin in HIV-positive subjects. Int Conf AIDS 7: 199Google Scholar
- 13.Cooper W C, James J (1990) An observational study of the safety and efficacy of hypericin in HIV+ subjects. Int Conf AIDS 6: 369Google Scholar
- 14.Ross E M (1996) Pharmacodynamics–mechanisms of drug action and the relationship between drug concentration and effect (Chapter 2). In: Hardman J G, Limbird L E, Molinoff P B, Ruddon R W, Goodman Gilman A (Eds) Goodman and Gilman’s: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 9th edition; 29–41 McGraw-Hill, New York, St. Louis, San Francisco, Auckland, Bogota, Caracas, Lisbon, London, Madrid, Mexico City, Milan, Montreal, New Delhi, San Juan, Singapore, Sydney Tokyo, TorontoGoogle Scholar
- 15.Nies A S, Spielberg S P (1996) Principles of therapeutics (Chapter 3). In: Hardman J G, Limbird L E, Molinoff P B, Ruddon R W, Goodman Gilman A (Eds) (1996) Goodman and Gilman’s: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 9th edition; 43–62 McGraw-Hill, New York, St. Louis, San Francisco, Auckland, Bogota, Caracas, Lisbon, London, Madrid, Mexico City, Milan, Montreal, New Delhi, San Juan, Singapore, Sydney Tokyo, TorontoGoogle Scholar
- 16.Hyatt J M, McKinnon P S, Zimmer G S, Schentag J J (1995) The importance of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic surrogate markers to outcome–focus on antibacterial agents. Clin Pharmacokinet 28: 143–160PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 17.Olkkola K T, Hamunen K, Maunuksels E-L (1995) Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of opioid analgesics in infants and children. Clin Pharmacokinet 28: 385–404PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 18.Desager J-P, Horsmans Y (1995) Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships of H1-antihistamines. Clin Pharmacokinet 28: 419–432PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 19.Laurijssens B E, Greenblatt D J (1996) Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships for benzodiazepines. Clin Pharmacokinet 30: 52–76PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 20.Koopmans R P, Jonkers R E, Braat M C P, van Boxtel C J (1995) Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling as applied to bronchial asthma. Clin Pharmacokinet 29: 213–220PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 21.Lemmens H J M (1995) Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships for opioids in balanced anaesthesia. Clin Pharmacokinet 29: 231–242PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 22.Steinijans V W (1990) Methoden zur Bioäquivalenzberechnung unter Berücksichtigung der Festlegung sinnvoller Bioäquivalenzgrenzen. In: Blume H (Hrsg) Bioverfügbarkeit und Bioäquivalenz von Retardarzneimitteln–Proceedings des 8. ZL-Expertentreffens; 33–39. Govi-Verlag, EschbomGoogle Scholar
- 23.Chow S-C, Liu J-P (1992) Design and analysis of bioavailability and bioequivalence studies. Chapter 1. 1–22 Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, Basel, Hong KongGoogle Scholar
- 24.Hauschke D, Steinijans V W, Diletti E (1990) A distribution-free procedure for the statistical analysis of bioequivalence studies. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxico1 28: 72–78Google Scholar
- 25.Chapman J R (1993) Mass spectrometry as an LC detection technique (Chapter 7 ). In: Parriott D (Ed) A practical guide to HPLC detection. 175–209 Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, New York, Boston, London, Sydney, Tokyo, TorontoGoogle Scholar
- 26.Kunz K, Schaffler K, Biber A, Wauschkuhn C H (1991) Bioverfügbarkeit von ß-Aescin nach oraler Gabe zweier Aesculus-Extrakt enthaltender Darreichungsformen an gesunden Probanden. Pharmazie 46: 145PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 27.Deutsches Arzneibuch 1996. Deutscher Apotheker Verlag, Stuttgart; Govi-Verlag GmbH, Frankfurt, EschbomGoogle Scholar
- 28.Silvestro L, Andreini B P, Sottani C, Colombo L, Coutant J, Sörgel F (1995) Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry to study receptor-ligand complexes with glycopeptidic antibiotics. Abstract No. 1090, 10th AAPS Annual Meeting; Miami Beach, Florida/USA; November 5 – 9, 1995Google Scholar
- 29.Burlingame A L, Boyd R K, Gaskell S J (1996) Mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 68: 599R - 651RPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 30.Shah V P et al (1992) Conference Report: Analytical methods validation: Bioavailability, bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic studies. Pharm Res 9: 588–592CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 31.Schrader E, Schwankl W, Sieder C, Christoffel V (1995) Vergleichende Untersuchung zur Bioverfügbarkeit von ß-Aescin nach oraler Einmalverabreichung zweier Roßkastaniensamenextrakt enthaltender, galenisch unterschiedlicher Darreichungsformen. Pharmazie 50: 623–627PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 32.Biber A, Oschmann R, Lang F, Stumpf H, Kunz K (1996) Pharmakologie von ß-Aescin nach Gabe Aesulusextrakt enthaltender Darreichungsformen. In: Loew D, Rietbrock N (Hrsg) Phytopharmaka II. Forschung und klinische Anwendung. 49–54 Steinkopff Verlag, DarmstadtGoogle Scholar
- 33.Schulz H-U, Schürer M, Krumbiegel G, Wächter W, Weyhenmeyer R. Seidel G (1995) Untersuchungen zum Freisetzungsverhalten und zur Bioäquivalenz von Silymarin-Präparaten. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 45: 61–64Google Scholar
- 34.Boddy A W, Snikeris F C. Kringle R O. Wei G C G, Opperman J A, Midha K K (1995) An approach for widening the bioequivalence acceptance limits in the case of highly variable drugs. Pharm Res 12: 1865–1868PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 35.A. T. I. Arzneimittelinformation Berlin GmbH. (1992) arznei-telegramm: 106Google Scholar
- 36.Rüsing G, Kinzig M, Müller C, Sörgel F (1996) Low level quantitative analysis of amoxicillin in plasma. Abstract, AAPS Annual Meeting; Seattle, Washington/USA; October 27–31, 1996Google Scholar
- 37.Silvestro L, Rizea Savu S (1996) High-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry identification of salmon calcitonin degradation products in aqueous solution preparations. Rap Comm Mass Spec 10: 151–156CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 38.Sörgel F, Kinzig M, Arnold G, Lin E T, Rick U, LeBel M (1995) USP/FDA-guidance for captopril bioequivalence studies: Results from PK-studies using LC-MS/MS detection. Abstract No. 8385, 10th AAPS Annual Meeting; Miami Beach, Florida/USA; November 5–9, 1995Google Scholar
- 39.Rüsing G, Geldmacher C, Kinzig M, Geldmacher-von Mallinckrodt M, Sörgel F (1996) Coniin — Poisons informations monographs ( PIM) of the World Health Organization, Geneva/SwitzerlandGoogle Scholar
- 40.Rizea Savu S, Silvestro L, Haag A, Sörgel F (1996) A confirmatory HPLC-MS/MS method for 10 synthetic corticosteroids in bovine urines. J Mass Spec: in pressGoogle Scholar
- 41.Silvestro L, Lorenz C, Jaehde U, Rizea Savu S, Kinzig M, Schunack W, Sörgel F (1995) Determination of cyclophosphamide and its metabolites in plasma samples by LC-MS. Abstract No. 1095, 10th AAPS Annual Meeting; Miami Beach, Florida/USA; November 5–9, 1995Google Scholar
- 42.Kinzig M, Haag A, Rüsing G, Sörgel F (1996) Most sensitive quantitative analysis of clindamycin by LCMS/MS in plasma. Abstract, AAPS Annual Meeting; Seattle, Washington/USA; October 27–31, 1996Google Scholar
- 43.Kinzig M, Thyroff-Friesinger U, Luft U, Hofmann M, Baumgartner U, LeBel M, Sörgel F (1996) Bioequivalence investigations of doxycycline using a newly developed LC-MS/MS assay. Abstract No. 8384, 10th AAPS Annual Meeting; Miami Beach, Florida/USA; November 5–9, 1995Google Scholar
- 44.Rüsing G, Kinzig M, Haag A, Sörgel F (1996) Sensitive measurement of erythromycin and its byproducts in plasma using LS-MS/MS. Abstract No. 1771, 36th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; New Orleans, Louisiana/USA; September 15–18, 1996Google Scholar
- 45.Kinzig M, Lauschner R, Thyroff-Friesinger U, Müller C, Sörgel F (1995) Higher availability of erythromycin from a new prodrug (erythromycin stinoprate) in comparison with erythromycin ethylsuccinate prodrug. Abstract No. 8369, 10th AAPS Annual Meeting; Miami Beach, Florida/USA; November 5–9, 1995Google Scholar
- 46.Silvestro L, Rizea Savu S, Bruno M, Kinzig M, Sörgel F (1995) HPLC-MS/MS determination of gaba in brain micro-dialysis; a pharmacologic application. Abstract No. 1093, 10th AAPS Annual Meeting; Miami Beach, Florida/USA; November 5–9, 1995Google Scholar
- 47.Silvestro L, Kinzig M, Sörgel F, Rizea Savu S, Maggi T, Terni A, Imbimbo I (1995) HPLC-MS/MS identification and quantification of heptylstigmine (MF201) metabolites in human plasma and urine. Abstract No. 1098, 10th AAPS Annual Meeting; Miami Beach, Florida/USA; November 5–9, 1995Google Scholar
- 48.Sörgel F, Naber K G. Kinzig M, Crevoisier C, Hofmann M. Martinkova J, Baumgartner U, Chladek J (1995) Gastrointestinal recirculation of mefloquine in man. Abstract No. 3021, 10th AAPS Annual Meeting; Miami Beach, Florida/USA; November 5–9, 1995Google Scholar
- 49.Rüsing G, Kinzig M, Haag A, Sörgel F (1996) Most sensitive quantitative analysis of metformin by LCMS/MS in plasma. Abstract, AAPS Annual Meeting; Seattle, Washington/USA; October 27–31, 1996Google Scholar
- 50.Sörgel F, Kinzig M, Rüsing G, Vlahov V, Bacracheva N, Arnold G (1996) Bioequivalence investigations of nifedipine using a newly developed LC-MS/MS assay. Abstract, AAPS Annual Meeting; Seattle, Washington/USA; October 27–31, 1996Google Scholar
- 51.Leone-Bay A, Kinzig M, Rüsing G, Müller C, Baughman jr. R A, Sörgel F (1996) Measurement of P414 in monkey plasma samples by LC-MS/MS. Abstract. AAPS Annual Meeting; Seattle, Washington/USA; October 27–31, 1996Google Scholar
- 52.Kinzig M, Thyroff-Friesinger U, Luft U, Mayer O, Kellner M E, Mayer jr. O, Rüsing G, Sörgel F (1996) Bioequivalence investigations of piracetam using a newly developed LC-MS/MS assay. Abstract, AAPS Annual Meeting; Seattle, Washington/USA; October 27–31, 1996Google Scholar
- 53.Rizea Savu S, Silvestro L, Sorge! F, Montrucchio G, Lupia E, Camussi G (1996) Determination of 1–0-acyl2-acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine, platelet-activating factor and related phospholipids in biological samples by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr: in pressGoogle Scholar
- 54.Silvestro L. Kinzig M, Sörgel F, Rizea Savu S, Cesana M, Terni A (1996) Rufloxacin metabolites identification by HPLC-MS/MS. Abstract No. 1094, 10th AAPS Annual Meeting; Miami Beach, Florida/USA; November 5–9, 1995Google Scholar
- 55.Silvestro L, Rizea Savu S, Kinzig M, Sörgel F (1995) HPLC-MS analysis of adducts between DNA nucleosides and cytotoxic platinum derivatives. Abstract No. 1092, 10th AAPS Annual Meeting; Miami Beach, Florida/USA; November 5–9. 1995Google Scholar
- 56.Müller G, Nickel P, Silvestro L, Rizea Savu S. Kinzig M, Sörgel F (1995) HPLC-MS/MS characterization of suramin analogs. Abstract No. 1232, 10th AAPS Annual Meeting; Miami Beach, Florida/USA; November 5–9, 1995Google Scholar
- 57.Engler M, Holzgrabe U, Kinzig M, Sörgel F (1995) Photoproducts of sparfloxacin determined by means of LC-MS/MS. Abstract, AAPS Annual Meeting; Seattle, Washington/USA; October 27–31, 1996Google Scholar