Spatial statistical analysis and geographic information systems
Chapter
Abstract
In this paper, we discuss a number of general issues that pertain to the interface between GIS and spatial analysis. In particular, we focus on the various paradigms for spatial data analysis that follow from the existence of this interface. We outline a series of questions that need to be confronted in the analysis of spatial data, and the extent to which a GIS can facilitate their resolution. We also review a number of exploratory and confirmatory techniques that we feel should form the core of a spatial analysis module for a GIS.
Keywords
Geographic Information System Spatial Analysis Spatial Data Spatial Dependence Spatial Unit
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- Abler RF (1987) The national science foundation national center for geographic information and analysis. Int J Geogr Inf Syst 1: 303–326CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ahuja N, Schachter BJ (1983) Pattern models. Wiley, New YorkGoogle Scholar
- Anselin L (1988) Spatial econometrics, methods and models. Kluwer, DordrechtGoogle Scholar
- Anselin L (1990) What is special about spatial data? Alternative perspectives on spatial data analysis. In: Griffith DA (ed) Spatial statistics, past, present and future. Institute of Mathematical Geography, Ann Arbor, MI, pp 63–77Google Scholar
- Anselin L (1991a) Quantitative methods in regional science: perspectives on research directions. In: Boyce D, Nijkamp P, Schefer D (eds) Regional science, retrospect and prospect. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 403–424Google Scholar
- Anselin L (1991b) SpaceStat: A program for the analysis of spatial data. Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CAGoogle Scholar
- Anselin L, Griffith DA (1988) Do spatial effects really matter in regression analysis? Papers Reg Sci Assoc 65: 11–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Anselin L, Madden M (1990) Integrated and multiregional approaches in regional analysis. In: Anselin L, Madden M (eds) New directions in regional analysis. Belhaven Press, London, pp 1–23Google Scholar
- Arbia G (1989) Spatial data configuration in statistical analysis of regional economic and related problems. Kluwer, DordrechtCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bailey TC (1990) GIS and simple systems for visual, interactive, spatial analysis. Cartogr J 27: 79–84Google Scholar
- Becker RA, Chambers JM, Wilks AR (1988) The new S language, a programming environment for data analysis and graphics. Wadsworth, Pacific Grove, CAGoogle Scholar
- Berry BJL, Marble DF (1968) Spatial analysis. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJGoogle Scholar
- Bivand R (1990) Spatial statistics: front-end interference support for GIS. Proceedings Third Scandinavian Research Conference on Geographical Information Systems. Helsingor, Denmark, pp 244–254Google Scholar
- Bivand R (1991) SYSTAT-compatible software for modelling spatial dependence among observations. Paper Presented at the 7th European Colloquium on Theoretical and Quantitative Geography, Stockholm, SwedenGoogle Scholar
- Bonham-Carter GF, Agterberg FP, Wright DF (1988) Integration of geological datasets for gold exploration in Nova Scotia. Photogram Eng Remote Sensing 54: 1585–1592Google Scholar
- Boots BN (1985) Voronoi (Thiessen) Polygons. Catmog No. 45. Geo Books, NorwichGoogle Scholar
- Boots BN, Getis A (1988) Point pattern analysis. Sage, Newbury ParkGoogle Scholar
- Burrough PA (1990) Methods of spatial analysis in GIS. Int J Geogr Inf Syst 4: 221–223Google Scholar
- Cleveland WS, McGill ME (1988) Dynamic graphics for statistics. Wadsworth, Pacific Grove, CAGoogle Scholar
- Cliff AD, Ord JK (1981) Spatial processes: models and applications. Pion, LondonGoogle Scholar
- Couclelis H (1991) Requirements for planning-relevant GIS: a spatial perspective. Papers Reg Sci 70: 9–19CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cressie N (1985) Fitting variogram models by weighted least squares. J Int Assoc Math Geol 17: 563–586CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cressie N (1986) Kriging non-stationary data. J Am Stat Assoc 81: 625–634CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Csillag F (1991) Merging GIS and spatial statistics. Workbook for IGU-GIS Conference on Multiple Representations and Multiple Uses, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechoslovakia, April 22–25Google Scholar
- Davis JC (1986) Statistics and data analysis in geology. Wiley, New YorkGoogle Scholar
- Ding Y, Fotheringham AS (1991) The integration of spatial analysis and GIS. National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, Buffalo, NYGoogle Scholar
- Farley JA, Limp WF, Lockhart J (1990) The archaeologist’s workbench: integrating GIS, remote sensing, EDA and database management. In: Allen KMS, Green FSW, Zubrow EBW (eds) Interpreting space: GIS and archaeology. Taylor and Francis, London, pp 141–164Google Scholar
- Flowerdew R, Green M, Kehris E (1991) Using areal interpolation methods in geographical information systems. Papers Reg Sci 70: 303–315CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Foster SA, Gorr WL (1986) An adaptive filter for estimating spatially-varying parameters: Application to modeling police hours in response to calls for service. Manag Sci 32: 878–889Google Scholar
- Gatrell A (1987) On putting some statistical analysis into geographic information systems: with special reference to problems of map comparison and map overlay. Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Research Report No 5Google Scholar
- Getis A, Ord JK (1992) The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics. Geogr Anal 24 (in press)Google Scholar
- Goodchild MF (1987) A spatial analytical perspective on geographical information systems. Int J Geogr Inf Syst 1: 327–334CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Goodchild MF (1992) Geographical data modeling. Comput Geosci (in press)Google Scholar
- Goodchild M, Brusegard D (1989) Spatial analysis using GIS: Seminar Workbook. National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, University of California, Santa BarbaraGoogle Scholar
- Goodchild M, Gopal S (1989) Accuracy of spatial databases. Taylor and Francis, LondonGoogle Scholar
- Goodchild M, Haining R, Wise S (1992) Integrating GIS and spatial data analysis: problems and possibilities. Int J Geogr Inf Syst 6 (in press)Google Scholar
- Gould P (1981) Letting the data speak for themselves. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 71: 166–176CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Griffith DA (1988) Estimating spatial autoregressive model parameters with commercial statistical packages. Geogr Anal 20: 176–186CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Griffith DA, Bennett RJ, Haining RP (1989) Statistical analysis of spatial data in the presence of missing observations: a methodological guide and an application to urban census data. Environ Plann A 21: 1511–1523CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Griffith DA, Lewis R, Li B, Vasiliev I, Knight S, Yang X (1990) Developing Minitab software for spatial statistical analysis: a tool for education and research. Operat Geogr 8: 28–33Google Scholar
- Haining R (1990 a) The use of added variable plots in regression modelling with spatial data. Profess Geogr 42:336–344Google Scholar
- Haining R (1990b) Spatial data analysis in the social and environmental sciences. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
- Haining R (1991) Bivariate correlation with spatial data. Geogr Anal 23: 210–227CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Haslett J, Wills G, Unwin A (1990) SPIDER — an interactive statistical tool for the analysis of spatially distributed data. Int J Geogr Inf Syst 4: 285–296CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Haslett J, Bradley R, Craig PS, Wills G, Unwin AR (1991) Dynamic graphics for exploring spatial data, with application to locating global and local anomalies. Am Stat (in press)Google Scholar
- HMSO (1987) Handling geographic information ( The Chorley Report ). LondonGoogle Scholar
- Hubert LJ, Golledge RG, Costanzo CM (1981) Generalized procedures for evaluating spatial autocorrelation. Geogr Anal 13: 224–233CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kehris E (1990a) A geographical modelling environment built around ARC/INFO. North West Regional Research Laboratory, Research Report No. 13, Lancaster UniversityGoogle Scholar
- Kehris E (1990b) Spatial autocorrelation statistics in ARC/INFO. North West Regional Research Laboratory, Research Report No. 16, Lancaster UniversityGoogle Scholar
- MacDougall EB (1991) A prototype interface for exploratory analysis of geographic data. Department of Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning, University of MassachusettsGoogle Scholar
- Mosteller F, Turkeyy JW (1977) Data analysis and regression: a second course in statistics. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MAGoogle Scholar
- Nijkamp P (1988) The use of information systems for regional planning. R Econ Reg Urb 15 (5): 759 — 781Google Scholar
- Nijkamp P (1990) Geographical information systems in perspective. In: Scholten HJ, Stillwell JCH (eds) Geographical information systems for urban and regional planning. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 241–252Google Scholar
- Nijkamp P, Rietveld P (1983) Information systems for integrated regional planning. North Holland, AmsterdamGoogle Scholar
- Oliver MA, Webster R (1990) Kriging: a method of interpolation for geographical information systems. Int J Geogr Inf Syst 4: 313–332CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Openshaw S (1990) Spatial analysis and geographical information systems: a review of progress and possibilities. In: Scholten HJ, Stillwell JCH (eds) Geographical information systems for urban and regional planning. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 153–163Google Scholar
- Openshaw S, Taylor P (1979) A million or so correlation coefficients: Three experiments on the modifiable areal unit problem. In: Wrigley N, Bennett RJ (eds) Statistical applications in the spatial sciences. Pion, London, pp 127–144Google Scholar
- Openshaw S, Charlton M, Wymer C, Craft A (1987) A Mark I geographical analysis machine for the automated analysis of point data sets. Int J Geogr Inf Syst 1: 335–358CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Openshaw S, Charlton M, Craft A (1988) Searching for leukaemia clusters using a geographical analysis machine. Papers Reg Sci Assoc 64: 95–106CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Openshaw S, Cross A, Charlton M (1990) Building a prototype geographical correlates exploration machine. Int J Geogr Inf Syst 4: 297–311CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Openshaw S, Brunsdon C, Charlton M (1991) A spatial analysis toolkit for GIS. EGIS 91, Proceedings Second European Conference on Geographical Information Systems, Brussels, Belgium, pp. 788–796Google Scholar
- Peuquet DJ (1984) A conceptual framework and comparison of spatial data models. Cartographica 21: 66–113CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Peuquet D (1988) Representations of geographic space: towards a conceptual synthesis. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 78: 375–394CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pielou EC (1977) Mathematical ecology. Wiley, New YorkGoogle Scholar
- Rayner JN (1971) An introduction to spectral analysis. Pion, LondonGoogle Scholar
- Ripley B (1981) Spatial statistics. Wiley, New YorkCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Stringer P, Haslett J (1991) The spatial distribution of ill-health and material deprivation: an exploratory analysis using interactive graphics. Northern Ireland Regional Research Laboratory, DublinGoogle Scholar
- Tobler W (1979 a) Cellular geography. In: Gale S, Olsson G (eds) Philosophy in geography. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp 379–386Google Scholar
- Tobler W (1979 b) Smooth pycnophylactic interpolation for geographic regions. J Am Stat Assoc 74:519–536Google Scholar
- Tobler W (1989) Frame independent spatial analysis. In: Goodchild MG, Gopal S (eds) The accuracy of spatial databases. Taylor and Francis, London, pp 115–122Google Scholar
- Tukey JW (1977) Exploratory data analysis. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MAGoogle Scholar
- Walker PA, Moore DM (1988) SIMPLE: an inductive modelling and mapping tool for spatially-oriented data. Int J Geogr Inf Syst 2: 347–354CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Warren RE (1990) Predictive modelling of archaeological site location: a case study in the Midwest. In: Allen KMS, Green SW, Zubrow EBW (eds) Interpreting space: GIS and archaeology. Taylor and Francis, London, pp 201–215Google Scholar
- Williams I, Limp WF, Briuer FL (1990) Using geographic information systems and exploratory data analysis for archeological site classification and analysis. In: Allen KMS, Green SW, Zubrow EBW (eds) Interpreting space: GIS and archaeology. Taylor and Francis, London, pp 239–273Google Scholar
Copyright information
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1993